02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
What is an ecosystem, and how can we study
one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and
how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem
function?
What are the major factors responsible for the
differences between ecosystems?
The concept of the agroecosystem is
based on ecological principles
Populations
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Organs
Tissues
Organs
systems
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance
to stresses in environment where it will
live?
Autecology/Physiological ecology
Organism
A population is a group of individuals of the
same species inhabiting the same area at
the same time.
Important characteristics:
○
Population size, density, and dispersion
○
Birth and death rates
○
Growth rates
○
Age structure
○
Genetic Diversity
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1.
Population size,
density, and
dispersion
2.
Birth and death rates
3.
Growth rates
4.
Age structure
5.
Genetic Diversity
Concerned
:
Important in determining the factors that control
population size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to support
population over time
Population ecology
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A population is a group of plants, animals, or
other organisms, all of the same species,
that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
1.
Numbers of individuals in a population
2.
Population dynamics: how and why those
numbers increase or decrease over time
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Biologists in applied disciplines such as
Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management
Must manage populations of economic
importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species
from extinction
Communities
an assemblage of populations
of
living together in the same
location at the same time.
The important thing :
1.
Community structure and functioning
2.
Community Biodiversity
○
Number and types of species
○
Relative abundance of species
○
Interactions among species
3.
Community Development
○
Community resilience to disturbance
○
Nutrient and energy flow
Community ecology
Concerned
:
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different
species
Ecosystems
are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological
processes.
Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient
recycling.
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PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU
Landuse:
: Hutan Alami
: Hutan Produksi
: Hutan Reboisasi
: Lahan Terbuka
: Pemukiman
: Perkebunan
: Rumput
: Sawah
Example:
In Watershed
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The
is the
global sum of all
ecosystems
. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological
point of
view, the biosphere is the
global
ecological
system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere
,
hydrosphere
and
atmosphere
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Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability
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How ecosystems function:
and
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2.
Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
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Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged
ecosystem
Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—
not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently
involved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed
ecosystem:
Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem
Will not continue on its own without management
If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture
without human input again
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-www.themegallery.com
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AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Plants
animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run@off
leaching
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Using the soil as a
pool of nutrients:
Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops
then
removal from
area
Erosion
Leaching
Run@off
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