Daftar Pustaka DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Daftar Pustaka

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

[1] Report of the Third World Academy of Sciences. Safe Drinking Water: The

Need, The Problem, Solution and An Action Plan. www.twas.org:2002.

[2] Ratnaningsih, Enny, Hiskia Achmad. Kimia Organik, Ilmu Kimia dan

Kehidupan, dan Ilmu Kimia Lingkungan. Jurusan Kimia FMIPA-ITB.

Bandung:1997.

[3] Syafputri, Sri I. “Pembuatan Porous Membrane dari Pasir Aktif untuk Filter

Air”. Skripsi. Teknik Fisika, FTI-ITB: 2006.

[4] Dyalfikri, Ahmad. “Pembuatan Filter Air dari Karbon-Aktif dengan Metode

Semi-dry Press”. Skripsi. Teknik Fisika, FTI-ITB: 2006.

[5] Van der Toorn, J.D., A biological approach to water purification: I.

Theoretical aspects. 1987.

[6] Huisman, Prof. Ir. L., Rapid Filtration–Part I. Delf University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering – Division of Sanitary Engineering. Delf: 1974.

[7] Doulton-Filter, Various Drinking Water Treatment Methods. Brochure (www.doultonfilters.com).

[8] Stokke, Jennifer, Bill White, dan Sara Charbonnet. Water, water,

everywhere: Filtering Filty Water-Filter Design Lab. (www.spice.centers.ufl.edu)

[9] Ye, Shufeng, at all. Preparation and Characterization of Ceramic Porous

Filter Using Pottery Raw Materials. Orlando: 2006.

[10] Baksi, S., Soumitra Biswas, dan S. Mahajan. Activated Carbon from

Bamboo–Technology Development towards Commercialisation. (www.tifac.org.in).

[11] Masschelein, Willy J. Unit Processes In Drinking Water Treatment. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York: 1992.

[12] Chesters, J. H. Refractories: Production and Properties. The Metal Society. London: 1983.

Program Studi Teknik Material Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Glass to Silica Sand for Dual Media Filtration. Journal of Environmental

Engineering and Science vol.1. 2002. Halifax–Kanada.

[14] Reynolds, Tom D. unit Operations and Processes In Environmental

Engineering. Brooks/ Cole Engineering Division – A Division of

Wodsworth Inc. California: 1982.

[15] Kwon. Processing of Ceramics and Cermets. ME477

[16] Reed, James E. Introduction to the Principles of Ceramic Processing. John Wiley and Sons. Singapore: 1989.

[17] Lee, Jong-Heun. Advanced Electronic Materials II. Korea University: 2004.

(http://mse.korea.ac.kr)

[18] Rezwan, Prof. Dr. Ing. Kurosch. Ceramic Nanotechnology: Shaping

Ceramic I – Bulk Materials. Universität Bremen. Bremen: 2007.

[19] Dinsdale, Allen. Pottery Science: Materials, Process, and Products. Ellis Horwood Limited. Chichester: 1986.

[20] ASTM C 819–77

[21] SK Menteri Kesehatan no.907/ MENKES/ SK/ VII/ 2002.

[22] Askeland, Donald R., Pradeep P. Phulé. The Science and Engineering of

Materials, 4th ed.

[23] MSDS PVA Sciencelab.com (www.sciencelab.com)

Ibnu Maulana Yusuf 137 02 051

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Lampiran

LAMPIRAN 1

DAFTAR SENYAWA-SENYAWA

YANG DAPAT/ TIDAK DAPAT DIADSORPSI KARBON-AKTIF

Tabel L.1.1. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas very-high

teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif

2,4 – D Deisopropyltatrazine Linuron

Alachlor Desethylatrazine Malathion

Aldrin Demeton-O MCPA

Anthracene Di-n-Buthylphthalate Mecoprop Atrazine 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Metazachlor Azinphos-ethyl 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 2-Methyl benzenamine Bentazone 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Methyl naphthalene Biphenil 2,4-Dichlorocresol 2-Methylbutane 2,2 – Biphiridine 2,5-Dichlorophenol Monuron

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate 3,6-Dichlorophenol Napthalene

Bromacil 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Nitrobenzene Bromodichloromethane Dieldrin m-Nitrophenol

p-bromophenol Diethylphthalate o-Nitrophenol Butylbenzene 2,4-Dinitrocerol p-Nitrophenol Calcium hypochloryte 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Ozone

Carbofuran 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Parathion

Chlorine Diuron Pentachlorophenol

Chlorine dioxide Endosulfan Propazine

Chlorobenzene Endrin Simazine

4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene Ethylbenzene Terbutryn

2-Chlorophenol Hezachlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene Chlorotoluene Hezechlorobutadiene Triclopyr

Chrysene Hexane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

m-Cresol Isodrin m-Xylene

Cyanazine Isooctane o-Xylene

Cyclohexane Isoproturon p-Xylene

DDT Lindane 2,4-Xylenol

Ibnu Maulana Yusuf 137 02 051

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teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif

Aniline Dibromo – 3 – chloropropane 1 – Pentanol

Benzene Dibromochloromethane Phenol Benzyl alcohol 1,1 – Dichloroethylene Phenylalanine Benzoic acid Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene o-Phthalic acid

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Styrene

Bromodichloroethane 1,2 – Dichloropropane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Bromoform Ethylene Toluene

Carbon tetrachloride Hydroquinone 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1 – Chloropropane Methyl Isobutyl Keton Trichloroethylene

Chlorotoluron 4 - Methylbenzenamine Vinyl acetate

Tabel L.1.3. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas moderate

teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif[*]

Acetic acid Dimethoate Methionine

Acrylamide Ethyl acetate Methyl-tert-butyl ether

Chloroethane Ethyl ether Methyl ethyl ketone Chloroform Freon 11 Pyridine

1,1 - Dichloroethane Freon 113 1,1,2 - Thrichloroethane 1,2 - Dichloroethane Freon 12 Vinyl chloride

1,3 - Dichloropropee Glyphosate

Dikegulac Imazypur [*] _{Hanya efektif pada kasus tertentu.}

Tabel L.1.4. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas unlikely to be effective

teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif

Acetone Methylene chloride Acetonitrile 1 – Propanol

Acrylonitrile Propionitrile Dimethylformaldehyde Propylene

1,4 – Dioxane Tetrahydrofuran Isopropyl alcohol Urea

Methyl chloride

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Lampiran

LAMPIRAN 2

DATA HASIL PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN LENTUR FILTER

Tabel L.2.1. Data hasil pengujian kekuatan lentur

filter karbon-aktif ₂ 2 3 t w L P = σ Filter Karbon

L w t Beban Kuat Lentur

(σ) Aditif (%) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (N) (Kg/mm2) (MPa) Std. Deviasi 100 21,62 11,48 2,40 23,52 0,13 1,24 20 100 21,45 12,77 2,07 20,29 0,09 0,87 0,11 1,05 0,2597 100 20,60 10,03 1,77 17,35 0,13 1,25 25 100 20,87 10,25 1,91 18,72 0,13 1,28 0,13 1,27 0,0184 100 20,82 11,03 2,59 25,38 0,15 1,50 30 100 20,75 10,97 1,78 17,44 0,11 1,05 0,13 1,28 0,3210 100 20,73 11,70 3,06 29,99 0,16 1,58 35 100 20,72 11,67 2,72 26,66 0,14 1,42 0,15 1,50 0,1180 100 20,43 10,82 3,13 30,67 0,20 1,92 40 100 20,47 10,67 3,56 34,89 0,23 2,25 0,21 2,09 0,2282

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filter silika-aktif ₂ 2 t w = σ Filter Silika

L w t Beban Kekuatan Lentur (σ) Aditif (%) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (N) (Kg/mm2) (MPa) Std. Deviasi 100 20,70 11,78 0,55 5,39 0,03 0,28 40 100 20,73 12,65 0,42 4,14 0,02 0,19 0,02 0,23 0,0667 100 20,82 10,50 0,73 7,11 0,05 0,47 35 100 20,85 10,95 0,71 6,95 0,04 0,42 0,04 0,44 0,0340 100 20,55 14,10 1,66 16,27 0,06 0,60 30 100 20,40 13,83 1,55 15,19 0,06 0,58 0,06 0,59 0,0096 100 19,63 13,93 2,73 26,75 0,11 1,05 25 100 20,42 14,85 2,12 20,78 0,07 0,69 0,09 0,87 0,2551 100 20,52 11,47 3,11 30,52 0,17 1,70 20 100 20,38 11,28 2,91 28,52 0,17 1,65 0,17 1,67 0,0343

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Lampiran

LAMPIRAN 3

SK MENTERI KESEHATAN No. 907/ MENKES/ SK/ VII/ 2002 Tentang Syarat-syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air Minum

Tabel L.3.1. Daftar bahan anorganik Parameter Satuan Kadar Maksimum

yang Diperbolehkan Keterangan

1 2 3 4 Ammonia mg/ L 1,5 Alumunium mg/ L 0,2 Klorida mg/ L 250 Tembaga mg/ L 1 Kesadahan mg/ L 500 Hidrogen Sulfida mg/ L 0,05 Besi mg/ L 0,3 Mangan mg/ L 0,1 pH - 6,5 – 8,5 Sodium mg/ L 200 Sulfat mg/ L 250

Total Zat Padat Terlarut mg/ L 1000

Seng mg/ L 3

Tabel L.3.2. Daftar bahan organik, disinfektan dan hasil sampingannya Parameter Satuan Kadar Maksimum

yang Diperbolehkan Keterangan

1 2 3 4 Organik Toluene μg/ L 24 – 170 Xylene μg/ L 20 – 1800 Ethylbenzene μg/ L 2 – 200 Styrene μg/ L 4 – 2600 Monochlorobenzene μg/ L 10 – 120 1,2 - dichlorobenzene μg/ L 1 – 10 1,4 - dichlorobenzene μg/ L 0,3 – 30 Trichlorobenzene (total) μg/ L 5 – 50 Detergen μg/ L 50

Disinfektan dan Hasil Sampingannya

Chlorine μg/ L 600 – 1000 2 – chlorophenol μg/ L 0,1 – 10 2,4 – dichlorophenol μg/ L 0,3 – 40 2,4,6 - trichlorophenol μg/ L 2 – 300