A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN

ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN SUNDAY

SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT SIDANG

JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

A THESIS

by

Sylvia Adhita Gunawan

Student Number : 06.80.0008

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

SEMARANG

A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND

CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT

SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

A Thesis Presented as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Degree in the English Letters Study Programme

by

Sylvia Adhita Gunawan Student Number : 06.80.0008

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME FACULTY OF LETTERS

SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG

A THESIS ON

A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND

CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT

SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

by

Sylvia Adhita Gunawan Student Number : 06.80.0008

Approved by,

Heny Hartono, S.S., M.Pd May 19, 2011

Major Sponsor

Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. May 19, 2011

Co-Sponsor

A thesis defended in front of the board of Examiners on May 19, 2011

and declared acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Chair Person : Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd

Secretary : Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A.

Member : Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP. M.Hum

Semarang, May 19, 2011 Faculty of Letters

Soegijapranata Catholic University

Dean,

Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd 058.1.1998.221

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My very first big thanks are dedicated to my Savior-Jesus Christ, the Almighty God who has given me this great life with these whole amazing up and down experience during my life. His blessing makes me proud of being His child. He is my everlasting life and strength who strengthens me to face all the things not with all I am but with all Him inside me. When I am down, His words always remind me that He is my everything. He always guided me during the process of finishing my thesis.

Second, I would like to express my gratitude to my major and co-major Sponsors Heny Hartono, S.S., M.P.d. and Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. who have sincerely guided me. They always patiently supported me so I could finish my thesis. They were willing to spend their valuable time to discuss and check my thesis. I am also very pleased to have both of them correct my grammar and offer suggestions for improvement.

I would like to thank my family, especially my daddy, N.B. Gunawan, who never stops praying for me and my mom Y.E. Shintawati, SH, who is always my guardian, especially for their support, love and trust. My thanks also go to my sisters Bernike Monica Laurent, for her willingness to be my solid partner in doing everything. I am very thankful to have her as my family.

The next is for my beloved brothers and sisters in Church in Semarang. Thank you so much for praying, supporting and encouraging me. All of you are

my second family in my life whom I can share, pray and worship in the fellowship to God. I am so amazed of being part of The Body of The Christ with you all.

I also would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped me accomplish this thesis. Big thanks are for all of the lecturers and staffs in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University who have helped and supported me during my study in this faculty. My thanks are also for the participants of Sunday School Program in Sidang Jemaat Kristus Church as the respondents who have given very big support in finishing my thesis. May God bless you all.

Finally, I would like to thank all these wonderful people around me, especially my lovely boy Hardian Andi Sulistyono who have reminded, supported, assisted, and inspired me to finish my thesis soon. For my lovely best friends in the Faculty of Letters 2006, Julius Ardi, Irene Abigail, Andre Aghatha, Christina Tjioe, Elisabeth Praise Purba, and many more. Thanks for your support and advice. I will never forget our hilarious moments, guys. For my „Kumon Thamrin Square‟ family, I would thank Cik Ira as the owner and Ms Dian, Ms

Hesti, Ms Meme, Ms Kristin as EFL assistants. I should apologize for not being able to mention your names one by one, I would like to give you all my deepest thanks for giving me the chance to feel the warmth of friendship. I do love you guys. May God bless you all...

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.6 Significance of the Study 4

1.7 Definitions of Terms 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

2.1Conversational Analysis 6

2.2Turn Taking Organization 8

2.3 Adjacency Pairs 9

2.4 The Conversational Devices 9

2.4.1 Pauses or Attributable Silence 10

2.4.2 Overlaps 11

2.4.3 Repetitions 12

2.4.4 Backchannels 13

2.5 Sunday School Program 13

2.6 The Language of Adults 14

2.7 The Language of Children 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18

3.1Method of Research 18

3.2Method of Data Collection 19

3.2.1 Participants 19

3.2.2 Instruments 20

3.2.3 Procedures 20

3.3Method of Data Analysis 21

3.3.1 Turn-Taking 22

3.3.2 Analysis of Conversational Devices 22

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 23

4.1The Pattern of Turn Takings 23

4.1.1 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 1st meeting 23 4.1.2 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 1st meeting 25 4.1.3 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 1st meeting 26 4.1.4 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 2nd meeting 27 4.1.5 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 2nd meeting 28 4.1.6 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 2nd meeting 29 4.1.7 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 3rd meeting 30 4.1.8 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 3rd meeting 31

4.1.9 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 3rd meeting 32 4.1.10 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 4th meeting 33 4.1.11 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 4th meeting 34 4.1.12 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 4th meeting 35

4.2Overlaps Analysis 39

4.2.1 Overlaps Which Communicates Competition 39

4.2.2 Overlaps Which Is Remarked As Choral Repetition 46

4.3Pauses Analysis 51

4.4.2 To Request for Confirmation 73

4.4.3 To Request for Clarification 79

4.4.4 To Indicate Surprise 83

4.5Backchannels Analysis 85

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 95

5.1 Conclusion 95

5.2 Suggestions 96

Bibliography 97

Appendices

ABSTRACT

All of people in this world interact one another. They need a language to communicate one another to convey their aims and purposes. Even, when they interact in the conversation, they use some conversational devices unconsciously.

This study aims to figure out the patterns of turn takings and the conversational devices used in the conversations between adults and children in Sunday school program. This research involves teachers and Sunday school students who are grouped into three classes. The result shows that the patterns of turn-taking are varied. The conversational devices such as pauses (31.4%), overlaps (29.07%), repetitions (26.35%), and backchannels (13.18%) were found in the conversations between adults and children in this program. The main reason for respondents‟ overlaps is closely connected with “overlaps communicating competition” as they need to compete with their friends during the conversation. Similarly, the respondents did pauses when they needed time to think for keeping the conversation going and the main reason for respondents‟ repetitions is to ensure correctness. Finally, the respondents‟ backchannels are mainly connected with the fact that the listeners still receive the message from the speaker.

Keywords: The patterns of turn takings, conversational devices, Sunday school program

ABSTRAK

Semua orang di dunia ini berinteraksi satu sama lain. Mereka membutuhkan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain untuk menyampaikan maksud dan tujuan mereka. Bahkan, ketika mereka berinteraksi di dalam percakapan, tanpa disadari, mereka menggunakan beberapa “alat-alat” percakapan.

Orang-orang menggunakan beberapa “alat-alat” percakapan ketika mereka saling berinteraksi di dalam komunikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan unyuk mencari tahu pola-pola turn-takings dan “alat-alat” percakapan yang digunakan di dalam percakapan-percakapan antara orang-orang dewasa dan anak-anak dalam program sekolah Minggu. Penelitian ini melibatkan para pengajar dan murid-murid sekolah Minggu yang dibagi ke dalam tiga kelas. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pola dari turn-taking bervariasi. “Alat-alat” percakapan seperti pauses (31.4%), overlaps (29.07%), repetitions (26.35%), dan backchannels (13.18%) ditemukan di dalam percakapan antara orang dewasa dengan murid di program ini. Alasan utama overlaps dari responden sangat terkait erat dengan “overlaps yang menunjukkan kompetisi” pada saat

mereka berlomba dengan temannya selama percakapan. Sama halnya, responden melakukan pauses karena mereka membutuhkan waktu untuk berpikir dalam melanjutkan percakapan dan alasan utama untuk repetitions

dari responden adalah untuk meyakinkan kebenaran. Akhir kata, backchannels

dari responden berhubungan dengan kenyataan bahwa pendengar masih menerima pesan dari pembicara.

Kata kunci:Pola-pola turn-taking,”alat-alat” percakapan, program sekolah Minggu