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a r p h c a e y b e c i o h c y m h g u o r h t g n i k l a w n i e m g n i n e h t g n e rt
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o s l a I n e h T . h a ll
A thankmy onlybrother ,NanangBudiyanto forl ovingmeand g
n it r o p p u
s me . Iamveryl uckyt ohavet hemal la smyf amliy. ,
d n e ir f t s e b y m o t o g s k n a h t t s e r e c n i s y
M Erilnwa it who i sthe bes t
it a r g l a i c e p s y M . r e v e d n e ir
f tude also go to my close firend sin Kasuar iPtiu , it
a w a n o B , it a w s e n g
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. m e h t h ti w p i h s d n e ir
f Ialso thank my preciou sf irend sof P ,BI Geb iGendut, ,
o k e R , e n i h p E , i n a
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b AgungJaya Shak it .Hei st heone Iwantt o havei n t hisl fie. Iwould o
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
e g a P ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . E G A P E L T I
T ...................... i
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. E G A P L A V O R P P
A ........................….……… . ii N
E M E T A T
S TOFWORK’SORIGINALITY............................ i v I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P . ..... ..................... v
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. T C A R T S B
A ............... .. .... ... …….. vi
K A R T S B
A ........................................................................................ v ii W
O N K C
A LEDGMENTS...............................................………… x …
… N O I T A C I D E
D …………...………………………………… xii
.. S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ...............................................………. . .. xiii 1
R E T P A H
C .I NTRODUCTION………………………………. 1 .
1 .
1 ResearchBackground... .. 1 .
2 .
1 ResearchObjecitve .s... 5 .
3 .
1 ProblemFormulaiton... 5 .
4 .
1 ProblemLimtiaiton... 5 .
5 .
1 Deifniitono fTerms... 6
2 R E T P A H
C .REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE……… 8 f
o w e i v e R . 1 .
2 RelatedTheo ires………...………. 8 r
o e h T . 1 . 1 .
2 i feso Character……… 8 f
o y r o e h T . 1 . 1 .
2 Characteirzaiton………... 1 0 .
1 .
x ii
4 . 1 .
2 .Theoryo fC iritca lApproach…..…………... 1 1 .
1 .
2 5. Theoryo fPsychology..……… . 13 l
a c it e r o e h T . 2 .
2 Framework……… ..………. 15 .
3 .
2 Contex to ftheNovel…………...……….. .. 15
3 R E T P A H
C .RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY………………. 1 8 t
c e j b O . 1 .
3 oft heStudy………. 1 8 e
h t f o h c a o r p p A . 2 .
3 S ytud ………. 1 9
e h t f o d o h t e M . 3 .
3 S ytud ……… 1 9
4 R E T P A H
C .ANALYSIS………………………………………. .. 21 4 ..1 TheDescirpitono fRamMohammadThomas’
Personaltiy....……… .. … 2 1 d
n i K . 1 . 1 .
4 Person………... 2 2 .
2 . 1 .
4 Responsibleboy………... 2 6 s
s e lf l e S . 3 . 1 .
4 person………... 2 7 .
4 . 1 .
4 LoyalPerson………...……….. 2 9 5
. 1 .
4 .HardworkingPerson.………...… . 32 .
2 .
4 TheWayR amMohammadThomas,t he“slumdog”,
Becomes a Mliilonarieint heNovel... 34 .
1 . 2 .
4 LtieralMeaning………….……… 3 4 .
2 . 2 .
4 T rueMeaning……… . 3 9 g
n it t e G . 1 . 2 . 2 .
x iii
n o it u ti t s o r P e h t m o r f a ti N g n i v a S . 2 . 2 . 2 .
4 … . 4 4
s r e h t O g n i p l e H . 3 . 2 . 2 .
4 ………... 4 9
e b o t m il a S , d n e ir F t s e B s i h g n i p l e H 4 . 2 . 2 . 4
anAritst... . .. 5 0
5 R E T P A H
C . CONCLUSIONANDSUGGESTIONS…...……… 53 n
o i s u l c n o C . 1 .
5 ……… 53
s n o it s e g g u S . 2 .
5 ……… 54
r o f n o it s e g g u S . 1 . 2 .
5 Future Researchers …… …… 55 s
r e h c a e T h s il g n E r o f n o it s e g g u S . 2 . 2 .
5 … … ... … .… 56
n i y ti v it c A g n i n r a e L g n i h c a e T e h T . 1 . 2 . 2 . 5
… … e ri a n o il li M g o d m u l S g n i s U s s a l C I I e s o r
P 5 6
… … … .. . … .. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S E C N E R E F E
x iv
F O T S I
L APPENDIXE S
X I D N E P P
A 1 ThePorrtai to fVika sSwarup. ... .... 61 2
X I D N E P P
A ThePorrtai to fSlumAreai nMumbai . ... .... .. 6 2 X
I D N E P P
A 3 Summaryo fSlumdogMliilonaire... . .. .. 65 4
X I D N E P P
A Vika sSwarup’ sBiography... 6 7 5
X I D N E P P
A TheI mplementaitono fSlumdogMliilonaire
g n i h c a e T n
i ProseI IUsingPar toft heNove l h
tr u o F e h t r o
f SemesterStudents o fEngilsh n
o it a c u d E e g a u g n a
L StudyProgram. ... 7 0 6
X I D N E P P
A Mate iralt oTeachProseI IUsingSlumdog e
r i a n o il li
1
1 R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
e h t f o d n u o r g k c a b e h t h ti w s tr a t s t I . s tr a p x i s o t n i d e d i v i d s i r e t p a h c s i h T
, y d u t s s i h t f o c i p o t e h t t u o b a n o it a n a l p x e s e v i g h c i h w , y d u t
s and t he reason fo r
f o e v it c e j b o e h t s r e v o c t r a p d n o c e s e h T . ti g n i s o o h
c the study in which the
e s o p r u
p fo wrtii ng thi sstudy i sstated .Problem Formulaiton t ha tconsist soft wo
t n e s e r p t r a p h tr u o f e h T . tr a p d ri h t e h t n i d e t a t s s i s n o it s e u
q s ProblemLimtiaitono f
e h
t study t ha t provides t he focu sof t he problems .The l as tpatr i sDeifniiton o f
. y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u s m r e t e h t f o n o it a n a l p x e e h t h ti w y lf e ir b s l a e d t a h t s m r e T
. 1 .
1 ResearchBackground e
r u t a r e ti
L da n realtiy have a very close relaitonship .Many wrtiers have
d e r u o
p outt hei rheatr ni ot ltierarywork. Ltieraryworkdescirbes et h realtiywhich
t s i x
e s in the wrtiers ’ itmes .Wellek and Warren (1977 )state, tha tltierature i sa
s n o it n e v n o c y b d e t a e r c s i tI . n o it a e r c l a i c o s a , y lt c a x e e r o m r o , n o it u ti t s n i l a i c o s
s m r o n d n
a whichoccuri nt hes ociety.I naddiiton,l tieraturer epresentsl fiei nl arge
f o d lr o w e v it c e j b u s e h t d n a d lr o w l a r u t a n e h t h g u o h t n e v e y ti l a e r l a i c o s a , e r u s a e m
e e b o s l a e v a h l a u d i v i d n i e h
t n object sof l tierary i mtiaiton. They conitnue staitng
t a r e ti l t a h
t ure i s no t a rejeciton o f the socia lprocess , bu tthe essence ,the
f o n o i s s e r p x e n a s i k r o w y r a r e ti L . y r o t s i h l l a f o y r a m m u s d n a t n e m e g d ir b a
s s e b ir c s e d e r u t a r e ti L . s c it ir c ’ s e it e i c o
d n a s a e d i r i e h t s s e r p x e e l p o e p t n e r e f fi
D expe irences abou t thei r
s g n i d n u o r r u
s d fiferenlty .The wrtierwould expres shi so rher expeirenceo frea l
e fi
l through novels ,edtio ira l ilnes ,sto ires ,etc .Fo rsome people ,demonsrtaiton
ir w , s r e h t o r o f e li h w , m s i c it ir c r i e h t s s e r p x e o t y a w d o o g a e b y a
m itngacomplain t
n i s e l y t s n w o r i e h t e v a h o s l a s t a m o l p i D . n o it u l o s r e tt e b a s e m o c e b r e tt e l
. n o i n i p o r i e h t g n i s s e r p x e
s a k i
V Swarup ai s n Indian diplomat. He wrote a book enitlted Slumdog
e r i a n o il li
M . whichwa spub ilshedi n2005 .Thi sbookwasi nsp ried b ty heexisitng
y ti l a e
r where “Who Wants to be a Mliilonarie?” quizbecame the most popula r
t t a d lr o w e h t n i z i u
q h at itme .The quiz display sthe powe ro fmoney. T he
n i n o it a c u d e l a m r o f e v a h d n a s k o o b d a e r o h w e s o h t e r a s t n a t s e t n o c d e t c e p x e
d n a l o o h c
s universtiy (Heinemann : 2010 .) Swarup’ s inspriaiton wa s also
d e tr o p p u
s by t her ealtiy whereacompute rwtihani nterne tconneciton wa sputi n
m u l s t a h t f o n e r d li h c e h t , h t n o m a r e tf a d e ti s i v e r s a w m u l s e h t n e h W . m u l s i h l e D a
d a
h learn thow t o use t he W do W lr ideW be .I tmadeSwarup fascinated and he
t a h t d e z il a e
r there w as an innate ablitiy in everyone to do something
, y r a n i d r o a rt x
e provided he o rshe w as given an oppo truntiy .Chlidren wtih no
n o it a c u d
e w ere ablet o l earn using the Internet .Thi sshow stha tknowledgew as
t s u j t o
n preserveoft heeltie(Isahtia :2011 .)
t o n s a h o h w t n a t s e t n o c a e v a h o t g n it s e r e t n i e b d l u o w t i t a h t s e v e il e b e H
e g d e l w o n k t o g o h w e n o e h t , d n u o r g k c a b l a n o it a c u d e l a m r o f a d a
h andexpeirence
s t e e rt s e h t m o r
m o r
f aslumarea .Thoma ,st he“slumdog”go tabliilonr upeest hatt urnhimi ntoa
e ri a n o il li
b .Swarup t irest o presen tunusua ldepiciton to t hereaders ,showst hem
t s e w o l m o r f e r a y e h t h g u o h t n e v e h c ir e m o c e b n a c e n o y n a h c i h w n i y ti l a e r e h t
. n o it a c u d e l a m r o f o n h ti w y t e i c o s f o s s a l
c Moreover ,Thomas’ moitvaiton i s
y b d e c n e u lf n
i both ltiera land rt ue meanings ni winning the quiz .Thi snove l
s w o h
s ther eader et h realtiy i n which anyonecan become irch even t hough heo r
s i e h
s from t helowes tclas so fsociety wtihouthavingforma leducaiton.Nothing
. d lr o w s i h t n i e l b i s s o p m i s i
) 1 1 0 2 ( p u r a w
S explainsi nhi saritclet hatSlumdogMliilonaireist heothe r
o e m a
n fQ & A .O irginally, i twa spubilshed a sQ & A;t hebook ha snow been
s a d e u s s i e
r Slumdog Mliilonaire. Q &Awa smadei nto af limi n2008 ,Slumdog
e r i a n o il li
M ,driectedbyDannyBoyle .I twast heauthor’sf ris tnovel .Seti nI ndia ,
e h t s e m o c e b o h w r e ti a w g n u o y a , s a m o h T d a m m a h o M m a R f o y r o t s e h t s ll e t ti
o n h ti w s n o it a s u c c a n o l i a j o t t n e s e b o t y l n o , y r o t s i h n i r e n n i w w o h s z i u q t s e g g i b
. d e t a e h c e h t a h t e c n e d i v
e nI SlumdogMliilonaire ,RamMohammadThoma stell s
o t s e h
t ryo fhisl fieandall fo ti sdfiifculites .He ilved i n aslumarea ,whichmade
m i
h undermined byt hesociety .Havingnof orma leducaiton ,he dreame d to h e av
aweatlhyl fie da n toberespecte .d Hei sj us teighteen,ye theha sexpe irencedone
ll o r a f o l l e
h e -r coaste r irde o fa lfie .I n orde ro fthe quesiton son the show ,
s a m o h
T tellst her eaderwhichamazingadventuresi nhi ssrteet-kidl fiet augh thim
l e r d n u o c s a d n u o f e h , y e n r u o j s i h n I .s r e w s n a e h
t who alway sto trure shi spa trne r
g n i v a h e li h
; d a e
d healsohadt o truredNtiaunit lshewa shosptiailzed .Thoma swa sexrtemely
n i s i h T . d e n e p p a h t a h w o t y r g n
a ciden talso moitvated Thomas to join the quiz
. w o h s
s ’ p u r a w
S Slumdog Mliilonairebecome san i nteresitng l tierary work t o be
d e z y l a n
a fo rsome reason .s Frislty ,the word play sin the itlte, “slumdog” and
s u o r a , e ri a n o il li
M e the interest .The wo lrd “slumdog” usually refer sto poo r
n i e v il o h w e l p o e
p aslum area ,whereast heword mliilonarie i sused t odescirbe
n o n e m o n e h p l a u s u n u n a s i tI . y h tl a e w s i o h w e n o e m o
s ,which occursi nt heslum
” g o d m u l s “ n a c w o h , r e v o e r o M . a e r
a become a bliilonarie remembeirng tha tthe
r e w o
l clas s people hardly eve r move on to be middle clas .s Thi s thought
g n i k o v o r
p d irves cu irostiy i n reading t hi snove land knowing what t hi snoveli s
. t u o b a y ll a u t c a
d a m m a h o M m a R , y l d n o c e
S Thomas’ fil e, especiallyhisj ourneyi n el sfi h a
d e r u t p a
c thereaderinterest .Living i n a mslu areawhere poo rpeople ilve i n bad
n o it i d n o
c s da n unfeasible faciilite si sbeileved to b irng a lo tof in lfuence to hi s
fi
l e .Moreover , ifndingou twha thisr ea lmotivaiton inj oiningt hequizi sanothe r
n o s a e
r from expilctir easonsaboutw shati expressedi nt henove.l
n s i h
T ove lexrtemely a valuable t llhat t s e abou tw , hat the economic ,
a i d n I n i e r u tl u c d n a s c it il o
p i s ilke. Thenove lshow show l iving i n t hesrteet so f
s a m o h T d e d i v o r p s a h a i d n
I wtih knowledge simlia r to wha t student s learn
.l o o h c s n i y ll a m r o
f Therearemany t hingst ha tcan beanalyzed in t hi snovel ,but
s i h t n
e b e h w o h d n a y ti l a n o s r e p ’ s a m o h
T comes a bliilonarie a sseen in Swarup’s
. e r i a n o il li M g o d m u l S
. 2 .
1 ResearchObjec itves
s a h e n o y r e v e t a h t e e s o t s i y d u t s e h t f o m i a e h
T hi so rhermoitvaitonand
l a u q
e irgh tto achieve anything she o rhe wants a sseen in Ram Mohammad
s ’ p u r a w S f o r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t ,s a m o h
T SlumdogMliilonaire.
. 3 .
1 ProblemFormula iton t y b d e t c e ri d s i y d u t s s i h
T heser esearchquesitons:
.
1 Howi sRamMohammadThomasdescirbedi nt henovel?
.
2 How doe sRam Mohammad Thoma ,s t he “slumd ”, og become a bliilonarie in
? l e v o n e h t
. 4 .
1 ProblemLimtia iton
’ s a m o h T o t d e ti m il e b l li w y d u t s s i h t n i n o i s s u c s i d e h
T personaltiy. The
f o s i s y l a n
a personaltiyleadst ot he ifndingo fThomas ’moitvaiton .Thediscussion
s e b ir c s e
. 5 .
1 De ifniitono fTerms
, s i s y l a n a e h t g n i d a e r n i g n i d n a t s r e d n u e t a r u c c a d n a r a e l c a e v a h o t r e d r o n I
e r e h
t ares omet ermst hats houldbedeifneds ot hatt hemeaningoft heset erm scan
. d e ti m il e b
. 1 . 5 .
1 Mo itva iton
n h o J o t g n i d r o c c
A Jung( 1974) ,moitvaitonreferst odesries ,wishes ,plans ,
r r o e s u a c e h t o t s r e f e r o s l a t I . s e s o p r u p d n a , s e s l u p m i ,s t n e t n i ,s l a o
g easons t ha t
s r e f e r n o it a v it o m , y d u t s s i h t n I . ) 4 . p ( r o i v a h e b n e v i g a e n il r e d n
u to su fraceand
g n i n a e m r e p e e
d s fo Ram Mohammad Thomas’moitvaiton i n j oining “Who w lli
n i
W aBliilon? ”
.
15.2 .“Whowli lWinaBliilon?”
“W W tho a st n o b e a Mliilonarie?” thesyndicated t elevision quizshow, i s
n o n
a -ai rprogram o f thitry minutes . Fo reach episode o f the program ,the
r e c u d o r
p wli lselec tcontestantsf romt hecontestan tpoolt o appea ra scontestant s
e h t n o e m a g e h t y a l p l li w o h
w programi n which t heycan win up t o onemliilon
do llar s($1,000,000 )by correclty answeirng up to iftfeen (15 )mulitple-choice
y tl u c if fi d g n i s a e r c n i f o s n o it s e u
q .(ABC Domesitc Television :2011) .In thi s
, y d u t
s “Who Want sto be a Mliilonarie?” refer sto “Who wli lWin a Bliilon?”
t s o
.
1 35. .“Slumdog”
t a h t s e t a t s ) 4 0 0 2 ( t a ti b a H N
U slummeansanareat ha tcombinest ova irou s
t n e t x
e s t hefollowing characteirsitcs: Inadequateaccesst o safewater ,inadequate
a ti n a s o t s s e c c
a iton and othe rinfrasrtucture ,poo rsrtuctural qualtiy o fhousing ,
overcrowding ,insecurer esidenita lstatus .In t hi sstudy ,“slumdog”r eferst ol owe r
y l n e d d u s o h w , s a m o h T d a m m a h o M m a R , a e r a m u l s a n i g n i v il n o s r e p s s a l c
a s e m o c e
8
2 R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
s i h t f o c i p o t e h t e z y l a n a o t d e s u e r a t a h t s e ir o e h t e h t s e s s u c s i d r e t p a h c s i h T
d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R s t n e s e r p t r a p t s ri f e h T . s tr a p e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d s i t I . y d u t s
s e ir o e h
T tha tconsists fo theo ires fo character,t heoryo fcharacteirzaiton,theory fo
, n o it a v it o
m ciritca lapproachand t heory o fpsychologyin t hel tierary study. The
s i tr a p d n o c e
s Theoreitca lFrameworktha texplains somet heorie susedt oanalyze
r p e h
t oblemformulaitonoft hes tudy .Thel as tpar tpresent sContex toft heNove.l
s e i r o e h T d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R . 1 . 2
e r e h
T areseveralt heo ire sneededi nanalyzingal tierarywork ,especiallya
s e ir o e h t e r a e s o h T . l e v o
n o f character , theory o fcharacteirzaiton , theory fo
t , n o it a v it o
m heoryo fpsychologica lapproachandt heoryo fpsychology.
s e i r o e h T . 1 . 1 .
2 fo Character
t s i tI . k r o w y r a r e ti l n i s t n e m e l e t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t f o e n o s i r e t c a r a h c
A he
e k a m t a h t e n
o s thestoryseemailve,i nteresitng, andunderstandablet or ead.I tcan
t c a rt t
a et h readert obemoredeeplyinvolvedint hes tory .
r e t c a r a h c e h t f o e p a h s e h
T dependsont her eaders’i nterpretaiton ,whichi s
. r e t c a r a h c e h t d e t e r p r e t n i s r e d a e r e h t w o
h Stanton (1965) say stha tthe term o f
r e t c a r a h
c i scommonlyusedi nt woway .sI tcanber eferr edtot hei ndividual swho
d n a y r o t s e h t n i r a e p p
s l a u d i v i d n i e s e h t f o h c a e e p a h s t a h t s e l p i c n ir
p .(p 17) .Hefu trhe rstate sthat i n a
d n a h c e e p s , n o it c if d o o
g aciton ea r no tonlyastepi nt heplot ,bu tmanfiestaitono f
ti n i d e d u l c n i o s l a s i r e t c a r a h
c .(p 1 . 8)
r e h tr u
F Henkle (1977 ) divided characte r into major and secondary
r e t c a r a h
c s. Themajo rcharacter i s t he characte rt hattakes the reader’ satteniton.
The effecitvenes so fthe nove ldepends on the ablitiy o fthe majo rcharacte rin
o T . y r o t s e h t n i e u s s i e h t g n i z it a m a r d d n a g n i s s e r p x
e a grea textent ,majo r
o t n o it n e tt a d n a e d u ti l p m a e h t n e v i g e r a y e h t y l n o e s u a c e b d e t a e r c e r a s r e t c a r a h c
s n o it a z it a m a r d g n i c n i v n o c t n e s e r
p o fhuman issue so fthe book .On the othe r
s m r o f r e p r e t c a r a h c y r a d n o c e s , d n a
h ilmtied f unciton .Secondarycharacte rusually
n o s e m o
c the scene frequen lty commenitng on event so rinteracitng wtih the
n i t u o g n ir b o t r e d r o n i r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t h ti w t c a r e t n i y e h T . r e t c a r a h c r o j a
m to
. r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t f o t n e m a c i d e r p r o e r u t a n e h t f o s t n e m e l e l a i c u r c n e p o e h t
r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t f o e s o h t n a h t t n a tr o p m i s s e l e r a s r e t c a r a h c y r a d n o c e
S p( p . 29
-9 )4 .
m o r f t n e r e f fi
D Henkle ,Abram sandHarpham( 2009 )disitnguisht wot ype s
n , r e t c a r a h c f
o amely lfa tand round characters. Fla tcharacte rpresents a single
r e t c a r a h c t a l F . y ti l a u q r o a e d
i descirbes adequately i n asinglephraseo rsentence
d n
a presents wtihou t much individuailzing detali . On the othe rhand ,round
a r e p m e t n i x e l p m o c s i r e t c a r a h
c men tand moitvaiton. Round characte rpresents
h ti
w sublteparitculalry thati sdif ifcutlt odescirbewtih anyadequacya saperson
. e fi l l a e r n
i Therei salway sasurp irseelementi nr oundcharacte r(a sctiedi nE .M
o t g n i d r o c c
A R roh berge r and Wood s (1971 ) the proces s o f creaitng
s i s r e t c a r a h
c called characteirzaiton .Thereare t wo p irncipa lway san autho rcan
e z ir e t c a r a h
c .Fri sst i d riect ,which they descirbe physica lappearance ,second si
, c it a m a r
d whichplaces ituaiton showthecharacterbehave sands peaks( p .2 0 .)
n o it a z i r e t c a r a h C f o y r o e h T . 2 . 1 . 2
) 2 7 9 1 ( y h p r u
M poin tou tnine way so fhow an autho rmay reveals the
.r e d a e r e h t o t s ti a rt d n a y ti l a n o s r e p ’ s r e t c a r a h
c They are persona ldescirpiton ,
s r e h t o y b n e e s s a r e t c a r a h
c , speech ,p ta l ,s fi ce onversaiton o fothers ,reaciton ,
driec tcomment ,thought and manneirsm .Fris ti spersona ldescirpiton .I tmean s
the autho rdescirbe sthe characters ’physica lappereance sand clothe sdrieclty ,
s ’ y a w a t s a c e h t d n a , s e y e , n i k s , e c a f e h t s a h c u
s ex rtaordinaryclothing. Second i s
character sa sseen by o rt she ,which mean sthe autho rdescirbe sthe character
. r e h t o n a f o n o i n i p o d n a s e y e e h t h g u o r h
t Ther eade rcan knowt hemaincharacte r
o m i h t u o b a t h g u o h t d n a g n i y a s ’ s r e t c a r a h c r e h t o g n i d n a t s r e d n u y
b rhe.r Thrid i s
speech .Fromwha tcharacte rsayst heautho rcangivet her eade rsomecluest ohi s
. r e t c a r a h c r e h r
o Wheneve raperson speaks ,wheneve rhei si n conversaiton wtih
s i e h , n o i n i p o n a d r a w r o f s t u p e h r e v e n e h w , r e h t o n
a giving cluet ohi scharacte r .s
s i h tr u o
F p ta l es fi ,which mean sthe autho rgives a clue to the character’ spas t
s t n e v
e . hT rough the person’ sthoughts ,through hi sconversaiton o rthrough the
r e h t o n a f o m u i d e
m person, t hereade rcan have t hepictureabou tthe character’ s
e fi l t s a
p and relaitng wha tthe characte rdoe s wtih his/her future lfie .Fi tfh i s
r e h t o f o n o it a s r e v n o
c peopleand thet hingst heysayabou thim. Sixth i sreaciton ,
t s n a e m h c i h
w heauthor sgive clues t o aperson’ scharacte rby l etitng t he reader
e z i n g o c e
r howt ha tpersonr eactst ovairouss tiuaiton sandevents .Seventhi sd riec t
comment from the autho rto the character .Eighth i sthought . The autho rgives
r s i h t n I .t u o b a g n i k n i h t s i n o s r e p a t a h w f o e g d e l w o n k t c e ri
d espect ,hei sablet o
r e d a e r e h t t a h w o
d canno tdo i nr eall fie .Hecant el lu swha tdfiferen tpeopleare
. g n i k n i h
t Thel as tonei smanneirsm .Theautho rdescirbe saperson’ smanneirsms ,
s ti b a
h ori diosyncrasies ,whichmayalsot el luss omethingabou thi scharacter .
. 1 .
2 3 .Theoryo fMo itva iton i
c a
D (1975 )say stha tthe expeirmen ton pain and cogniitve dissonance
c i s n ir t x e d n a c i s n ir t n i : n o it a v it o m f o s e s s a l c o w t n e e w t e b n o it c n it s i d n o s e s u c o
f .
e b o t d e r e d i s n o c s i d r a w e r l a n r e t x e e m o s f o e s u a c e b n e k a tr e d n u s i t a h t r o i v a h e B
g n o l f o e s u a c e b n e k a tr e d n u s i t a h t r o i v a h e b d n a , d e t a v it o m y ll a c i s n ir t x
e -term
b o t d e r e d i s n o c s i s e c n e r e f e r p d e h s il b a t s e s ’l a u d i v i d n i n a r o s l a o
g e intirnsically
s a ( d e t a v it o
m ctiedi nBraun ,1983 .)
.
2 31 .. Theoryo fCri itca lApproache s e t a t s ) 1 7 9 1 ( s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o
R thatt hereare ifveapproachest ha tcan
r a r e ti l a y d u t s o t d e s u e
b y work (pp .6-15) . Those are formails tapproach ,
l a r u tl u c o i c o s , h c a o r p p a l a c i h p a r g o i
b -histo irca lapproach ,mytphopoeic approach
f s i t s ri
F ormails tapproachconcenrtate sont het otali ntegrtiyoft hel tierary
e fi l s ’ r o h t u a f o s t c a f o t e c n e r e f e r t u o h ti w t r a f o k r o w e h t e n i m a x e o t s e ir t tI . k r o w
e h T . k r o w e h t f o e r n e g r
o formails tbeileve sin t he idea o fthe work tisefl .The
formails tentriely on ti sestheitc value by ;frist ,demonsrtaitng the harmoniou s
s i g n i n a e m w o h t u o g n it n i o p , d n o c e s ; e l o h w e h t o t s tr a p e h t l l a f o t n e m e v l o v n i
. e r u t c u rt s e n i m r e t e d e u q i n h c e t f o s r e tt a m w o h , t s a l e h t d n a ; e r u t c u rt s m o r f d e v ir e d
Second i sbiographica lapproach ,which si used when the researchers
y r a r e ti l a e g d u j o t d n e t n
i work based on the impo trance o facknowledging the
p e e d a r o f e fi l l a n o s r e p s ’ r o h t u
a e drun erstandingofl tierarywork.
s s i d ri h
T ociocutlural-histo ircal approach . Th is approach asse tr s the
analysi so fthe social ,cutlura land histo irca lbackground a sa reference to the
t n e m g d u j l a c i h t e n a o t d a e l n a c h c a o r p p a s i h T . y r o t s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e h tr u f
t x e t e h t f o y ti d il a v e h t g n i h s il b a t s E . t n e m e t a t s s ’ r o h t u a n a f o h t u rt e h t g n i n r e c n o c
if e h t s
i rstj obo fhisto irca lc iritcism .
c i e o p o h t y m s i h tr u o f e h
T approach .The proponen,t who has a majo r
h c a o r p p a c i e o p o h t y m e h t n i t s e r e t n
i , attempts to ifnd paritcularr ecurren tpattern s
, t h g u o h t n a m u h f
o which i sconsidered to s e har the same universa lbeilefs to
. d n i m y ti n u m m o c n i a tr e
c Those recurrent pattern sare found being expressed in
c i s a b o s e r a d n a s e ti r k l o f d n a s h t y m t n e i c n
a to human through tha tthey have
n e m l l a r o f g n i n a e
m .
The l ast i spsychologica lapproach ,which relfects l fie and representaiton
d n a n o it a v it o m n a m u h f
o behavior .Here, t he psychologica lapproach i sused to
rt s n o m e d d n a r e v o c s i
s e ir o e h t l a c i g o l o h c y s
p such a s human moitvaiton , personaltiy , and behavio r
s t c e j b o y r a r e ti l n i n e tt ir w n r e tt a
p can beanalyzed. The approach ifnd swha tthe
r e h c r a e s e r e h t s ll e t k r o
w aboutt he human mind and i nvolvest heeffo tr t o l ocate
t ,s u h T . n r e tt a p t n e r r u c e r n i a tr e c e t a rt s n o m e d d n
a he knowledge o fpsychologica l
. s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o s d n i k e m o s r e h tr u f y d u t s o t r e d r o n i s i s d l e if
l a c i g o l o h c y s p s e s u r e ti r w e h t , l e v o n e h t f o s i s y l a n a e h t t c u d n o c o T
o R . y g o l o h c y s p f o y r o e h t e h t n o d e s a b h c a o r p p
a hrberge r (1971 ) say s tha t
l a c i g o l o h c y s
p approach analyzes a nove lbased on theory o fpsychology .Thi s
e b ir c s e d r e t c a r a h c e h t s e z y l a n a h c a o r p p
a d int henove ldeepert hrough t hel en so f
s e s u r e ti r w e h T . y g o l o h c y s
p psychological approach to analyze the main
r a h
c acter , Ram Mohammad Thoma ,s deepe r so that i t help s the wrtie r to
r e t c a r a h c e h t d n a t s r e d n
u andmo itvaitonthroughhi spersonaltiy.
. 4 . 1 .
2 Theoryo fPsychology n
ir e d i s n o
C g the topic o fthe thesi ,s the theory o fpsychology i sused
e s u a c e
b character’ smoitvaitoni nt erm so fhi so rhe rdesriei nachievingt hei raim s
C . d e n i a l p x e e b o t d e e
n haracters ’personaltiy in thei rrelaitonship wtih anothe r
. e z y l a n a o t t n a tr o p m i o s l a s i r e t c a r a h
c Thepsychoanalysist heoryt hati sdiscussed
e r e
h i h st emajors ystem so fpersonaltiy;theyareid ,e og andsuperego. (
n u a r
B 1938 )divide spersonaltiy into three patrs ;the ego ,the superego , e
h t d n
a id .Each oft hem ha s ti sown highly speci ifc role i n maintaining norma l n
i d e ti c s a ( g n i n o it c n u f y ti l a n o s r e
e s u d u e r
F s the ego sa lch ,which mean s“I” ,the par to fthe personaltiy e
h t o t g n i d r o c c a s t c a o g e e h T . fl e s e n o s a d e t p e c c a d n a d e z i n g o c e
r realtiyp irnciple
ti t a h
t seekst o pleaset he id’ sd irvei n reailsitcwayst ha twli lbeneftii n t hel ong e
h T . f e ir g g n i g n ir b n a h t r e h t a r m r e
t ego conrtols t heid in doing someacitviites . e
h
T ego conrtol s the individua’l s aciton and manipulates the envrionment , s
ll a c t i t a h t f o e s u a c e
b the execu itve agency o fpersonaltiy .The ego i salso the .
tr a p c it s il a e r , d e z i n a g r o
s a l l a c o g e r e p u s e h
T uberich thu smeans“overtheI ”. Superego refers to
. y t e i c o s y b f l e s e h t n o d e s o p m i s i t a h t t n e n o p m o c l a r o m e h
t Superego playst he
i a , e h c y s p e h t n i e l o r g n i z il a r o m d n a l a c it ir
c m sfo rperfeciton ,include sego’ s
e h T . tl i u g f o s g n il e e f h ti w r o i v a h e b s i m s e h s i n u p d n a , s l a e d
i superego ist ha tpar t
e v n o c s a y t e i c o s e h t f o s d r a d n a t s l a r o m e h t s t n e s e r p e r t a h t y ti l a n o s r e p e h t f
o yedt o
s t n e r a p e h t y b d li h c e h
t .Superego represent sthe idea lworld rathe rthan the .
e r u s a e l
p Superego’s main funciton i sto decide whethe rsomething i s irgh tor t
c a n a c y e h t t a h t o s g n o r
w in accordance wtih mora lstandard autho irzed by t he
. m e h t d n u o r a y t e i c o s
s e s u d u e r
F fo rid sa es ,which mean s “ti” , implying an ailen force , e
h T . fl e s e h t f o t r a p s a d e z i n g o c e r t o n s i t a h t n o s r e p a n i g n i h t e m o
s idmaybes een
i e h t s
a nsitnctua lbiologica ld irve stha tpresents in every person a tbi trh .The di k
l a
t s abouti nsitnc,twhichi st hesourcef ort heegoandt hes uperego .Thei nsitnct s
e s
ti fl ah ev two t ype ,s Ero sandTh Oe pposedo fEros .TheEro si sincluded ni the
s o r E f o y g r e n e e h T . n o o s d n a x e s , h t m r a w , d o o f r o f d e e
n si called ilbido ,a
s i e p y t d n o c e s e h T . e fi l h g u o r h t g n il l e p o r p d n a y ti l a n o s r e p f o e c r o f g n i v ir
Opposed o fEros . tIi sabou tdeath i nsitnct .Freud also call sid ast hep irncipleo f s
a e l
p ure ,only t akesi nto accoun twhati twant ,s and disregard sal lconsequences .
e h t n e h
W idfalisr eleasingani ndividualf romas rtain , tit irest oatl eastr educet he .
n o it i d n o c t n a t s n o c e h t o t k c a b s e o g c i h c y s p e h t t a h t o s n i a rt s
o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T . 2 .
2 r k
s e ir o e h t e h
T o fcharacte randtheoryo fcharacteirzaitonusedt oanswert he
n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p t s ri
f ,How is Ram Mohammad Thoma sdesc irbed in the
? l e v o
n Those theo ire sare used to help the proces so f ifnding Ram Mohammad
’ s a m o h
T characte randl ate rdecidehispersonaltiyporrtayedi nt henovel .
h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p f o y r o e h t d n a n o it a v it o m f o y r o e h
T i sappiled t o
h t s e s u r e ti r w e h T . m e l b o r p d n o c e s e h t r e w s n
a ose theo ire s to understand
z i u q e h t g n i n n i w n i n o it a v it o m s ’ s a m o h
T da n to understand how the autho r
y a w e h t s e b ir c s e
d Thoma sbecomes ab liilonarie .Besides ,thestudy o fltieraland
e u
rt meaning si alsoconductedandanalyzedusingtheoryo fpsychology.
. 3 .
2 Contex toft heNovel t
r a p s i h
T descirbes a majo relement setitng o fthe story .The nove’l s
i v a r a h D s i e c a l p f o g n it t e
s ,aslumareaaround Mumbai ,India. Approximately a
a e r a m u l s s i h t t i b a h n i s e v it a n d n a s t n a r g i m m i m o r f e l p o e p n o il li
m .The nove’l s
e m it f o g n it t e
s i samodernera .
g n it t e s e h t f o t s o
M f orthestory t akes placei n acorne ro fMumba icalled
,i v a r a h
f o n o it a l u p o p e h T . d lr o w e h t f o l a ti p a c m u l s e h t g n i e b f o d r o c e r s u o i b u d e h t
2 1 y l e t a m i x o r p p a s i i a b m u
M mliilon people .She added t hat ,almos t60% oft he
s m u l s n i s e v il n o it a l u p o p l a t o
t and the irch own 90%oft hel and ,whlie t hepoor
18
3 R E T P A H C
Y G O L O H D T E M H C A E S E R
s s i h t n i d e y o l p m e y g o l o d o h t e m h c r a e s e r e h t s e s s u c s i d r e t p a h c s i h
T tudy.I t
, y l e m a n s tr a p e e r h t f o s t s i s n o
c objec to fthe study ,approach o fthe study and
methodoft hes tudy.
y d u t S e h t f o t c e j b O . 1 . 3
t c e j b o e h
T oft hi sstudy i sSlumdog Mliilonairewirtten by VikasSwarup.
t
I si ab -est known novel ,which wa spubilshed in London in February2005 .Thi s
s a k i V f o e m ir p e h t s i l e v o
n Swarup’snovel; i twa spreviouslypubilshed a sQ&A
. 5 0 0 2 n
i Slumdog Mliilonaire sh a at ota lof 382page sand tii sdivided into fou r
s i d ri h t e h t ,s r e t p a h c 2 1 f o s t s i s n o c t r a p d n o c e s e h t , e u g o l o r P s i tr a p t s ri f e h t ,s tr a p
i p
E logueandt hel as tpatri sacknowledgmen.t
e r i a n o il li M g o d m u l
S wa swirtten based on the expeirence o fthe author
o h
w wa sinspried by theslum area stiuaiton i n Mumbai .Set i n India , tit ellst he
z i u q t s e g g i b e h t s e m o c e b o h w r e ti a w g n u o y a , s a m o h T d a m m a h o M m a R f o y r o t s
y r o t s i h n i r e n n i w w o h
s .In t he novel ,Thomast ellst hestory o fhisl fieand al lo f
e it l u c if fi d s
ti s .Li gvi n i naslumarea ,hedreamedt ohaveaweatlhyl fie da n to be
t c e p s e
r e d by t he society .Hi sdreams had mo itvated him t o ge twha the wanted .
, w o h s e m a g e h t n o s n o it s e u q e v l e w t f o r e d r o e h
T Thomas t ell sthe readers t hat
s i h n i s e r u t n e v d a g n i z a m
2 .
3 .Approachoft heStudy
e h t , s i s e h t s i h t g n it c u d n o c n
I wrtie rexplained the approach used in thi s
s i t a h t h c a o r p p a e n o d e s u y l n o r e ti r w e h T . y d u t
s thepsychologica lapproach .Thi s
n o d e s u c o f y d u t
s Thomas’ om itvaiton i n j oining t he quiz .Then, thewrtie rused
t u o d n if o t h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p e h
t the personaltiy and moitvaiton of the
r e ti r w e h t d e p l e h h c a o r p p a s i h T . z i u q e h t g n i n i o j n i r e t c a r a h
c to ge tthe deepe r
i v d n a n o it a v it o m r e t c a r a h c e h t f o n o it p ir c s e
d ew t hecharacter‘ spersonaltiyi nt he
. y r o t s
.
3 3 .Methodoft heStudy
s i y d u t s s i h
T al ibraryr esearch .Getitngthenove lSlumdogMliilonaire ,the
n e k a t p e t s t s ri
f wasr eadingt henoveland t akingnotesf ort he purposeo fhaving
d o o t s r e d n
u the story .Beside ,s t here were also otherstepsthe wrtier used du irng
y d u t s e h t f o s s e c o r p e h
t , suchasr eadi ngsomebook sa sdataands ources ,andt hen
g n it t u
p wha tw asapprop iratei nt heanalysis .
d a e r r e ti r w e h t ,t s ri F . r e ti r w e h t y b e n o d s p e t s e m o s e r a e r e h t , y d u t s s i h t n I
r e ti r w e h t , d n o c e S . l e v o n e h t f o a e d i e h t t e g o t d n a d n a t s r e d n u o t l e v o n e h t
e m o s d n u o f r e ti r w e h t , d ri h T . l e v o n e h t n o d e s a b m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r e h t d e t a l u m r o f
d e t a l e r s e c n e r e f e
r to the novel .Fou trh ,the wrtie rdetermined the approp irate
d e z y l a n a r e ti r w e h t , h tf i F . y d u t s s i h t n i m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r e h t r e w s n a o t h c a o r p p a
r e ti r w e h t ,t s a l e h T . s m e l b o r p e h t r e w s n a o t s e ir o e h t d e t a l e r e m o s g n i s u k r o w e h t
e h t n o d e s a b y d u t s e h t d e d u l c n o
t i , y d u t s e h t e t e l p m o c o t r e d r o n
I requ ries a lo to fthough ta swel la s
e c n e r e f e
r s, book sand source sfrom elecrtonic sources .There are many source s
r e ti r w e h t t a h
t usedi nanalyzingt hemaincharacter’ smoitvaiton sinj oining“Who
a n i W l li
w Bliilon?”quiza sseen i n Swarup’s Slumdog Mliilonaire .Thesource s
m o c e b t a h t e c r u o s y r a m ir p s i t s ri f e h T . s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d y ll a c i s a b e r
a est he
e h t f o s i s a
b analysis .The p irmary source si Slumdog Mliilonaire nove.l The
s i t r a p d n o c e
s secondary source s tha t become supporitng source sin giving
r e ti r w e h t o t n o it a m r o f n
i ’ sstudya silstedi nt her eference spa tr .Besides,t hereare
r e h t o y n a
2 1 4 R E T P A H C
S I S Y L A N A
o t r e w s n a e h t s e s s u c s i d r e t p a h c s i h
T the quesiton formulated in the .
n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p Thediscussioni sdividedi ntot wopa trs .Thef ris tpatri st he t s a l e h t r o t r a p d n o c e s e h T . l e v o n e h t n i d e b ir c s e d y ti l a n o s r e p ’ s a m o h T f o s i s y l a n a
f o s i s y l a n a e h t s i t r a
p the ltiera land rt ue meaning o fThomas ’moitvaiton in .
z i u q e h t g n i n i o j
. 1 .
4 TheDescrip itono fRamMohammadThomas ’Personaltiy s
e b ir c s e d t r a p s i h
T Thomas ’ personaltiy in the novel .The theory o f .
e r e h d e s u e r a s n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c d n a r e t c a r a h
c Thomas ’characte ri sanalyzed by g
n i s
u R roh berge rand Woods ’theory o fcharacteirzaiton (1971) .Based on the y
r o t
s ,Thomasi sclassiifeda samajo ,rr oundanddramaitccharacte.r o
t g n i d r o c c
A R roh berge r and Wood s(1971 ,) the proces s o fcreaitng s
i s r e t c a r a h
c called characteirzaiton .Thereare t wo p irncipa lway san autho rcan e
z ir e t c a r a h
c , driec tand dramaitc .Thoma scan beclasiifed i nto dramaitcbecause ’
s a m o h
T physicalappearancei sno tdescirbed clealryint henove.l Nevetrheless , r
e d a e r e h
t can recognize Thomas ’characterthrough hi sspeech and behaviou rin g
n i c a
f stiuaitons andcondiitonsi nhisl fie. e
l k n e
H proposest ha tcharacte rcan beclassiifed intomajo randsecondary 7
7 9 1 ( r e t c a r a h
c ) .Majo rcharacter sare t hosewho appea rmore o tfen i n t hestory . ,
l e v o n e h t n I . y r o t s e h t n i s s e l r a e p p a s r e t c a r a h c y r a d n o c e s , e li h
W Thomascanbe
m a o t n i d e if i s s a l
e l k n e H m o r f t n e r e f fi
D ,Abram sandHarpham( 2009 )disitnguisht wot ype s .
r e t c a r a h c d n u o r d n a t a lf y l e m a n , r e t c a r a h c f
o Thomascanbeclassi ifedi ntor ound characte rbecauseheha sahigherachievemen.tHei sakind person thef ris titme .
l e
H i s ve wtih ap ires tin achurch .Bu tin hi slate rjourney ,he killed more t han r
o f e c i w
t somer easons .Hes rtuggle shardl ytobeab liilonarie. g n i y l p p a y b d e t c u d n o c s i n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c f o s i s y l a n a e h
T Murphy’stheory
n o s e s u c o f h c i h w ) 2 7 9 1
( character sa sseen by another ,speech,r eaciton, t hought , ,
s n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c f o y r o e h t e h t n o d e s a B . m s ir e n n a m d n
a Thomas ’personaltiy
s a d e n i a l p x e e b n a
c akind ,a responsible ,al oyal ,a sellfes sand a hardworking .
n o s r e p
. 1 . 1 .
4 AKindPerson
s g n i h t d a b s n a l p r e v e n s a m o h T , l e v o n s i h t n
I f or other people .Heneve r n
a l
p s to hur tothers. According to Hornby (2005 )a kind person mean scairng .s
u o r e n e g d n a y l d n e ir f , e lt n e g ; s r e h t o t u o b
a Thew irte r ifnd soutt ha tbeingkind si n
o it c a e r h g u o r h t s ti a rt y ti l a n o s r e p s a m o h T f o e n
o to wha thad happene d to hi s .
m il a S , d n e ir
f Thoma swa ssad t o know wha thappened t o Sailm .When Thoma s d
a
h a conversaiton wtih Sailm , he reacted and said “Wha’t? I cry in .
t n e m t n i o p p a s i
d ‘Justt hrees econds !Wha tkindofr olei st hat?” .(p 231). s
i s a m o h T t a h t e u l c r e h t o e h
T a kind person i sthroughhi sreaciton .“ Ibe t !
s e e p u r h k a l n e t p u d e n a e l c d n a a i d n I d n a n a m x a L n
o ’ Sailm said .‘Ten l akhs!’
t u o d e p p o p s e y e y
M ” (p .233) .Based on t he aciton tha tis told through hi s ,
n o it c a e
r i tcan beassumed t ha tThoma swasshowing hi sunderstanding t o wha t l
e f m il a
s a m o h
T showe d tha the c d are and wa sv ery sad to know what happened to hi s u
b e H . d n e ir
f lit good r elaitonship wtih Sailm .Helove sSailm even t houghSailm s
i no thi sfamliy. “tI i sa very l ong story.’ ‘No story can bel ong enough fo rme , g
n i n n i g e b e h t m o r f e m l l e t , w o n , k c i u Q . m il a
S ” (p .225). Thoma sshowed hi s m
s a i s u h t n
e to ilstenandtounderstandwha twa sgoingon hw ti hisf irend. n
o it i d d a n
I ,Thomas ’atttiudet ha thei sbeing akind young man i sshown d
e ir t t s u j e H . y r o t s e h t n
i tohaveasrtongf eeilngt o protec thi sbestf irend ,Sailm. h
c e e p s h g u o r h t ti s w o h s p u r a w
S (Muphy :1972)t ha tThoma scared rf o hisf irend . e
H . d l o s r a e y t h g i e s a w s a m o h
T wa ss t en to Delh iJuvenlieHomef o rBoy satfe r d
y h t o m i T r e h t a
F ied ,and tha twa shi sfris tmeeitng wtih Sailm .Ove r itme , m
il a S d n a s a m o h
T becomeverygoodf irends .Livingi nJ uvenlieHome, ythe w ere i
j h t e S . r M y b d e t p o d
a who promised them to be actor .He also tau ght voca lto i
j h t e S . r M , y l e t a n u tr o f n U . s d n e ir f d n a s a m o h
T w as no tthe owne ro fthe schoo l s
a w e h t u
b a gangster . Heairng Mr . Sethj i and Maman’ s conversaiton , s
a m o h T y l e t a i d e m m
i reailzed thatt heywereindanger .Theywerenott aughtt o be s
a m o h T . r a g g e b e b o t t u b r o t c a n
a sw a convinced nowt ha tMaman and hi sgang d
a
h deilberatelymaimedallt hecirppleboy shere.I mmediately ,heaske dSailm to t
n a w m il a S t u b , m i h h ti w o
g e d to stay .Becauseof t hat ,Thoma sgave thesense e
h t a h
t wouldno tgowtihou thim .
. e m s k s a e h ’ ? e n o l a y a w a n u r u o y t ’ n o d y h W “
’ . u o y t u o h ti w o g t ’ n a c I ‘
’ ? y h W ‘
” l a e d e g a k c a p y m f o t r a p e r a u o y d n a , l e g n a n a i d r a u g r u o y m a I e s u a c e B ‘
7 1 1 . p p
