silesr2012 042.

(1)

®

Digital

Resources

Electronic Survey Report 2012-042

Aguna Speakers in Benin

A Sociolinguistic Survey

(2)

1

Aguna Speakers in Benin

A Sociolinguistic Survey

Gabriele R. Faton

SIL International

®

2012

(3)

& ' ( &' ' ' )) *

+ " ( ( , - . ) )

. ' !* ( ) ( ) ) (

' ' ' ' ) ( &' ' ' )) '

)

)) ( ' '

&' ' ' / &' ) ' ' ' '

/ ( ( ) " &0 " " ( 1/ ( &'

' ' ) / &' ' ' / )

) ' ) ' ) " ' &' 2

) '

&' ) ' 3 ) 0

# ( &' &0 " ( ( &' " (

&' 4 )) ( 4 ' ' " 4 ( ' '

& &' " ' ' ) &' &' 4

( &0 " ( " " 1 . ' ' &' &'

) ( )

5 ) ( " ' 5

' " &'

' ' ) )) ' ) 4 # )

) ' )

&' 4 ) (

' ( ' ' ' &' ' )

(4)

;

' ' ) < ' ' = ;

> ) '

- ; '

? ' ' '

@ '

8 3 )

A 5

< B '

< ) (

< ( ( ))

< < C = ) )

= ) (

= C

= D )) 5

= 3 ) 5

>

> &'

> ' '

>

> &0 " ( > < " B #

> = ' ' > < ' ' > =

> > 3 )

> - ' ' ' - ))

? ))

(5)

. ' ( ) ' &' ' ' ))

* + E F " ) . ' !*

6 . ' !* 9 . ( ' ) . ' !

* ( ) &' ' ' ( ) )

) &' ' ' ) ' )

F ) ( " )) ( <

) ' ' E ' " ( ( ( 4

(=₍ _{0 0} >

( 4' ) ' ' )

( ( ) ) &' ' ' )) 5

) ' " 5 ) 5

' 3 # " ( ( . (

)) " )) " #

F ' G G )

. 4 ( ' " &' ' ' # )

& ' F ) * 6 : 89" ( 2 ' '

) ( ' " ( ( 6 ( " &0 9" '

!; !; D ' # ) ' ' ) 8?

' ) ' ) ( "

6D 8@-9 ( 4 6 8@-:88

D 9 ' ' 6&0 " ( " " ; !; 9

' ) ' &' H ! ' ' "I

&' ) ' ' ' 6D 88 9

!

"

. &' ) ' D 6 8@-:# 9 &' ' ' "

) 4 ' ) ' ' H I

)" &' 6 8@-: 9 ( " ( 4 D 6 88 : 9 &'

' ' * " ' " ( ' (

( 6 8@8: 89 ' ' ' 3 ' !D ' " & !D ' " J !D ' " 63 (9 E( " * 4"

-F ) * 6 : @9 # ) 3 ' !D '

' ' ) . ( 2 ? _{3 ( E( " (}

( 5 . ' ( D 3 ' 5

& 5 7 * ' ) ' G

< _& _{# D : D ))} ₅

= _& _{# D : 3} ₎ ₅

>_F _{0 0 (} ₎ _" ₍ ₆

) 9 @

-_. _# ₎ _H _{' ' I} ₎₎ ₍ _{' '} ₄ _*

( # ' ' ) 6 ) 9" )

( ' #

(6)

' ' ; !E( D ' ' ' : J 6 ( 9" " &0 " ; !; 6K( !K( 9

" &' ) ) E )7!&' . ' " ( &' 4 6 >9

D 6 8@-9 &' ( ' ' ' ( "

# ) ' ( &' &'

& ) &' &( &' 6 ( 89" &' L 6D )) 8@< D 8@89" &' ' 6D 88 9

#

& ' 6D )) 8@<9" &' 4

&' " 0 0 " M @

& ' ' ' 88 88< 6E ' 888 " 888 888 9 ( ' ' &' ! 4 ': E ' 6&4 ' 9" 7 4 07' 74 0

6 01 14 7 0 " ' 9 &' 6 0 0 9 6 )

9 & 7 & ' " (

) &' ! 4 ' ' . ' : ' " E " 6 )) 9

& 4 )7 . . ' ' ( ) &' ! 4 ' (

& ' )) ( " &' ' ' '

) ) ' ' ' &'

, 6 9 * " ' ' ( " ) ' "

' ' " &' ' 4 . &' ! 4 '

' . ' ; . ' 6 " ,' "8

& 4 )7 # ) &' ! 4 ' ' . ' .

&' ' ' . ' ) . )

&' ! 4 ' ' ) . ' &' " ) &' 7 7

) 3 4 7 ) ' &' ' ' . ' 1"

&0 4 " ( E 4

$

; ' 88 * ' G ' '

. &' ' ' " '

4 " ' &' <"=? 6B 1 ; 88=9

& ' ) " &'

?"??-6 9 " 8> ( " ' )) ' &' 4 ' "

)) ' ) ' ) " ) ' &' "

' ) !&' 4

) ( @ &' 4 * 6B 1 D '7 <:<<9

( " ) 4 ) ( ( 4 ' '

&' ' &' !

4 ' . ' 6B 1 D '7 =: 8" 9 .

@_* ₍ _6' ₎ _9" ₍ ₎ _'

) 6) 9 ( ) 6 9 .

( ' G 888" ( G " )

)

8_{. '} ₆ ₉ _' ₎

(7)

<

. ' ' ' &' , 6 9

! %

& 7 7 "? ) #

7 "@?> &'

' " &'

E 74 74 )1 - = &'

E ' "?< &'

4 "@ = &'

! & '( )

D 7 6. 79 <?> &'

E 4 4 6E 4 4 N9 <? &'

, " <8 ) #

J7 ?=8 &'

&4 ) 6&4 1 ) 9 >>@ &'

* =" >>

F ' ( ' &' ! 4 ' ' : & " & " 7' " 7 07 " 7 " " E 7 ' 0 " E " 4 " M ' " . 4 1" & 4 7 "

O ' 7" * 0 " " " E " E7 ' 7 B 4

. ) &' ! 4 ' ' . ' " ' ( " ' *

( " ' &' ' ' . ' "

# . '

+

(

" !

; GG 6 8?8: <?9 &' ) ) B &' 6 9 )

' ) &0 ) ' #

" &' ( E 6 ( &4

. ' 9 ( B &' (

; GG 6 8@=9 &' ' ) &0 !. 6 9" '

) ' ' ' '

& ' ( " &' ' ; ( '

) ( ( E )7!&' . ' , "

" ( . ( '

( &' " 4 ( &' ! ' &' !D . ( (

. ' E ' " ( " ' . 4 6

' ( &' 9 ' . & ( .

7 E ' & ) 6 9 . ) #

' ) ' # ( &' ' ' ' '

,

"

&' ! 4 ' ' )) ( " 1 '

( " &0 )) B # )) &'

)) ' ' ) " &0 " 1" ( " " B #

. ' ' " " &' " )

)) ' ' &' ! 4 ' ' . ) ) ' (

&' &0 " 1" " ( " E ' " &'

) ( ' ' ' 5 "

(8)

=

-

.

&' ) 0 ' ' 4 &' ' ' * . ) ' ' 4

0 0 " ' ' ( )) 6 FD9 '

* . " ' ( H ) I &'

' ' * ) '

0 0 " ' ) ' " 3 2& 7 2 & 6 3& &9" ' G &'

&' 3 ' ) ' G 63 , 9 ' G

D &' ' ' &' " " " ( ( B

/

.

& ' D 6 )) " 9" (

' D

& ' " ( ' (

. D ) &' '

& ' & D ' *7 6 9"

' &' 4 * " ( ( ) 0 6)

9 &' 4 &' ' ' "

( ' '

F ( ' ) &' : D ) D7 ) D

D " B D " P 2 )) D ; D

' '7 5

. ) 5 &' " B ) ( ) ( '

' : " O " &' 6 ( 9

0

1

" !

& ) ?" ' ) ) ' '

&' 3& & )) 0 0 8?- '

) ' ' " ( &' ' ' " ) (

'

2

3

4

. &' ' ( ) . ' !* (

) &' ' ' ( ) )

) &' ' ' ) ' ) .

' ) # ' ' ' ) )

. " ( ) ( ) ) ' ' ' 4 '

) ' ( 5 ) ' '

' ' * # ' ' ) ( '

' ' : &0 " "

D ' ' ' ) ) ' ' ' ))

(9)

>

) : ) " ' )" ' ' "

' ' . ' ( ' ' 0

' : ' Q " # ' " )) ! #

Q " ' G " )) " ' " ' ) ' )

" ' ' ( # ' ) "

. ) ( 5 ' ( ' :

' '

• F ' ' &' ' ' N

• & &' N

• F ' ' &' " N

• & &' " " ) ' N

< &' ' ' ' '

• F ( " " &' ' ) N

= D ) " &0 " ( " 1

• F ! " &0 " ( " 1 ) &' )) N

• 5 " &0 " ( " 1 ( ) N > * ' )

• F ! " &0 " ( " Q 1 &' )) N

- ' '

• F ' ' &' 4 ) "

" ( ) N

• F ' ' 6 9 &' ( ' ( !&' 4 N F ' '

( N

? ' '

• F &' )) 2 ( " &0 " ( " 1N • & ( ) " &0 " ( " 1 &' 4 N

• F &' ( ) N

• F )) ( ( ) &' N

@ ' '

• ' ' ' &' ) N

8

• F &' 4 N

• F &' ' ' N

• F ' ' " N

• & &' ' ' " " ( ' ' 6 9N

'

• F ' ( ' ' ' ' N

#

5

. ( ' 5 ( ' 4' )

5

) # " ) ' &' 4 "

(10)

-#

" !

6

F ) ( ( ( ' '

4' ) :

• & ) 0 0 ( 4 ( ' ' ( 4'

)

• & &' D ( &'

( ( " ) ' &' "

' ) ' ' ) ' '

#

6 6

!!

F 6) 9 0 0 " ' '

&' ) ' ) )2 ) &'

' ' F ( ' ' 4 F (

M " 0 0

' ' ) ' )

# #

7

F )) 5 ' ( ' 6 & # D 9:

• ' ' ) 6 9 ' '

• &'

•

• ' '

• D ) " &0 " ( " 1

• ! " &0 " ( " 1 •

• '

& 5 ' ) ) 6

& # D 9

$

!

F 0 0 " ( M F (

' ) &' )) 4 )

) ) 4 ' &' ' ' . '

$

" !

6

) ( ' ( ( ( ' :

. ( " (

(11)

?

• & &' 4 ( D ( &' " '

) ' ' ' ( ' ' )

• . ) ' &' )

' '

• & ) E ' ( ( &'

) ( &'

• . ) . ' ) )

&' ' ' ) . ' G )

)) ) ' ' ) ) " G )

) )

$

7

F ) )) 5 ( ' : ' E ' '

' 4 ' &' ))

&' ' ' * . &' ) # '

)) : ' " 4 " E ' " 7 " &4 )7 & & ' E '

&' " &' "

6 # ) 4)9 ) ' ' )) ( ' "

' " 4 " 7 & 7 (

E ' ' &' * ) (

( ) E ' 6 ) 9" (

E ' )) (

' ( ( ' 6 &' 9" ( #

F 4 ) ' ' )) (

( ' ' ' ) &' )) ,

( ) ' ( ' H ' I:

• B ' 6H ' ) I9

• B = ' 6H ) I9

• F ) ' 6H ' ( ) I9

• F ) = ' 6H ( ) I9

' ( " !) ' (

( " ( ) ) ( ) ( " ) ) )

( ) (

. 5 ) ( " ) ) (

. ( 5 ) B

6 & # & *9 ( 0 ( 5 ) '

' ' ' ( ' ' ( 4 (

5 D " =" >/ " / =" >" - )) 5 "

' ( ' ) ' '

! ) ' ' '

' &' E ' ))

( . 5 ) &' 4

F ' ' ' ) ' ) ' ' )

( ( 0 0

(12)

@

+

.

. ( ' ) ( " )) 5

) 5 F ' )

5 " H ( I H ( I (

))

5 " " " (

#

+

. ( ' ) ' ) 0

' ' &' E ' )

( ) ( " &' 6 9

+

.

2

F ) ( ( &' ( ' ' ' . "

' )) ( 4 ) &'

&' 4 2 ) ' ' "

( ( 4 ( ' ' ( 4 ( ))

( 4 ) ' ' F 4 ) (

( ) " 5

5 ' 2 ) )

' '

& ( ' ) ( &' ( " 5

( 4 ' " ) 4 " "

) ( ) 4 ( . &' 4 (

4 " . ) 4 &' )) (

&' " ( ( &' 4 " 4 ( ' ' .

' ' ( ' &' " (

) # ( ) 0 &' 4 . ) &'

4 4 ' ' ' ( 4 " &' , "

&' 4 (

( ' 4 ) &' ' (

) ' ' ' ' &0 " ( " " 1 B # . )

) ' &' ( 4 " &'

& ' ' ' " 6 &' 9

( ' ' 4 ) &' 4

' ) E ' " ' ) (

& ' ) ' 4 " 0 4

# ( ( 3 (

&' ( " 4 ' (

' ) ' " ' ) ) '

)) ! . ) )

) ' ( &

( ) ' " 4 " & 7 7 ( ) ) ' ' )

(13)

8

E ' ' ' ) " (

&0 1 #! ! E ' (

' ( ( 4 & ' E ' ) ( .

0 4

, " ( &'

E ' ( 4 ( ' ))

# ' 4 ( ) ) ' " # ) " ) F 4

( ' ) ) ' ' "

' '

D ) ( ) H )

6 9"I )) ) (

) H I ,

" ( ' ' ' (

' " ' ) ( ( ( '

" ' ( 4 '

&0 " ( ( ( ) &' . ( )

( ) ) &' ' ( ( )

&' ) ' ) ( ) (

) ( &0 " ( 4 " )

) ( &0 ) ) &' / ) ) &' (

&0 6 9 &0 , ( '

0 4 &0 0 4 & &0 ) " '

4 ' )) ( ' " (

( # &0 . &0 &' "

)) ( &0 &' 4 " 4 ( ' '

' ' ' " ( ( ,

( ' D # E '

' ( ( 4 4 '

E ' " ( ' '

( ( ( &'

4 " 4 ) '

( ( ) &' ) &0 " ' &'

' ' 6 >9 ( ( 4 " &' ( 4 (

' ' , " ( ( ( ! ' )

) ( " ( E ' " ' 0 4

( E ' # ) ( ( " ( '

( ( ( 6 9

!

" #

!

1" ' ' ' ' ( " ) &' ( "

' ( &' 4 " ' ' . '

(14)

) 1 & ) ) " ( " 1 ' ( &

' E ' ) 1 # . ( )

0 4 " ' ) 0 4 '

' ) 1 ( (

' ( 1"

B # &' 4 ) &' " ( B #

4 ( B # ' ' 4 B # &' B # &'

4 )) ( E ' ) ) B # (

F )) ' ( B # " &' E ' " ( B # B # B #

) &' '

6 9 &' " ' &' 4 . &'

( 4 ( ( &'

4 " ' 4 1

$

%

' ' ( :

• ( ) ( ' 4 ' ' ' ) N

• &' ( ( ' ' ' N

• &' 4 ( 4 ' ' ' N

• F &' 4 2 ( " &0 " " ( 1N 6 > >9

' " &' 4 " &0 " " ( 1

( ) ( ' ' 4 ' ' )

' 6 ' 9" ' 4 )

&' 6 E ' 9 &' ( (

&' ) ' ) (

( &0 3 ( ' (

( 1

E ' ) ( (" ( "

) ( ( ) &'

) " ( 4 ( ' ' " " HF (

&' I<

+ #

&' ' ' " ( # ) ' ' ) "

) ' ' ) ( ' ' '

4 &'

D )) 4 &' ) ' ' #

( . &' ( 4 &' &'

) &' ' ' )) 2 . # ) #

)" ) )) (

( &' & ' 4 &' ' " 4 (

&' ' ' 4 &' ( D ) # ) '

&' ' 4 &' &' " ' ' &'

) &' ) ' ' ' " ) ' 2

)) ( E ' " ( ( ) ( ' ' B

) ( ' ' (

<_. _' ₎ _{: H,} ₍ _' _{I (} ₎

(15)

11

language first, but learns Aguna as well. All young people are said to speak Aguna correctly. In Koutagba however, it is said that when young people speak Aguna, they mix it with foreign words.

5.4 Group cohesion and identity

The Aguna people reportedly consist partly of indigenous individuals, partly of individuals from Abomey and partly of immigrants from Togo. Their identity is with the Ewe people group, although they consider themselves Aguna people first. They consider themselves as brothers (frères consanguins) of the Aja-Tado descendants and say that the ancestors of those in Sakpiti were sons of the king of Abomey. The Ewe were also mentioned as their ancestors. The Aguna are well aware of their origins. As regards group cohesion, ceremonies are held in Gangan at the king’s place and also in Koutagba at the Molu convent. However, it seems that these ceremonies do not concern all Aguna speakers in Benin, let alone those in Togo. The existence of Togolese Aguna was mentioned, but no family ties or common ceremonies were reported. The situation of the Aguna in Togo is unknown to the researchers, and because of time restrictions, no investigation of the language situation in Togo was carried out.

5.5 Nonformal education situation

In the commune of Djidja literacy classes offered by the governmental literacy agency DNAEA are held in Fon. The total number of participants in the Fon classes between 1976 and 2000 was 4156 (3245 men and 911 women).

Considerable efforts to promote literacy are being made in the wider region, and several NGOs have also started to offer or to finance literacy classes. In 2000–2001 the classes listed in Table 2 were offered in Fon in the commune of Djidja (places unknown).

Table 2. Literacy classes in the commune of Djidja

Organization Number of classes

Male participants

Female participants

Total participants

CDAa ₁₅ ₂₉₅ ₁₄₂ ₄₃₇

GEFADb ₇ ₁₂₃ ₃₅ ₁₅₈

Projet EDUCOMc_III ₃ ₆₀ ₃₂ ₉₂

a_{CDA: Coordinateur d’Alphabétisation Départemental—the departmental literacy coordinator of the DNAEA.} b_{GEFAD: Groupe d’Etude et de Formation à l’Auto Développement.}

c_{EDUCOM: Education and Community.}

In 2001–2002 thirty-seven classes were offered in the commune, but the exact numbers of

participants have not yet been evaluated. The aim of the literacy organization is to offer at least twenty classes every year in the commune.

In 2000 the Programme National du Développement Communautaire14_{(PNDC) also began offering}

its resources for literacy to the commune. It encouraged literacy workers to start classes in Aguna,

because in some villages Fon comprehension was reported to be rather low and therefore, Fon classes did not succeed. Literacy work in Aguna was started in 2001. Two Aguna men took a correspondence course offered by a Canadian NGO to learn how to develop an orthography. They then started translating Fon documents on community development into Aguna. These have been tested with native Aguna speakers and are ready to be printed. At the time of the survey, Fon primers were being used and translated into Aguna during the Aguna literacy classes since there was no Aguna primer yet. However, a primer has been developed and is ready to be printed. The PNDC launched this project in collaboration with the

(16)

. . ' ) " ( ;3 D 4 '

' . &' ' '

&'

&' . < ( ' )

B ( &'

. < &'

: & 8 5 9 ! *

;

< " ;

' ) ' ;3 D ! N

' ) ' ;3 D > > N !&'

'#) ' ;3 D @ ? > N

'$) 7 & T T T @ &'

'+) 4 ;3 D @ ? > &' &'

',) 4 ;3 D < > @ N

'-) ;3 D > ? N &' !

'/) E ' ;3 D N N > N &'

'0) E ' PD,B N N < N &'

. ) &' ) &'

. 0 0 ( '

' ' " " " &4 )7" & ' " ( &) 4 (

# ' '

& " ' ) ) &' ' ' .

) D D &' " ; D

. &' ( ( &'

( 4 &' E ' # ' ) ' ) &'

. ) G ' 0 4 )

( &'

+ ,

.

& ' ( " ) 0 &' 4 '

. ) 6 # 9 B . ) 5

E ' " ( ' ( ' ( : D ) D7

6 '' 9" P 2 )) D 6 '' 9" D D "

B D " ; D ' '7 5 . ) 5

' ) 0 B ) O . ( &' ( )

' ' &' ) 0 "

B ( " ( &' ' ) ' ( ) 2

) ' , ; D ( ) ' ' ( "

( D ) D7 " ' '

) ( &' " &' B (

) 5 &' " & E ' '" O " " '

(17)

<

,

!!

. ( ' ( ) ) (

( ' ' ' ' ) ( &' ' ' ))

' ) ( ' )) '

3 ) 0 ) ' &' 4 ( " ' ( )

#

&0 " ( ) &' " ( &' )) (

4 " ( ' ' & ' ' ' ( &'

4 " ( " ) ) ' '

) . " &0 " (

' ( ) &' " ' ' ) "

&' " &' 4 " ( ( '

( 4 &' 4 " 4 ( "

4 ' ' ( &' ( " &'

4 ( ) '

1 ) &' " ' ( &' 4 B "

' ' ) 1" ) 0 &' " ) 1

( ' ' " ) 1 '

' E ' 1 E ' ) 1

0 4 '

B # H I ) &' "

. &' ( &0 " ( " " 1 F ' " " ( " &' 3 #

( &0 1

&' ' ' &' ) (

) . " ' ) ' ' '

. &' ( ' ) ' ' '

' " ) " ) )

&' 3 ' &' . ' (

. &' # ( ) ' ' " (

( ' ) ( "

" ' ) ) &' ( ' '

3 ) ' " )

( 4 ' ) &' ( ) ' )

' ) " D D &' " ;

D

-

.

!!

' ' # ' ' ' ) (

5 ) ( " ' 5

' " &'

' ' ) ( " ' ) 4 # )

) ' ) (

(18)

=

(19)

>

(20)

-= > 7

!!

4

7?< * &11 .< &55?1 ?* .<3<17?<*< ?. % 2&?1

. ' !*7 " B

7 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU S UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & 6 9 5 V 6 9 7 6 9 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

. : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ) :UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 7 5 : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU/ # : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

# : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ' 7 2 ( : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

) ) # )) : UUU 0 )) : UUUU )) : UUUU 0 )) : UUU & 7 :

&0 W &0 " &' W &' " W ( " W " W X " W " W " W 1" B W B # "

, W " 3 W

& & &3 P . ; P; 2 3CP . . &3 P J, 3

D )) G! ' N

D )) G! !)V) 5 2 N

) 0 7 ' 5 ' N

< ) 7 5 ' N

= ! 5 2 &' ' 5 2 ' N , 3 ! 2

' N , 3

> 2 Y ' N 6; 5 ! 5 2 5 7 S! N9

- ! 5 2 6 ' 9 Y &' V 7 7)

) N , 3

" 5 N

? ; 2 . 3 P & ,3 Y ' 7 " ) G 2

7' " G 5

@ 5 ' ' ' ! 7 # ) N 6 ) G 5

' 9

8 6 G ' Y ' 5 V 7 7 / ) G 1 ' Y 2

5 ' 7 9

! 5 2 ' Y ' 7 N

6 G ' Y ' 7 S Z 7 ' 5 V 7 " G )

' S Z 7 9

5 ' ! ! ' 7 5 Z N C ) ' Q

(21)

?

< 6 ' G ' Y 5 2 ' 7 5 5 "

7 G ) ! S Z 7 ' ! 7 ) 1 ' 7 7 9

= ! 5 2 2 ' Y 2 ' N 6 2 7 " ) G :

. ' N9

* J& &3. & &3 P 3CP . . 3. D,B; 3 ,3 3. J& &3.

! 5 2 2 ' # ) )) ' ' N , 3

" 5 7 # 6 "

" ) 7" 9 N

! 5 ' ) ) ) N , 3

; 7 G[

D &;;, . &J D 2&P. &3 P

6 5 : ) G 5 7 7) # ) \' "

)) )) [[[9

C ' ) ' N

6 ) G '7 7 1 " ) G 7 5 ) 2 1 5 ' ) 7 ! 9

&0 : , 3 / ( : , 3 / : , 3 / : , 3 / : , 3 / 1 : , 3 / B # : , 3 UUU

! G 0 ) 7 &0

, 3 (

, 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 B , 3

UUUU , 3

" G 5 ' # N

7 5 ' N

< C ' 6S 2 ' 9 7 6 7 9 ' N UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ' 1 2 N UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

= C ' ) G! ) # N &0 " 6 ( 9" " " 1" B # > C ' ) G! N &0 " 6 ( 9" " " 1" B #

&.. .P 3J 2&P. &3 P

C ' 2 1 ) N 6 2 0 Q 2 ( Q Q ' Q

2 1Q]9 ; 5 N

1 N 6 # 1) 9

J G! 5 S S 7

< N , 3 = ' N , 3 > 2 ( N , 3 - 2 0 N , 3 ? 2 1 N , 3 @ ^ ' N , 3

D,B; 3 ,3 . P & &3 P

! 5 2 ) ' ) # N , 3 " 5 6 9 6 9 N

) ' ) # 5 ' N

(22)

! " #$ % % &&& && && && &&&

' ( ) *%) + + " #$ + " + % % %

%

, - . / #$ *%) + #0# + 1 +

% + $ ) 1 +

2 . / #$ *%) + #0# + 1 +

% + $ ) 1 +

3 4 . / #$ *%) + #0# + 1 +

% + $ ) 1 +

5 . / #$ *%) + #0# + 1 +

% + $ ) 1 +

6 . / #$ *%) + #0# + 1 +

+ $ ) 1 +

( ) *%) + + " ) + ) *

% % % %

.

2 # *%) + # 7 $

% % % %

(

8 + $ + 2 $ % + ) " + $ + + 9: +;

( # + 2 + $ # + + $$ + " )

' < + + # + # 7 + ) + %" + + $$ $ # # +

$ + # +

&&&&& &&&&& &&&& &&&&& &&&&&&

+ # + $ +

&&&&&& &&&&& &&&& &&&&& &&&&&&

3, 6" 2 + %" + # # .

# + "= #$ "

) 7> ) %

93,? , +; %

> ,?3, +

9 ? , +;

$ 9: +;

3 8 + %" ) + + * " ) $ .

33 @ + " + + ) 2 2 5 - - 4 6 &&&

(23)

8

= 0 ' ) ) &0 &' UUU

> 0 ' ) ' &0 &' UUU

- 6 ' 9 &0 &' UUU

? 7 6 7' 9 &0 &' UUU

@ 0 ' 6 ! 9" ! 5 2 ' )) N , 3 # 5 G [ 8 9 0 ' 6 9 S ) " 5 2 ! 5 2 # 6 9 N

9 0 ' 6 9 2 0 S ) " 5 2 ! 5 2 # 6 9 N 9 0 ' 6 9 ' S ) " 5 2 ! 5 2 # 6 9 N 9 0 ' 6 9 2 1 S ) " 5 2 ! 5 2 # 6 9 N 9 0 ' 6 9 2 ( S ) " 5 ! 5 ` # 6 9 N

& ; &* . &. ,3

! 5 2 2 7 ' N , 3

" 5 6 9 ' 6 9 N UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU D2 ' 7 5 N

D ) Q) Q ) N 5 ! 5 2 N

! 5 2 2 7 7' N , 3

" 5 6 9 ' 6 9 N UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

a ) ) Q) Q N 5 ! 5 N

< ! 5 G 0 ) 5 5 7 ' N , 3 6 " 5 N9

= ! 5 G 5 5 2 5 7 ' N , 3 6 " 5 N9

> )) X ' )) 2 7 ' 2 2 7 ! S 2

:

- 27 N , 3

? 27 0 N , 3

@ 27 ' N , 3

8 27 ( N , 3

27 1 N , 3

27 ' N , 3

3 , B&. ,3 3 & P & D,BBP3&P.

) 0 7 ' 5 ' : ) ) " 7 " ' Q ) N

5 7' ' ' # ' N

< ! 5 2 ) 5 7 N , 3

" 5 ' 7 :

7 Q 2 ' ) N & &0 &' UUU

2 7 D N & &0 &' UUU

(24)

1

" !

4

CP . ,33& ;,P ;,3 &* 2 PD&. ,3 3,3! , B ! 3CP . P 2& ,P3&

. ' !*7 " B

7 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU S UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & 5 V 7 :UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & ; 3.&. ,3 2 3CP .

3 ) :

' ) :UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU :UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

< ; G! N 3 Q )

= ; G! ' N 3 Q )

> ; G! 2 0 N 3 Q )

- ; G! 2 ' N 3 Q )

? ; G! 2 1 N 3 Q )

* 3 , B&. ,3 B, &; CP

& 7

2 7 7' &' ' 7 5 ' N

6 ' 7' Q ! 7 9

3 ) 7

< & * @

A

< ' ) A

6 9 6 9 6<9 6=9 6>9 6-9 6?9 6@9 689 6 9

< ! 5 2 1 " &' 7 2 7 6 " ]9 N " 5 N

= ! 5 G 0 5 2 2 ' 2 7 N

, 3

(25)

; !& 7

# ! ! ! 7 7' &' N , 3

5 N

# 5 6 9 ' 6 9 N

3 ) 7

< & * @

A

< ' ) A

6 9 6 9 6<9 6=9 6>9 6-9 6?9 6@9 689 6 9

< C ' )) ! 7 N

= 5 6 9 ) 7 7 ' N

D & &3 P P. ;,P 2& ; &* . &. ,3

C 7 N

C ' 2 2 7 N

< ! 5 7 )) 2\' " # " " &' ) ' N , 3

" 5 ' 1) ) 7 N UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

= " ! 5 # ' ' ) # N

, 3

" 5 ' V 2 7 N

> # ! ! 1) S 2 ' N, 3

(26)

!

" # $%& ' ( )

" # $$ ! ! "

' * *

' * * $%$ + * , ' *

' * *

' * $%- "

" # $% & + . / 0

( * ' * *

1 * 2 $$ + * 3 & !

1 *

4 $$$ 5 6 7 8 7 (

9 ) + 5 ' ( :

4 $$$+ 5 6 7 8 7 (

+ ) + 5 ' ( :

4 $$$ 5 6 7 8 7 (

- 4 ; < ;5 < ) + 5 ' ( :

' 9 = ! $ ! ! ' 5 > ? 5 '

@ + $

= A ! ! ? 5 *

0 6 * - ( ! # )*+

,& - . , " "

? ? *

= A ! ! ? 5 *

0 6 * B ( ! # )*+

,& ! " . / ?

? *

= A ! 8 * $$B 0

! # 1223&4 5 66 - 4 ( , "

"

! CC + $D$ 6 7 ! 8 ' . 8 . 9' . - :;. )< .

$ !'<. 9' = . >; . ) & ' ( )

! CC + $%B E 0 0

. :( 2 E = ; < * 8 ' F $ !

8 4

5 9 G = $%$ 49 G :5 ' " ; < (! ?

- DF BH ' 9

I # ' ) 6 ! 7

J 4 6 : " ? # ; <