MEMO HUKUM
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F E RF T N* a K a A N T OXT E R S n . > A W a NOGA'
S U R A B A Y A
C A E C I L I A E. I R M A W A T I
PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN UPAH MINIMUM
SEBAGAI SUATU UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN
KESEJAHTERAAN BAGI BURUH
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FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
S U R A B A Y A
P E L A K S A N A A N K E T E N T UA N UP A H MI N I MUM
S E B A GA I S U A T U UP A Y A P E R L I N DUN G A N
K E S E J A HT E R A A N B A GI B UR UH
I L I K E B R P U S T A K A A N
UKE VE f t S I T AS
AI RLANGS C
iS U R A B A Y A ____
M E M O H U K U M
D I A J U K A N S E B AGAI P E N U L I S A N S KR I P S I
P R O G R A M S A R J A N A B I D A N G I L MU H U K U M
NI P . 1 3 0 3 5 5 3 6 6 NI M. 0 3 9 1 1 3 2 7 1
F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a
T e l a h Di u j i P a d a T a n g g a l
2 0 D e s e mb e r 1 9 9 4
S E K R E T A R I S
Dr a . H. S O E N D A R I KAB AT , S . H
NI P . 1 3 0 6 7 5 5 1 7
A N G G O T A
F A K U L T A S H U K U M U N I V E R S I T A S A I R L A N G G A
S U R A B A Y A
K A T A P E N G A N T A R
De n g a n me ma n j a t k a n p u j i s y u k u r k e p a d a T u h a n Ya n g
Ma h a e s a a t a s s e g a l a b e r k a t , r a h m a t , d a n k a r u n i a N y a s e h i n g -
g a s a y a d a p a t me n y e l e s a i k a n Me mo H u k u m d e n g a n j u d u l
" P e l a k s a n a a n K e t e n t u a n U p a h Mi n i mu m S e b a g a i S u a t u Up a y a
P e r l i n d u n g a n K e s e j a h t e r a a n B a g i B u r u h " i n i d e n g a n b a i k .
Me mo H u k u m i n i d i s u s u n d a l a m r a n g k a me me n u h i s a l a h s a t u
s y a r a t d a l a m me n y e l e s a i k a n s t u d i d a n u n t u k me n c a p a i g e l a r
s a r j a n a h u k u m p a d a F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a
S u r a b a y a .
B a n y a k k e mu d a h a n d a n b a n t u a n y a n g t e l a h s a y a t e r i ma
d a r i b e r b a g a i p i h a k d a l a m p e n y u s u n a n Me mo H u k u m i n i . P a d a
k e s e mp a t a n y a n g b e r b a h a g i a i n i p u l a s a y a i n g i n me n y a mp a i -
k a n r a s a t e r i ma k a s i h y a n g t a k t e r h i n g g a k e p a d a s e mu a
p i h a k y a n g t e l a h b e r j a s a d a l a m u p a y a p e n y u s u n a n Me mo H u k u m
i n i .
U c a p a n t e r i ma k a s i h s a y a s a mp a i k a n k e p a d a :
1 . B a p a k Ma c h s u n Al i , S . H. , M. S . s e l a k u p e mb i mb i n g y a n g
t e l a h me mb a n t u d e n g a n p e n u h k e s a b a r a n d a n p e n g e r t i a n
De ka n d a n K e t u a J u r u s a n H u k u m P e r d a t a F a k u l t a s H u k u m
U N A I R y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k e s e mp a t a n d a n i j i n k e p a d a
s a y a u n t u k me n y u s u n Me mo H u k u m i n i .
B a p a k R. I n d i a r s o r o , S . H. s e l a k u k e t u a t i m p e n g u j i ; I b u
Dr a . H. S o e n d a r i Ka b a t , S . H. s e l a k u s e k r e t a r i s p e n g u j i ;
s e r t a B a p a k Ma r t e n L. S o u h o k a , S . H. , s e l a k u a n g g o
-t a t i m p e n g u j i , y a n g t e l a h b e r s e d i a me n g u j i s a y a
d a l a m me mp e r t a h a n k a n Me mo H u k u m t e r s e b u t .
B a p a k I r . F e l l i x L e o n a r d S a l l y s e l a k u K e p a l a B a g i a n
P e r s o n a l i a d a n U mu m P . T . R O MO S I NT I C O S ME T I C I N D U S
T R I E S , y a n g me mb e r i i j i n p e n e l i t i a n d i p e r u s a h a a n
t e r s e b u t , s e r t a me l u a n g k a n w a k t u u n t u k me mb e r i k a n
i n f o r ma s i d a t a y a n g b e r g u n a b a g i a k u r a t n y a p e n y u s u n a n
Me mo H u k u m s a y a i n i .
B a p a k , Ma ma , s e r t a a d i k t e r c i n t a y a n g d e n g a n p e n u h
k a s i h s a y a n g d a n p e n g e r t i a n me n d o r o n g d a n me n d a mp i n g i
p e r j u a n g a n s t u d i s a y a h i n g g a s e l e s a i n y a Me mo H u k u m i n i .
S e k a l i g u s t e r i ma k a s i h a t a s d u k u n g a n mo r i l ma u p u n
ma t e r i i l y a n g t a k t e r h i n g g a k e p a d a s a y a .
Y a n g t e r s a y a n g Ma s Yu d h i , y a n g t e l a h d e n g a n s a b a r
me mb e r i mo t i v a s i d i s a a t s a y a p u t u s a s a ; me mb a n t u
ya n g s e l a l u t e r a s a b e l u m s e mp u r n a i n i ; s e r t a b a n t u a n
d o a y a n g t a k b e r k e s u d a h a n s e l a ma p e mb u a t a n h i n g g a
b e r l a n g s u n g n y a u j i a n Me mo H u k u m s a y a .
7 . S a h a b a t k u Y a y u k d a n Di a h , y a n g s e l a l u me n d o r o n g s a y a
u n t u k b e r s a ma - s a ma me n y e l e s a i k a n Me mo H u k u m i n i . T i d a k
l u p a p u l a b a n y a k t e r i ma k a s i h k e p a d a s a h a b a t - s a h a b a t k u
Ya n t i , I r a , R a t n a , d a n I n a y a n g s e l a l u me mb e r i k a n
p e r h a t i a n n y a t a n p a p a mr i h .
Da n s e mu a p i h a k y a n g t i d a k d a p a t s a y a s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r
s a t u , s e mo g a T u h a n me mb a l a s k e b a i k a n An d a .
P a d a a k h i r n y a s a y a b e r h a r a p b a h w a u p a y a p e n e l i t i a n
y a n g h a s i l n y a s a y a t u a n g k a n d a l a m b e n t u k Me mo H u k u m i n i
d a p a t b e r ma n f a a t b a g i p i h a k - p i h a k y a n g b e r k e p e n t i n g a n ,
k h u s u s n y a d a l a m r a n g k a me ma h a mi d a n me l a k s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n
h u k u m d a n k e a d i l a n y a n g b e r l a k u b a g i ma s y a r a k a t p a d a
u mu mn y a , d a n b u r u h p a d a k h u s u s n y a .
S a y a s a d a r b a h w a Me mo H u k u m i n i ma s i h j a u h d a r i
k r i t i k da n s a r a n y a n g me mb a n g u n b a g i s e ma k i n s e mp u r n a n y a
Me mo H u k u m i n i .
S u r a b a y a , 0 1 J a n u a r i 1 9 9 5
P e n u l i s
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai hubungan antara pekerja dan pengusaha. Dari segi sosial
dan ekonomi, buruh hanya mengandalkan tenaga kerjanya saja. Sehingga tidak bebas dan terikat,
baik secara jasmani maupun rohani.
Jika ditinjau dari segi yuridis buruh mempunyai hak yang sama untuk mendapatkan
pekerjaan dan penghasilan yang sama. Sedangkan secara konstitusional perlindungan terhadap
D A F T A R I S I
H a l a ma n
K a t a P e n g a n t a r . . . i
D a f t a r I s i . . . v
A. U r a i a n F a k t a . . . 1
B. P e r ma s a l a h a n . . . 6
C. D a s a r H u k u m . . . 7
D. P e mb a h a s a n . . . 9
1 . K e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g u s a h a d a l a m r a n g k a p e l a k s a n a a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l . . . 9
2 . F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i d a n me n e n t u k a n p e l a k
s a n a a n u p a h mi n i mu m d i P . T . R o mo s . . . 2 0
E. K e s i mp u l a n / S a r a n . . . 3 0
D a f t a r B a c a a n . . . 3 3
3
p r i ns i p e k o n o mi y a i t u u s a h a / mo d a l s e k e c i 1 - k e c i I n y a u n t u k
me mp e r o l e h h a s i l s e b a n y a k - b a n y a k n y a , me r e k a b e r u s a h a .
me n g e l u a r k a n u p a h s e mi n i m mu n g k i n a t a u s e t i d a k - t i d a k n y a
s e s u a i d e n g a n a p a y a n g t e l a h d i k e r j a k a n b u r u h . A p a b i l a
b u r u h t e r t e k a n d a n d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h p i h a k k e t i g a , ma k a
b u k a n t i d a k mu n g k i n a k a n me n y u l u t g e l o mb a n g d e mo n s t r a s i
d a n p e mo g o k a n u n t u k me mp e r j u a n g k a n u p a h y a n g l a y a k . Da n
t e r n y a t a ma s a l a h u p a h i n i s e r i n g me n j a d i t o p i k u t a ma
ma s a l a h p e r b u r u h a n y a n g a k h i r - a k h i r i n i s e ma k i n me n g -
h a n g a t .
S e mu a p e n g u s a h a d i r a n g s a n g u n t u k me me t i k l a b a
s e b e s a r - b e s a r n y a d e n g a n mo d a l / p e n g e l u a r a n s e d i k i t . Ha l i n i
me n j a d i s a l a h s a t u p e n y e b a b d a l a m p r a k t e k p e n g u s a h a s e r i n g
t i d a k me l a k s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m. K e t i d a k a d i l a n
p e n g u s a h a i n i c e p a t a t a u l a mb a t p a s t i a k a n me mb u a h k a n
k e r e s a h a n d i k a l a n g a n b u r u h , d a n b e r b u n t u t t u n t u t a n k e n a i -
k a n u p a h .
U n t u k me n y a d a r i b e t a p a p e n t i n g n y a ma s a l a h p e r b u
r u h a n t e r s e b u t , ma k a p e r l u d i k e t a h u i p e r a n a n s e r t a h a k d a n
p e l a k s a n a a n k e w a j i b a n ma s i n g - ma s i n g a n t a r a b u r u h d a n p i h a k
p e n g u s a h a . P e me r i n t a h t e l a h me n g e l u a r k a n s e j u ml a h p e r a t u
r a n d a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d i b i d a n g p e r b u r u h a n , n a mu n
k e n y a t a a n n y a p e r a t u r a n d a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n t e r s e b u t
t i d a k d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a s e g e r a d i p a t u h i o l e h p e n g u s a h a -
4
ba n y a k n y a k as u s - k a s u s p e r b u r u h a n y a n g d i l a n s i r d i b a n y a k
me d i a ma s s a d a n e l e k t r o n i k a . K e b a n y a k a n k a s u s - k a s u s i t u
me n g e t e n g a h k a n ma s a l a h k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g ma s i h
b e l u m b e r l a k u d i p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n t e r t e n t u .
P a d a a wa l t a h u n 1 9 9 4 k e r e s a h a n b u r u h mu n c u l l a g i .
Ma s a l a h s e p u t a r u p a h s e mp a t me mb a n g k i t k a n g e j o l a k b u r u h
y a n g d i w u j u d k a n d a l a m b e n t u k a k s i p e mo g o k a n . Me n u r u t h a s i l
p e n e l i t i a n L B H S u r a b a y a , s e j a k 2 9 J u l i 1 9 9 4 s a mp a i d e n g a n
4 S e p t e mb e r 1 9 9 4 a n g k a p e mo g o k a n b u r u h d i J a t i m me n c a p a i
3 0 0 .
P e mo g o k a n y a n g s e ma k i n me n i n g k a t i t u me n c e r mi n k a n
k o n d i s i b u r u h - b u r u h k i t a y a n g k i a n me n u r u n ( 4 2 p e r s e n
me n u n t u t k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l ) . S e k i t a r 3 3 , 6
p e r s e n p e r u s a h a a n ma s i h me l a n g g a r k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m
y a n g d i g a r i s k a n o l e h S K Me n a k e r n o mo r 3 2 / ME N / 1 9 9 4 t e n t a n g
p e n i n g k a t a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l J a t i m d a r i R p 2 . 2 5 0 , -
me n j a d i R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - . B a n y a k p e r u s a h a a n n a k a l ( 5 3 p e r s e n )
me l a k u k a n p e n y e l u n d u p a n h u k u m, y a i t u d e n g a n j a l a n me ma s u k -
k a n t u n j a n g a n - t u n j a n g a n y a n g b e r s i f a t t i d a k t e t a p u n t u k
me me n u h i u p a h mi n i mu m R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - t e r s e b u t . H a n y a 1 3 , 3
p e r s e n p e r u s a h a a n y a n g me mb a y a r u p a h b u r u h d i a t a s s t a n d a r
u p a h mi n i mu m t e r s e b u t . I t u p u n s e b a g i a n b e s a r b a r u t e r j a d i
s e t e l a h p a r a b u r u h me n g a d a k a n a k s i p e mo g o k a n .
Di w i l a y a h S u r a b a y a p a d a k h u s u s n y a ma s i h a d a s e k i
t a r 2 5 p e r s e n p e r u s a h a a n y a n g me n g u p a h b u r u h n y a d i b a w a h
5
bu r u h n y a R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - t e t a p i s e r i n g d e n g a n u p a y a me n y e -
l u n d u p k a n k o mp o n e n h u k u m, s e h i n g g a c e n d e r u n g me l a n g g a r
k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m. S e l a i n i t u d a r i h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n
j u g a d i t e mu k a n s e k i t a r 8 7 p e r s e n p e r u s a h a a n me mp u n y a i
S P S I y a n g r a e mp e r j u a n g k a n k e l a y a k a n p e n e r i ma a n
u p a h mi n i mu m d e n g a n j a l a n p e mo g o k a n .
D e mi k i a n p u l a y a n g t e r j a d i d i P . T . R o mo s , j a l a n
R u n g k u t I n d u s t r i S u r a b a y a . P e r u s a h a a n i n i me r a i l i k i k u r a n g
l e b i h 1 0 0 b u r u h y a n g s e b a g i a n b e s a r b e r p e n d i d i k a n r e n d a h ,
s e h i n g g a p o l a b e r p i k i r me r e k a j u g a r e n d a h , mu d a h d i h a s u t ,
b a h k a n k a d a n g - k a d a n g k u r a n g r a s i o n a l . Ko n d i s i i n i s a n g a t
b e r p e n g a r u h a p a b i l a me r e k a me n y e r a p i s i p e r a t u r a n -
p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h D e p a r t e me n T e n a g a K e r j a
ma u p u n p e r u s a h a a n s e t e mp a t . P e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n t e r s e b u t
b i a s a n y a d i b a c a s e p o t o n g d e r a i s e p o t o n g s e h i n g g a r a e n i mb u l -
k a n k e s i mp u l a n y a n g j a u h d a r i ma k s u d s e b e n a r n y a .
S e b a g a i c o n t o h k e a d a a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s t e r j a d i
k e t i k a d i k e l u a r k a n n y a S K Me n a k e r n o mo r 3 2 / ME N / 1 9 9 4 t e n t a n g
p e n i n g k a t a n u p a h mi n i mu m d i w i l a y a h J a t i m. Me r e k a h a n y a
me mb a c a b a h w a u p a h mi n i mu m d i n a i k k a n d a r i R p 2 . 2 5 0 , - m e n
j a d i R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - t a n p a r a e mp e r h a t i k a n k a p a n k e t e n t u a n t e r s e
b u t mu l a i d i b e r l a k u k a n . Me r e k a h a n y a me l i h a t b a h w a p a d a
s a a t s u r a t k a b a r t e r s e b u t t e r b i t ( 9 P e b r u a r i 1 9 9 4 ) b e r a r t i
s a a t i t u p u l a k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g b a r u j u g a d i b e r
6
b e r i a k u t a ng ga l 1 Ap r i l 1 9 94. A k i ba t n y a t e r j a d i pe mo g o ka n
d a n a ks i d e mo n s t r a s i y a n g s e h a r u s n y a t i d a k p e r l u t e r j a d i .
K o n d i s i i n i t e n t u s a j a me n y u l i t k a n k e d u a p i h a k , p e n g u s a h a
d a n ma j i k a n , k a r e n a ma s i n g - ma s i n g b e r p e d o ma n p a d a a p a y a n g
b e n a r me n u r u t me r e k a ma s i n g - ma s i n g . A p a l a g i k a l a u d a r i
p i h a k b u r u h d i t u n g g a n g i o l e h p i h a k k e t i g a y a n g i n g i n
" me n g a i l d i a i r k e r u h " , s e ma k i n j a u h l a h j a l a n me n u j u p a d a
k e s e p a k a t a n y a n g a d i l .
B. P E R MA S A L A H A N
0 1 . B a g a i ma n a k a h k e b i j a k s a n a a n y a n g d i a mb i l p e n g u s a h a d a
l a m r a n g k a p e l a k s a n a a n U p a h Mi n i mu m R e g i o n a l d i p e r u
s a h a a n t e r s e b u t b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n a d a n y a k a s u s - k a s u s
d i a t a s ?
0 2 . F a k t o r - f a k t o r a p a s a j a k a h y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i d a n
me n e n t u k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l
7
C. D A S A R H U K U M
D a s a r h u k u m y a n g d a p a t d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i a c u a n
d a l a m " me mb e d a h " ma s a l a h u p a h mi n i mu m i n i a n t a r a l a i n :
1 . P a n c a s i l a
P a n c a s i l a s e b a g a i s u r a b e r d a r i s e g a l a s u mb e r h u k u m
me r u p a k a n d a s a r h u k u m y a n g h a r u s d i p e g a n g s e t i a p p e r u
s a h a a n d a l a m me n j a l a n k a n r o d a p e r u s a h a a n n y a . K h u s u s n y a
s i l a k e d u a d a n k e l i ma me n u n j u k k a n a d a n y a k o mi t me n
b a n g s a k i t a a k a n k e a d i l a n d a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n b a g i r a k y a t
I n d o n e s i a t a n p a k e c u a l i .
2 . U U D 1 9 4 5
P a s a l 2 7 a y a t 2 U U D 1 9 4 5 me n j e l a s k a n b a h w a s e l u r u h
r a k y a t I n d o n e s i a b e r h a k a t a s p e k e r j a a n d a n p e n g h i d u p a n
y a n g l a y a k . " L a y a k " b e r a r t i me n d a p a t p e r l i n d u n g a n d a n
s a r a n a ( t e r ma s u k u p a h ) y a n g p a n t a s u n t u k u k u r a n
ma n u s i a w i .
3 . K e t e t a p a n MP R
T A P MP R No . I I / MP R / 1 9 8 8 p a d a p o k o k n y a r a e n g a r a a n a t k a n
b a h w a k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g u p a h a n d i s a mp i n g h a r u s me mp e r -
h a t i k a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k t i v i t a s t e n a g a k e r j a d a n p e r t u m-
b u h a n p r o d u k s i j u g a p e r l u d i a r a h k a n k e p a d a p e n i n g k a t a n
k e s e j a h t e r a a n d a n d a y a b e l i g o l o n g a n p e n e r i ma u p a h y a n g
r e n d a h .
4 . P e r a t u r a n P e me r i n t a h No . 8 T a h u n 1 9 8 1
8
da l a m h a l pe mb e r i a n u p a h y a ng l a y a k s e c a r a k e ma n u s i a a n .
5 . P e r a t u r a n Me n t e r i T e n a g a Ke r j a
P e r a t u r a n Me n t e r i T e n a g a K e r j a No . 0 1 / ME N / 1 9 9 0 y a n g
me n g g a n t i k a n p e r a t u r a n No . 0 5 / ME N / 1 9 8 9 me n j e l a s k a n
t e n t a n g p e mb e r i a n u p a h mi n i mu m b a g i b u r u h . U p a h t e r s e
b u t me r u p a k a n f a k t o r y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g b a g i k e l a n g -
s u n g a n h i d u p p e k e r j a d a n k e l u a r g a n y a . D a l a m k e n y a t a a n -
n y a ma s i h b a n y a k t e r d a p a t t i n g k a t u p a h y a n g b e l u m
me me n u h i k e b u t u h a n h i d u p mi n i ma l p e k e r j a .
6 . S K Me n t e r i T e n a g a K e r j a No . 3 2 / ME N/ 1 9 9 4
S K t e r s e b u t me r u p a k a n r e a l i s a s i l e b i h l a n j u t d a r i P P
Me n a k e r No . 0 1 / ME N / 1 9 9 0 , y a i t u me n e t a p k a n u p a h mi n i mu m
r e g i o n a l , s e k t o r a l , d a n s u b - s e k t o r a l .
7 . S K Me n t e r i T e n a g a K e r j a n o me r 5 0 t a h u n 1 9 9 2
T e n t a n g p e n i n g k a t a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l u n t u k D a t i I I
w i l a y a h J a w a T i mu r
8 . U n d a n g - u n d a n g k e r j a n o me r 1 2 t a h u n 1 9 4 8
D. P E MB AH A S A N
1 . Ke b i . i a k s a n a a n p e n g u s a h a d a l a m r a n g k a p e l a k s a n a a n u p a h
mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l .
U p a h y a n g me r u p a k a n h a k b a g i p e k e r j a h a r u s d a p a t
me me n u h i k e b u t u h a n h i d u p p e k e r j a d a n k e l u a r g a n y a . S i s t e m
p e n g u p a h a n p e r l u d i k e mb a n g k a n d e n g a n me mp e r h a t i k a n k e s e i m-
b a n g a n a n t a r a k e b u t u h a n p e k e r j a d a n k e ma mp u a n p e r u s a h a a n .
Di s a mp i n g i t u p e r l u d i p e r h a t i k a n p u l a s t r u k t u r u p a h y a n g
t i d a k r u mi t d a n d i t e t a p k a n k o mp o n e n u p a h y a n g j e l a s d a n
s e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e n t u a n .
D a l a m h u b u n g a n d e n g a n s t a t u s p e k e r j a , p e n g u p a h a n
h e n d a k n y a j a n g a n d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n s t a t u s p e k e r j a t e r s e b u t ,
me l a i n k a n s i s t e m p e n g u p a h a n me n g a c u k e p a d a p e n c a p a i a n
p r o d u k t i v i t a s d a n t i n g k a t k e s e j a h t e r a a n y a n g b a i k . Me k a -
n i s me p e n e t a p a n u p a h d a n k e n a i k a n u p a h y a n g b a i k d i a t u r
d a l a m p e r j a n j i a n k e r j a , p e r a t u r a n p e r u s a h a a n , a t a u k e s e p a -
k a t a n k e r j a b e r s a ma .
S e h u b u n g a n d e n g a n i t u k i t a t i d a k d a p a t me l e p a s k a n
d i r i t e r h a d a p ma s a l a h - ma s a l a h k e t e n a g a k e r j a a n , k h u s u s n y a
ma s a l a h y a n g me n y a n g k u t r e a l i s a s i k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g u p a
h a n . S a l a h s a t u k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g u p a h a n y a n g d i ma k s u d
( d a n a k a n k i t a b a h a s ) i a l a h p e r w u j u d a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h
p o k o k mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l d i P T . R o mo s I n t i C o s me t i c I n d u s
t r i e s .
1 0
s a n a a n u p a h mi n i mu m b a g i b u r u h d i P T . R o mo s k i t a h a r u s
me n g e t a h u i h u b u n g a n k e r j a n y a t e r l e b i h d a h u l u . S e b a b p e l a k
s a n a a n u p a h mi n i mu m b a r u a d a s e t e l a h t e r j a d i h u b u n g a n
k e r j a a n t a r a b u r u h d a n ma j i k a n . Me n u r u t I ma n S o e p o mo , S . H.
y a n g d i ma k s u d d e n g a n h u b u n g a n k e r j a y a i t u h u b u n g a n a n t a r a
b u r u h d a n ma j i k a n y a n g t e r j a d i s e t e l a h d i a d a k a n p e r j a n j i a n
o l e h b u r u h d e n g a n ma j i k a n , d i ma n a b u r u h me n y a t a k a n k e s a n g -
g u p a n n y a u n t u k b e k e r j a p a d a ma j i k a n d e n g a n me n e r i ma u p a h
d a n d i ma n a ma j i k a n me n y a t a k a n k e s a n g g u p a n n y a u n t u k me mp e -
k e r j a k a n b u r u h d e n g a n me mb a y a r u p a h * P e r j a n j i a n i n i d i s e -
b u t p e r j a n j i a n k e r j a . *
H u b u n g a n k e r j a t e r s e b u t me n i r o b u l k a n h a k d a n k e w a j i -
b a n b u r u h s e r t a h a k d a n k e w a j i b a n ma j i k a n . K e w a j i b a n b u r u h
d a l a m h u b u n g a n k e r j a i t u a d a l a h b e k e r j a d i b a w a h p i mp i n a n
ma j i k a n . Da n u n t u k i t u b u r u h me n e r i ma i mb a l a n b e r u p a u p a h .
K e w a j i b a n ma j i k a n s e b a g a i a k i b a t l a n g s u n g d a r i p e r j a n j i a n
k e r j a i a l a h me mb a y a r u p a h ( p a s a l 1 6 0 2 K. U. H. P a . ) .
P e l a k s a n a a n h u b u n g a n k e r j a d i P . T . R o mo s d i t u a n g -
k a n d a l a m p e r j a n j i a n k e r j a y a n g d i t a n d a t a n g a n i o l e h k e d u a
b e l a h p i h a k , y a i t u b u r u h d a n ma j i k a n ( p e n g u s a h a ) . P o l a
h u b u n g a n k e r j a a n t a r a b u r u h d a n ma j i k a n d i p e r u s a h a a n i n i
d i d a s a r k a n a t a s h u b u n g a n t i mb a l b a l i k . D e n g a n d e mi k i a n
a n t a r a b u r u h d a n ma j i k a n t e r b i n a s u a t u i n t e r a k s i y a n g me n
1 1
da l a m, ba h k a n u n t u k h a l - h a l t e r t en t u t i d a k j a r a ng bu r u h
t e r l i ba t d i a l og e mpa t ma t a denga n ma j i ka n b i l a bu r u h
me mpu n y a i mas a l a h .
A g a r k e l a n c a r a n h u b u n g a n t e r s e b u t d a p a t me n g h a s i l -
k a n k e l a n c a r a n p u l a d a l a m p r o d u k s i d a n p e n g h a s i l a n n y a ,
ma k a s y a r a t mu t l a k b a g i h u b u n g a n y a n g l a n c a r / s e h a t a d a l a h
a d a n y a s a l i n g p e n g e r t i a n y a n g b a i k t e n t a n g t u g a s / k e w a j i b a n
d a n h a k k e b u t u h a n ma s i n g - ma s i n g . S a l i n g p e n g e r t i a n i t u
h a n y a mu n g k i n d i c a p a i b i l a ma n a k e d u a b e l a h p i h a k me n g a n g -
g a p p e r u s a h a a n d i ma n a me r e k a b e k e r j a s e b a g a i s a w a h l a d a n g
p e n g h i d u p a n me r e k a .
A t a s d a s a r p e n d i r i a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , ma k a d i
s a mp i n g me n y e l a ma t k a n d i u s a h a k a n a g a r d i d a l a m p e r u s a h a a n
t e r c i p t a i k l i m y a n g s e h a t b a g i s e l u r u h t e n a g a k e r j a . D a l a m
h a l i n i p i mp i n a n p e r l u me mb u a t p e r a t u r a n p e r u s a h a a n .
P e r a t u r a n i t u d i b u a t d e n g a n t u j u a n u n t u k me n j e l a s k a n
b a t a s - b a t a s d a n k e w a j i b a n p e n g u s a h a ( ma j i k a n ) s e r t a k a r y a -
w a n ( b u r u h ) s e l a ma h u b u n g a n k e r j a t e r s e b u t b e r l a n g s u n g .
D a l a m p e r a t u r a n p e r u s a h a a n a n t a r a l a i n d i a t u r me n g e n a i
h u b u n g a n k e r j a p a r a b u r u h , h a r i d a n j a m k e r j a b e s e r t a
s i s t e m p e n g u p a h a n n y a , d a n l a i n - l a i n .
Me n u r u t U n d a n g - u n d a n g n o me r 8 t a h u n 1 9 8 1 t e n t a n g
p e r l i n d u n g a n u p a h , h a k me n e r i ma u p a h t i mb u l p a d a s a a t
a d a n y a h u b u n g a n k e r j a d a n b e r a k h i r s a a t h u b u n g a n k e r j a
p i i t u s ( p a s a l 2 ) . U p a h t i d a k d i b a y a r b i l a b u r u h t i d a k
1 3
s e h a r i , ma k a d i a a k a n me n e r i ma u p a h h a r i a n . Da n b a g i y a n g
b e k e r j a s e b u l a n a k a n me n e r i ma u p a h b u l a n a n .
P a d a u mu mn y a p e r u s a h a a n d i I n d o n e s i a me l a k s a n a k a n
s i s t e m p e n g u p a h a n me n u r u t j a n g k a wa k t u , s e h i n g g a u n t u k
w a k t u t e r t e n t u b u r u h a k a n me n e r i ma j u ml a h u p a h t e r t e n t u
p u l a . P . T . R o mo s me r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u p e r u s a h a a n y a n g j u g a
me n g g u n a k a n s i s t e m p e n g u p a h a n t e r s e b u t . D e n g a n d e mi k i a n
d i h a r a p k a n b u r u h me l a k u k a n p e k e r j a a n n y a d e n g a n t e l i t i d a n
t i d a k t e r g e s a - g e s a ( me n g e j a r t a r g e t ) .
S e c a r a u mu m a p a y a n g d i ma k s u d d e n g a n s i s t e m p e n g u
p a h a n d a p a t d i j e l a s k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
1 . J i k a p e r u s a h a a n me n a n g g u n g b e b a n b u r u h d i s e b u t s i s t e m
u p a h s o s i a l , j a d i d a l a m p e n g u p a h a n a d a t u n j a n g a n i s t r i
d a n a n a k .
2 . J i k a p e r u s a h a a n t i d a k p e d u l i d e n g a n t a n g g u n g a n b u r u h
ma k a d i s e b u t u p a h b e r s i h .
D e n g a n p e n g e r t i a n t e r s e b u t s i s t e m p e n g u p a h a n y a n g
d i l a k u k a n P . T . R o mo s me r u p a k a n s i s t e m p e n g u p a h a n j a n g k a
w a k t u d e n g a n me n g g u n a k a n s i s t e m u p a h b e r s i h , k a r e n a p e r u
s a h a a n t i d a k me mb e r i k a n t u n j a n g a n i s t r i ma u p u n a n a k .
Up a h i t u s e n d i r i s e b e n a r n y a me mp u n y a i p e n g e r t i a n
y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a b a g i s e t i a p ma j i k a n ma u p u n b u r u h . B a g i
b u r u h u p a h b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i a l a t u n t u k me me n u h i k e b u t u h a n
h i d u p n y a . B a g i ma j i k a n u p a h me r u p a k a n b i a y a p r o d u k s i y a n g
1 4
menj a d i l e b i h t i ng g i .
B u r u h d a r i d u l u h i ng ga k i n i s e l a l u me n g i n g i n k a n
k e n a i k a n u p a h s e s u a i d e n g a n p e r k e mb a n g a n j a ma n . P a d a h a l
b a g i p e n g u s a h a , k e n a i k a n u p a h b u r u h b e r a r t i me mp e r k e c i l
a t a u me n g u r a n g i k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n n y a . P e r b e d a a n
p e mi k i r a n y a n g me n y o l o k i n i s e r i n g me n i mb u l k a n k e t i d a k c o -
c o k a n a n t a r a b u r u h d a n ma j i k a n d a l a m h a l p e mb a y a r a n u p a h
y a n g l a y a k b a g i b u r u h p a d a k h u s u s n y a .
B a n y a k p e r u s a h a a n d a l a m me n e n t u k a n u p a h b a g i b u r u h -
n y a s e l a l u me me n t i n g k a n k e p e n t i n g a n p e r u s a h a a n d a n me n g a -
b a i k a n ( me r u g i k a n ) k e p e n t i n g a n b u r u h . D a l a m h a l i n i b u r u h
s e l a l u d a l a m p o s i s i y a n g l e ma h , k a r e n a u p a h me r e k a b e r -
g a n t u n g p a d a k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e r u s a h a a n ( ma j i k a n ) .
D e mi k i a n p u l a h a l n y a y a n g t e r j a d i d i P . T . R o mo s ,
d a l a m k e n y a t a a n n y a b u r u h p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t s e l a l u t i d a k
p u a s a k a n u p a h y a n g d i t e r i ma n y a . Me r e k a me n g i n g i n k a n
k e n a i k a n u p a h n y a , s e d a n g k a n d a r i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a j u g a
me n g i n g i n k a n k e u n t u n g a n y a n g l e b i h b e s a r l a g i b a g i p e r k e m
b a n g a n p e r u s a h a a n .
P a d a h a k i k a t n y a k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g u p a h a n b u k a n
h a n y a s e k e d a r me mp e r h i t u n g k a n i mb a l a n j a s a b a g i b u r u h
s e c a r a l a y a k , a k a n t e t a p i me n y a n g k u t j u g a ma s a l a h s o s i a l
e k o n o mi y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r p e n g a r u h n y a t e r h a d a p u p a y a
me n i a d a k a n k e mi s k i n a n d a n k e t e r b e l a k a n g a n . O l e h k a r e n a i t u
u p a h a t a u p e n g u p a h a n p e r l u d i k e l o l a , d i a t u r , d a n d i a r a h k a n
1 5
ya ng ma n us i a w i .
S e l a n j u t n y a d i h a r a p k a n b a h w a u p a y a y a n g i u h u r t e r s e
b u t a k a n me n g e t u k h a t i n u r a n i s e mu a p i h a k y a n g t e r l i b a t ,
b a i k l a n g s u n g ma u p u n t i d a k l a n g s u n g b e r b u a t s e s u a t u u n t u k
me n i n g k a t k a n t i n g k a t u p a h mi n i mu m b u r u h , s e k u r a n g -
k u r a n g n y a s a ma d e n g a n n i l a i k e b u t u h a n h i d u p mi n i mu m.
U p a y a t e r s e b u t s e j a l a n d e n g a n a ma n a t d a l a m G a r i s -
g a r i s B e s a r H a l u a n N e g a r a y a n g t e r t u a n g d a l a m K e t e t a p a n
No . I I / MP R / 1 9 8 8 y a n g me n g a ma n a t k a n b a h w a k e b i j a k s a n a a n
p e n g u p a h a n d i s a mp i n g h a r u s me mp e r h a t i k a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k -
t i v i t a s t e n a g a k e r j a d a n p e r t u mb u h a n p r o d u k s i , j u g a p e r l u
d i a r a h k a n k e p a d a p e n i n g k a t a n d a y a b e l i g o l o n g a n p e n e r i ma
u p a h r e n d a h .
Ama n a t G a r i s - g a r i s B e s a r H a l u a n N e g a r a i n i me r u p a
k a n b a g i a n y a n g me n d a s a r d a r i T r i l o g i P e mb a n g u n a n y a n g
t e k a n a n n y a t e r t u j u p a d a a s p e k p e me r a t a a n , b a i k p e me r a t a a n
d a l a m p e mb a n g u n a n y a n g me mb u k a k e s e mp a t a n k e r j a ma u p u n
p e me r a t a a n d a l a m me n i k ma t i h a s i l p e mb a n g u n a n d a l a m b e n t u k
p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n / u p a h .
D a l a m k e n y a t a a n n y a ma s i h t e r d a p a t t i n g k a t u p a h y a n g
b e l u m me me n u h i s y a r a t k e b u t u h a n h i d u p mi n i mu m b a g i p e k e r j a
d a n k e l u a r g a n y a . O l e h k a r e n a n y a u n t u k me me n u h i k e b u t u h a n
t e r s e b u t , p e me r i n t a h me n e mp u h k e b i j a k s a n a a n b e r u p a p e n e t a -
p a n u p a h mi n i mu m b a g i b u r u h .
1 6
me r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u j a l a n k e l u a r y a n g d i u p a y a k a n p e me r i n -
t a h d a l a m r a n g k a me n i n g k a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n k a u m b u r u h d i
I n d o n e s i a , k a r e n a p e n g a r u h n y a l a n g s u n g d a p a t d i r a s a k a n
o l e h p a r a b u r u h . S e b a l i k n y a b a g i p e n g u s a h a j a l a n k e l u a r
y a n g d i b e r i k a n p e me r i n t a h t e r s e b u t t i d a k b e g i t u d i p e r s o a l -
k a n , k a r e n a b a g i me r e k a l e b i h b a i k me l a k s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n
t e r s e b u t d a r i p a d a t e r g a n g g u o l e h a n c a ma n u n j u k r a s a p a r a
b u r u h n y a .
Me n u r u t p a s a l 1 h u r u f a , P e r a t u r a n Me n t e r i T e n a g a
K e r j a n o mo r 0 1 / ME N / 1 9 9 0 t e n t a n g u p a h mi n i mu m, y a n g d i ma k -
s u d d e n g a n u p a h mi n i mu m i a l a h u p a h p o k o k d i t a mb a h d e n g a n
t u n j a n g a n t e t a p y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a b u r u h d e n g a n k e t e n
t u a n u p a h p o k o k s e r e n d a h - r e n d a h n y a 7 5 % d a r i u p a h mi n i mu m.
S e b a g a i t i n d a k l a n j u t d a r i u s a h a p e me r i n t a h d a l a m
me n i n g k a t k a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n b u r u h , ma k a d i k e l u a r k a n k e t e n
t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l ( UMR ) . U MR t e r s e b u t ma s a b e r l a -
k u n y a d i s e s u a i k a n d e n g a n k e a d a a n p e r e k o n o mi a n y a n g ma k i n
l a ma ma k i n me n i n g k a t , d i ma n a h a r g a b a r a n g d a n k e b u t u h a n
h i d u p s e l a l u me n g a l a mi k e n a i k a n s e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t .
U n t u k p e n g a t u r a n u p a h p o k o k mi n i mu m y a n g p a l i n g
b a r u a d a l a h P e r a t u r a n Me n t e r i T e n a g a K e r j a n o me r
3 2 / ME N / 1 9 9 4 , y a i t u t e n t a n g u p a h p o k o k mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l
y a n g mu l a i b e r l a k u t a n g g a l 1 A p r i l 1 9 9 4 . U n t u k s e k t o r
i n d u s t r i d i J a w a T i mu r u p a h mi n i mu m d i t e n t u k a n s e b e s a r R p
3 . 0 0 0 , - , K e t e n t u a n i n i b e r l a k u u n t u k s e mu a b u r u h t a n p a
1 7
B es a r n y a u p a h p o k o k mi n i mu m t e r s e b u t b e r d a s a r k a n s t a n d a r t
j a m k e r j a 7 j a m s e h a r i d a n 4 0 j a m s e mi n g g u . U p a h p o k o k
mi n i mu m y a n g d i t e r i ma b u r u h me n u r u t k e t e n t u a n s e c a r a
s e k , t o r a l i t u a d a l a h u p a h b e r s i h , b e l u m d i t a mb a h d e n g a n
t u n j a n g a n - t u n j a n g a n y a n g b e r s i f a t s o s i a l .
D a l a m k e n y a t a a n b a n y a k p e r u s a h a a n y a n g me n y i mp a n g
d a r i k e t e n t u a n y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n d e n g a n ma c a m- ma c a m
a l a s a n . Mi s a l n y a d e n g a n me n u n d a p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h
mi n i mu m a t a u d e n g a n me l a k s a n a k a n n y a t e t a p i me ma s u k k a n
t u n j a n g a n - t u n j a n g a n y a n g s i f a t n y a t i d a k t e t a p u n t u k me me
n u h i u p a h mi n i mu m t e r s e b u t . P e n y i mp a n g a n s e p e r t i i n i l a h
y a n g me n y e b a b k a n t i mb u l n y a r e a k s i d a r i k a u m b u r u h y a n g
me n u n t u t a t a s p e l a k s a n a a n k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m d i t e mp a t
me r e k a b e k e r j a . T u n t u t a n k e n a i k a n u p a h i t u d i l a k u k a n
d e n g a n a k s i u n j u k r a s a d a n p e mo g o k a n k e r j a s e l a ma b e b e r a p a
wa k t u , s a mp a i t e r j a d i n y a k e s e p a k a t a n a n t a r a b u r u h d a n
ma j i k a n .
K e n y a t a a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s t e r j a d i j u g a d i P . T .
R o mo s . B u r u h d i p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t me n u n t u t k e n a i k a n u p a h
mi n i mu m d i b e r l a k u k a n s e c a r a l a n g s u n g v s e b e l u m t a n g g a l
p e mb e r l a k u a n s e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e n t u a n p e me r i n t a h . Mu l a n y a
u p a h mi n i mu m b u r u h d i P . T . R o mo s a d a l a h R p 2 . 4 0 0 , - . U p a h
t e r s e b u t b e r a r t i l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m
me n u r u t S K Me n t e r i T e n a g a K e r j a n o me r 5 0 / ME N / 1 9 9 2 y a n g
1 8
s e b e s a r R p 2 . 2 5 0 , - . D e n g a n d e mi k i a n P . T . R o mo s t e l a h
me mb e r i k a n p e r l i n d u n g a n u p a h b a g i p a r a b u r u h n y a d a n b e -
r a r t i p u l a t u r u t me mp e r h a t i k a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n b u r u h d a n
k e l u a r g a n y a .
D e mi k i a n p u l a k e t i k a p e me r i n t a h me n a i k k a n u p a h
mi n i mu m me n j a d i R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - P . T . R o mo s me mb u a t k e b i j a k s a -
n a a n b a h w a k e n a i k a n u p a h a k a n d i b e r l a k u k a n s e s u a i d e n g a n
t a n g g a l y a n g d i t e n t u k a n p e me r i n t a h d a n d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a
b e r t a h a p . Di p i h a k l a i n p a r a b u r u h t i d a k ma u me n e r i ma
k e b i j a k s a n a a n t e r s e b u t . Y a n g me r e k a i n g i n k a n i a l a h p e mb e r -
l a k u a n k e n a i k a n u p a h s e c a r a l a n g s u n g , t a n p a me n u n d a - n u n d a
w a k t u l a g i . Di s i n i t e r j a d i p e r b e d a a n p r i n s i p d a l a m me l a k -
s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m r e g i o n a l d i P . T . R o mo s *
S e b a g a i j a l a n k e l u a r n y a P . T . R o mo s me mb e r l a k u k a n
k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m p a d a t a n g g a l 1 Ma r e t 1 9 9 4 , s a t u
b u l a n s e b e l u m t a n g g a l r e s mi y a n g d i t e n t u k a n p e me r i n t a h ( 1
A p r i l 1 9 9 4 ) . J a l a n t e n g a h i n i d i a mb i l u n t u k me n g h i n d a r i
k e r u g i a n y a n g b e r k e p a n j a n g a n d i k e d u a b e l a h p i h a k . Ke r u -
g i a n y a n g b i s a d i t i mb u l k a n d i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a i a l a h t i d a k
b e r p r o d u k s i n y a p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t a k a n me n u r u n k a n p e n d a -
p a t a n me r e k a . D e mi k i a n j u g a d i p i h a k b u r u h , me r e k a t i d a k
me n d a p a t u p a h s e b a g a i a l a t u n t u k me n g h i d u p i d i a s e n d i r i
d a n k e l u a r g a n y a .
P e l a k s a n a a n u p a h . mi n i mu m d i P . T . R o mo s d i r i n c i
s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : U p a h p o k o k R p 2 . 2 5 0 , - d i t a mb a h d e n g a n
1 9
Men t e r i Ten aga Ke r j a n o me r 0 1 / ME N/ 1 9 9 0 , ba h w a k o mp os i s i
u p a h mi n i mu m y a i t u u p a h p o k o k s e r e n d a h - r e n d a h n y a 7 5 % d a r i
u p a h mi n i mu m. S e l a i n i t u p e r u s a h a a n i n i t i d a k h a n y a b e r p e -
d o ma n p a d a k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g d i t e t a p k a n p e me r i n
t a h ( y a n g s e b e n a r n y a ma s i h b e l u m b e g i t u l a y a k ) , l e b i h d a r i
i t u P . T . R o mo s j u g a me mp e r h a t i k a n k o n d i s i k e b u t u h a n b u r u h
d a n a n g g o t a k e l u a r g a n y a . Ha l i n i t e r b u k t i d e n g a n d i b e r i -
k a n n y a p r e mi b a g i p e k e r j a y a n g t i d a k p e r n a h a b s e n s e l a ma
h a r i - h a r i k e r j a .
U p a h mi n i mu m s e b e s a r R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - b a g i b u r u h y a n g
ma s i h l a j a n g t e n t u n y a ma s i h c u k u p u n t u k me me n u h i k e b u t u h a n
h i d u p mi n i mu m me r e k a . N a mu n b a g i b u r u h y a n g s u d a h b e r k e -
l u a r g a u p a h mi n i mu m s e b e s a r i t u t e n t u ma s i h b e l u m me ma d a i .
U n t u k i t u p i mp i n a n P . T . R o mo s me n g a mb i l k e b i j a k s a n a a n
u n t u k me mb e r i k a n u p a h p r e s t a s i s e b a g a i l a n g k a h p r e v e n t i f
me n g h a d a p i u p a h y a n g b e l u m me ma d a i t e r s e b u t . U p a h p r e s t a s i
i n i d i d a s a r k a n p a d a p r e s t a s i k e r j a , k e d i s i p l i n a n , s e r t a
k e p a t u h a n d a r i b u r u h t e r s e b u t . K e b i j a k s a n a a n y a n g d i a mb i l
P . T . R o mo s i n i d i h a r a p k a n r a a mp u me n c u k u p i u p a h y a n g ma mp u
2 0
2. F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a ng me mp enga r u h i d a n menen t u k a n pe l a ks a
n a a n u p a h mi n i mu m d i P . T . R o mo s
D e n g a n d i k e l u a r k a n n y a S u r a t K e p u t u s a n Me n t e r i
T e n a g a K e r j a n o me r 3 2 / ME N / 1 9 9 4 y a i t u me n g e n a i k e t e n t u a n
u p a h mi n i mu m b a g i b u r u h , u p a h mi n i mu m me n g a l a mi k e n a i k a n
d a r i u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g b e r l a k u s e b e l u mn y a . D e n g a n a d a n y a
k e n a i k a n u p a h i t u t e n t u n y a b a n y a k f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i
s e r t a me n e n t u k a n k e t e n t u a n i t u d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n n y a o l e h
p a r a p e n g u s a h a . U n t u k i t u k i t a d a p a t me n i n j a u f a k t o r -
f a k t o r t e r s e b u t , b a i k d a r i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a ma u p u n d a r i
p i h a k b u r u h , k a r e n a k e d u a p i h a k i n i l a h y a n g t e r k a i t d a l a m
h u b u n g a n k e r j a .
a . F a k t o r - f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a
a . i . K e ma mp u a n p e n g u s a h a .
T i mb u l n y a ma s a l a h p e n g u p a h a n a k h i r - a k h i r i n i a n t a r a
l a i n d i s e b a b k a n o l e h b e s a r n y a l o n j a k a n k e n a i k a n u p a h ,
s e h i n g g a p i h a k p e n g u s a h a me n g a l a mi k e s u l i t a n u n t u k r a e me -
n u h i n y a . Me n g i n g a t k e a d a a n s e j a k d a h u l u h i n g g a s a a t i n i ,
h a r g a b a r a n g d a n k e b u t u h a n h i d u p s e l a l u me n g a l a mi k e n a i k a n
s e c a r a b e r t u r u t - t u r u t ma k a u p a h mi n i mu m d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a
( s e h a r u s n y a ) t u r u t me n g a l a mi k e n a i k a n . T e n t u s a j a k e n a i k a n
u p a h mi n i mu m i n i h a r u s d i l i h a t j u g a d a l a m k o n t e k s k e ma m
p u a n p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n , y a i t u s e j a u h ma n a
k e a d a a n b a t a s k e ma mp u a n p e r u s a h a a n i t u ma mp u me n a i k k a n
u p a h mi n i mu m b u r u h n y a . U n t u k i t u p e r l u d i s a d a r i b a h w a u p a h
2 1
ma n f a a t u n t u k pe r ba i k a n t a r a f h i d u p k a u m bu r u h , j uga t i d a k
b o l e h me mba h a y a k a n ke l a ngs u n g a n h i d u p p e r u s a h a a n ( me n g i -
n g a t ma s i n g - ma s i n g p e r u s a h a a n me mi l i k i k e ma mp u a n y a n g
b e r b e d a - b e d a ) .
T i d a k s e mu a p e r u s a h a a n d a p a t me l a k s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n
k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m i t u t e p a t t a n g g a l b e r l a k u n y a s e c a r a
l a n g s u n g . K e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m i n i d i r a s a k a n b e r a t k a r e n a
u n t u k me mb e r i k a n k e n a i k a n u p a h b a g i b u r u h n y a d i p e r l u k a n
p e r s i a p a n d a n p e mi k i r a n y a n g r i n c i . Ha l i n i t i d a k d a p a t
d i l a k u k a n t a n p a me mp e r h i t u n g k a n f a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g l a i n .
*
Di s a mp i n g i t u me ma n g t i d a k d a p a t d i p u n g k i r i , t e r d a p a t
j u g a p e r u s a h a a n y a n g me mb e r i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m p a d a b u r u h n y a
l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i t i n g k a t u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g d i t e t a p k a n
o l e h p e me r i n t a h .
P i h a k p e n g u s a h a P . T . R o mo s t i d a k ma mp u me mb e r i k a n
u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g s a n g a t t i n g g i k e p a d a b u r u h n y a ( s e p e r t i
y a n g s e l a l u d i h a r a p k a n b u r u h s a a t i n i ) . K e t i k a u p a h mi n i
mu m ma s i h d i t e n t u k a n R p 2 . 2 5 0 , - p i h a k p e n g u s a h a P . T . R o mo s
t e l a h me mb e r i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m s e d i k i t l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i
t i n g k a t u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g d i t e t a p k a n , y a i t u R p 2 . 4 0 0 , - .
K e t i k a d i k e l u a r k a n k e t e n t u a n me n g e n a i t i n g k a t u p a h mi n i mu m
y a n g b a r u d a r i R p 2 . 2 5 0 , - me n j a d i R p 3 . 0 0 0 , - d i r a s a k a n
a g a k b e r a t , l e b i h - l e b i h j i k a h a r u s d i l a k s a n a k a n s e c a r a
l a n g s u n g d a n h a r u s t e p a t t a n g g a l b e r l a k u n y a . K e b e r a t a n i n i
2 2
d i i mba ng i d enga n pen i ng ka t a n h as i l p r o d u k s i . J i k a k e n a i k a n
u p a h mi n i mu m b u r u h t i d a k d i i k u t i d e n g a n p e n i n g k a t a n d a l a m
p r o d u k s i d a n h a r g a p r o d u k s i i t u t e t a p , ma k a t i d a k a d a
p e n i n g k a t a n k e u n t u n g a n , s e d a n g u p a h b a g i b u r u h h a r u s
d i n a i k k a n . I n i l a h y a n g me n y e b a b k a n p e n g u s a h a k e s u l i t a n
u n t u k me mb e r i k a n k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m b a g i b u r u h n y a .
B e l u m l a g i j i k a p e n g u s a h a d i h a d a p k a n p a d a p e r s a i n g a n y a n g
k e t a t d e n g a n p r o d u k l a i n y a n g s a ma j e n i s n y a d i p a s a r a n .
T e n t u s a j a h a l i n i me r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u p e r t i mb a n g a n
p e n g u s a h a .
D a l a m h a l d e mi k i a n p i h a k p e n g u s a h a me n g a mb i l s u a t u
k e b i j a k s a n a a n s u p a y a ma mp u me l a k s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h
mi n i mu m s e b a g a i ma n a t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n p e me r i n t a h . U p a y a i t u
d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n j a l a n me n i n g k a t k a n mu t u p r o d u k s i n y a
s e h i n g g a ma mp u b e r s a i n g d e n g a n p r o d u k l a i n y a n g s e j e n i s .
D e n g a n d e mi k i a n d i h a r a p k a n p e r u s a h a a n me mp e r o l e h p e n i n g k a
t a n k e u n t u n g a n d a n ma mp u me mb e r i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m s e s u a i
d e n g a n y a n g d i h a r a p k a n b u r u h d a n y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n
o l e h p e me r i n t a h .
a . 2 . P e n g u s a h a d a n p r i n s i p e k o n o mi .
P r i n s i p e k o n o mi d a r i p e n g u s a h a , s e b a g a i p e mi l i k
p e r u s a h a a n s a n g a t me mp e n g a r u h i p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h
mi n i mu m. B a n y a k p e n g u s a h a y a n g ma s i h me mp u n y a i p o l a
b e r p i k i r me n e r a p k a n h u k u m e k o n o mi s e c a r a s e p i h a k . J i k a
p e n g u s a h a k u a t d a l a m me me g a n g p r i n s i p e k o n o mi i n i , ma k a
2 4
ka n pe me r i n t a h .
a . 3 . Ke p e du l i a n pengus a h a .
P a r a p e n g u s a h a c e n d e r u n g k u r a n g me mp e r d u l i k a n
k o n d i s i b u r u h n y a , t e r u t a ma me n g e n a i u p a h mi n i mu mn y a .
P e n g u s a h a me n g e t a h u i a d a n y a k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g
b a r u d i k e l u a r k a n , t e t a p i p e n g u s a h a s e r i n g t i d a k me mb e r i t a -
h u k a n n y a k e p a d a b u r u h . P e n g u s a h a ( k a d a n g s e n g a j a ) t i d a k
me mb e r i p e n j e l a s a n me n g e n a i k e t e n t u a n t e r s e b u t k e p a d a
b u r u h n y a . Ha l i n i me n y e b a b k a n b u r u h me n g a d a k a n a k s i p r o t e s ^
j i k a t e r n y a t a b u r u h me n g e t a h u i a d a n y a k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i
mu m t e r s e b u t .
A d a n y a a k s i u n j u k r a s a y a n g me n u n t u t k e n a i k a n u p a h
mi n i mu m i n i me n u n j u k k a n k e k u r a n g p e d u l i a n p e n g u s a h a t e r h a -
d a p b u r u h n y a . D a l a m h a l i n i b u r u h t i d a k d a p a t d i s a l a h k a n
s e p e n u h n y a . J i k a d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n c a r a l a i n , a k s i d a r i
p a r a b u r u h i n i me r u p a k a n c a r a y a n g p a l i n g a mp u h u n t u k
me n u n t u t h a k n y a . D e n g a n c a r a i n i p u l a p e n g u s a h a s e r i n g
l a n g s u n g me n g a b u l k a n t u n t u t a n p a r a b u r u h t e r s e b u t .
P a d a s a a t d i mu a t n y a S u r a t K e p u t u s a n Me n t e r i T e n a g a
K e r j a n o me r 3 2 / ME N / 1 9 9 4 d i s u r a t k a b a r , h a r i i t u j u g a
b u r u h P . T . R o mo s me n u n t u t a g a r k e t e n t u a n t e r s e b u t d i b e r -
l a k u k a n . Me r e k a me n g a d a k a n a k s i u n j u k r a s a . P e n g u s a h a
d a l a m h a l i n i b e l u m s e mp a t me mb e r i p e n j e l a s a n me n g e n a i
p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n t e r s e b u t . S e b e n a r n y a t a n p a a d a a k s i
d a r i b u r u h i t u , p i h a k p e n g u s a h a a k a n t e t a p me l a k s a n a k a n
2 5
bu r u h n y a .
b . F a k t o r - f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k b u r u h
F a k t o r - f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k b u r u h j u g a s a n g a t p e n t i n g
d a n b e r p e n g a r u h d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m
o l e h p e n g u s a h a k e p a d a p a r a b u r u h n y a . K a r e n a f a k t o r - f a k t o r
i n i l a h p a r a b u r u h s e r i n g me mp e r o l e h u p a h y a n g r e n d a h .
F a k t o r - f a k t o r i t u i a l a h :
b . l . P e n d i d i k a n b u r u h y a n g r e n d a h .
P e n d i d i k a n b u r u h y a n g r e n d a h me n y e b a b k a n p e n g u s a h a
c e n d e r u n g me mb e r i k a n u p a h y a n g r e n d a h p u l a k e p a d a b u r u h
n y a . P a r a b u r u h c e n d e r u n g k a l a h d a n p a s r a h t e r h a d a p k e b i -
j a k s a n a a n p e n g u s a h a . Di l a i n p i h a k d e n g a n d i k e l u a r k a n n y a
k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g b a r u , r e n d a h n y a p e n d i d i k a n
p a r a b u r u h i n i me n y e b a b k a n me r e k a me n g a d a k a n a k s i u n j u k
r a s a , p r o t e s , d a n l a i n - l a i n . K e a d a a n i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a
me r e k a s e r i n g b e r p i k i r k u r a n g r a s i o n a l d a n mu d a h s e k a l i
d i h a s u t o l e h p i h a k k e t i g a y a n g me n g k o ma n d o d e n g a n t u j u a n
l a i n . D a n t u n t u t a n b u r u h i n i s e r i n g t a n p a d a s a r y a n g k u a t ,
a p a k a h t u n t u t a n t e r s e b u t s e s u a i d e n g a n p r o p o r s i n y a a t a u
t i d a k . Me r e k a t i d a k ma u t a h u me n g e n a i k o n d i s i d i s e k i t a r -
n y a , b a i k k o n d i s i p e r u s a h a a n ma u p u n b u r u h i t u s e n d i r i .
S e l a i n i t u me r e k a s u k a r u n t u k d i a j a k mu s y a wa r a h .
K o n d i s i d a n s i t u a s i i t u l a h y a n g t e r j a d i d i P . T .
R o mo s s a a t d i k e l u a r k a n n y a k e t e n t u a n t e n t a n g k e n a i k a n u p a h
2 6
R o mos b e r p e n d i d i k a n r e n d a h , ma k a me r e k a j u g a s u l i t u n t u k
me ma h a mi p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n , b a i k y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n p e r u
s a h a a n ma u p u n p e me r i n t a h . B e g i t u j u g a s a a t d i k e l u a r k a n n y a
k e t e n t u a n t e n t a n g k e n a i k a n u p a h mi n i mu m, y a i t u S K Me n a k e r
n o me r 3 2 / ME N/ 1 9 9 4 . Me r e k a me n g a d a k a n u n j u k r a s a me n u n t u t
p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n t e r s e b u t s e s u a i d e n g a n t a n g g a l
t e r b i t n y a s u r a t k a b a r i t u , k a r e n a me ma n g b e g i t u l a h a n g g a -
p a n me r e k a . Me r e k a t i d a k ma u d i a j a k b e r mu s y a w a r a h d a n
t i d a k ma u me n e r i ma p e n j e l a s a n d a r i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a .
Me n u r u t p e n g u s a h a t i n g k a t p e n d i d i k a n y a n g r e n d a h
j u g a b e r p e n g a r u h p a d a k e a h l i a n b u r u h . S e h i n g g a s e r i n g
t e r j a d i , p i h a k p e n g u s a h a me n e r i ma b u r u h t a n p a k e a h l i a n .
K o n s e k u e n s i n y a u p a h y a n g me r e k a t e r i ma j u g a r e n d a h .
b . 2 . P r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h y a n g r e n d a h .
T i n g k a t p r o d u k t i v i t a s t e n a g a k e r j a a d a l a h d e r a j a t
k e ma mp u a n t e n a g a k e r j a ( b u r u h ) u n t u k me mb e r i k a n h a s i l
k e r j a s e s u a i d e n g a n k e w a j i b a n s e r t a f u n g s i n y a . S e mu a
f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k b u r u h y a n g b e r p e n g a r u h d a l a m p e mb e r i a n
u p a h mi n i mu m t i d a k t e r l e p a s d a r i k u a l i t a s b u r u h y a n g
r e n d a h . Ha l i n i j u g a b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n r e n d a h n y a p r o d u k t i -
v i t a s b u r u h , k a r e n a d e n g a n r e n d a h n y a k u a l i t a s d a r i b u r u h
ma k a p r o d u k y a n g d i h a s i l k a n j u g a r e n d a h .
R e n d a h n y a t i n g k a t p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h i n i me n u r u t
p e n g u s a h a d i s e b a b k a n o l e h b e b e r a p a f a k t o r y a i t u :
2 7
P engus a h a r a e n y a d a r i b a h w a b a k a t d a n k e t r a mp i l a n i n i
i k u t me n e n t u k a n p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h . Ma k a p e n t i n g b a g i
p e n g u s a h a u n t u k me n g e t a h u i b a k a t d a n k e t r a mp i l a n d a r i
b u r u h n y a s e b e l u m me n e mp a t k a n n y a p a d a b a g i a n a t a u p o s i s i
t e r t e n t u . D e n g a n me n e mp a t k a n b u r u h p a d a b a g i a n y a n g s e s u a i
d e n g a n b a k a t d a n k e t r a mp i l a n n y a , ma k a a k a n me n u n j a n g h a s i l
k e r j a n y a . Ha l i n i a k a n me r a p e r t i n g g i p r o d u k t i v i t a s k e r j a
d a r i b u r u h t e r s e b u t . L a i n h a l n y a j i k a b u r u h d i t e mp a t k a n
p a d a b a g i a n y a n g t i d a k b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n b a k a t d a n k e
t r a mp i l a n n y a , ma k a a k i b a t n y a p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h t e r s e b u t
a k a n me n u r u n .
b . 2 . 2 . Me n t a l d a n s i k a p b u r u h .
Me n u r u t p e n g u s a h a s i k a p me n t a l b u r u h d a l a m b e k e r j a
s a n g a t me mp e n g a r u h i p r o d u k t i v i t a s d a r i b u r u h i t u . U n t u k
me n i n g k a t k a n p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h d i p e r l u k a n mo t i v a s i y a n g
d i d a s a r k a n k e y a k i n a n b a h w a d e n g a n b e k e r j a p r o d u k t i f a k a n
me mb e r i k a n k e u n t u n g a n b a g i d i r i n y a s e n d i r i . S e l a i n i t u
d i p e r l u k a n k e d i s i p l i n a n d a l a m b e k e r j a . D i s i p l i n k e r j a i n i
h a r u s d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n k e s a d a r a n d a n k e t a a t a n , j u g a k e y a k
i n a n u n t u k me n t a a t i p e r a t u r a n k e r j a . J i k a s i k a p me n t a l i n i
d i t a n a mk a n d a n d i j a l a n k a n , ma k a p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h a k a n
m e n i n g k a t .
b . 2 . 3 . P e r a l a t a n d a n b a h a n b a k u .
P e n g u s a h a j u g a me n y a d a r i b a h w a p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h
2 8
b e r as a l d a r i p i h a k b u r u h s a j a , t a p i j u g a d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h
p i h a k p e n g u s a h a . P e n g u s a h a j u g a b e r p e r a n d a l a m p e n i n g k a t a n
p r o d u k t i v i t a s i n i , y a i t u mi s a l n y a d e n g a n me n y e d i a k a n
p e r a l a t a n d a n me s i n - me s i n y a n g b a i k s e r t a me n y e d i a k a n
b a h a n b a k u y a n g t e r j a mi n k u a l i t a s n y a . D e n g a n d e mi k i a n
b u r u h , d a l a m me n j a l a n k a n p e k e r j a a n n y a , d a p a t b e r j a l a n
d e n g a n l a n c a r s e r t a me n g h a s i l k a n b a r a n g d e n g a n mu t u y a n g
t i n g g i , s e h i n g g a d a p a t b e r s a i n g d i p a s a r a n .
b . 2 . 4 . K o n d i s i l i n g k u n g a n k e r j a .
D a l a m h a l i n i p e n g u s a h a b e r u s a h a me n c i p t a k a n s u a t u
i k l i m k e r j a y a n g s e h a t d i p e r u s a h a a n n y a . J i k a i k l i r a y a n g
s e h a t d i p e r u s a h a a n t e r wu j u d , ma k a a k a n t e r c i p t a s u a s a n a
k e r j a y a n g n y a r a a n , t a n p a r a s a t a k u t d a n t e r t e k a n , s e h i n g g a
b u r u h d a p a t b e k e r j a s e ma k s i ma l mu n g k i n . D e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a
p r o d u k t i v i t a s a k a n me n i n g k a t . U n t u k i n i d i p e r l u k a n
h u b u n g a n y a n g b a i k a n t a r a p i r a p i n a n d e n g a n b a wa h a n . H a r u s
t e r c i p t a k o mu n i k a s i y a n g t e r b u k a , s e h i n g g a p i mp i n a n t a h u
k e a d a a n d a n k e b u t u h a n b u r u h n y a , s e d a n g k a n b u r u h j u g a t a h u
k e a d a a n p e r u s a h a a n . T e t a p i r u p a n y a b u r u h k u r a n g d a p a t
me n g e r t i k e a d a a n p e r u s a h a a n , s e h i n g g a me r e k a t e t a p me n g a -
d a k a n u n j u k r a s a me n u n t u t p e l a k s a n a a n k e n a i k a n u p a h s e b e -
l u m t a n g g a l b e r l a k u n y a , s e d a n g p i mp i n a n s u d a h me n c o b a
me n g a j a k me r e k a u n t u k b e r r a u s y a wa r a h . K a r e n a a d a n y a u n j u k
r a s a i n i ma k a p r o s e s p r o d u k s i t e r g a n g g u , s e h i n g g a p r o d u k
2 9
b . 2 . 5 . Up a h .
U p a h me r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u mo t i v a s i b u r u h u n t u k
me n i n g k a t k a n p r e s t a s i n y a . P i h a k p e n g u s a h a s e l a l u b e r u s a h a
me mb e r i u p a h y a n g s e s u a i d e n g a n k e b u t u h a n b u r u h n y a . S e X a i n
i t u d i b e r i k a n p u l a p r e mi s e r t a b o n u s - b o n u s b a g i b u r u h y a n g
b e r p r e s t a s i . Ha l i n i me n d o r o n g b u r u h u n t u k b e k e r j a l e b i h
p r o d u k t i f
P r o d u k t i v i t a s p e r l u d i t i n g k a t k a n , k a r e n a d e n g a n
p r o d u k t i v i t a s y a n g t i n g g i ma k a h a s i l p r o d u k s i r a e n i n g k a t
d a l a m k u a l i t a s ma u p u n k u a n t i t a s , s e h i n g g a d a p a t b e r s a i n g
d i p a s a r a n d a n me n d a p a t k a n p e n i n g k a t a n k e u n t u n g a n . P a d a
a k h i r n y a p e n g u s a h a d a p a t me l a k s a n a k a n p e mb e r i a n u p a h
mi n i mu m k e p a d a b u r u h n y a s e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e n t u a n y a n g
b e r l a k u .
D e n g a n d i k e t a h u i n y a f a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me n e n t u k a n
p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h mi n i mu m d i a t a s , ma k a p i h a k
p e n g u s a h a b e r u s a h a me n c a r i j a l a n p e me c a h a n y a n g t e r b a i k .
D e n g a n d e mi k i a n d i h a r a p k a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n u p a h
mi n i mu m t i d a k me r u g i k a n p i h a k b u r u h ma u p u n p e n g u s a h a ,
me l a i n k a n me mb e r i ma n f a a t d a n h a s i l k e p a d a k e d u a b e l a h
3 0
E. K E S I MP U L A N / S AR AN
1 . Kes i mo u 1 a n
a . P . T . R o mo s t e l a h me mb e r i k a n u p a h p a d a b u r u h n y a s e s u a i
d e n g a n S K Me n a k e r n o me r 3 2 / ME N/ 1 9 9 4 , y a i t u R p 3 . 0 0 0 , -
p e r h a r i . P e l a k s a n a a n k e n a i k a n u p a h i n i d i l a k u k a n s a t u
b u l a n s e b e l u m t a n g g a l b e r l a k u n y a k e t e n t u a n t e r s e b u t .
Y a i t u d i l a k s a n a k a n t a n g g a l 0 1 Ma r e t 1 9 9 4 , y a n g s e b e n a r -
n y a mu l a i b e r l a k u t a n g g a l 0 1 Ap r i l 1 9 9 4 . I n i me r u p a k a n
k e b i j a k s a n a a n y a n g d i a mb i l p i h a k p e n g u s a h a d a l a m r a n g k a
me me n u h i t u n t u t a n p a r a b u r u h n y a y a n g me n g a d a k a n a k s i
p e mo g o k a n me n u n t u t p e l a k s a n a a n k e t e n t u a n k e n a i k a n u p a h
mi n i mu m s e g e r a d i b e r l a k u k a n s e b e l u m t a n g g a l b e r l a k u n y a .
D a l a m h a l i n i p i h a k b u r u h s u k a r u n t u k d i a j a k b e r mu s y a -
wa r a h . K e a d a a n i n i me n u n j u k k a n p e r h a t i a n p i h a k p e n g u s a
h a t e r h a d a p u p a h p a r a b u r u h n y a , s e b a g a i u p a y a p e mb e r i a n
p e r l i n d u n g a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n b a g i b u r u h .
b . P i h a k p e n g u s a h a d a r i P . T . R o mo s me n y a d a r i b a h w a t e r l a k -
s a n a n y a p e mb e r i a n u p a h mi n i mu m y a n g s e s u a i d e n g a n
k e t e n t u a n d a r i p e me r i n t a h t e r s e b u t d i s a mp i n g d i t e n t u -
k a n o l e h f a k t o r - f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a , j u g a
d i p e n g a r u h i f a k t o r - f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k b u r u h s e n d i r i .
D a l a m h a l i n i k e ma mp u a n p e r u s a h a a n , p r i n s i p e k o n o mi
p e n g u s a h a , s e r t a k e p e d u l i a n p e n g u s a h a t e r h a d a p u p a h
b u r u h n y a me r u p a k a n f a k t o r - f a k t o r d a r i p i h a k p e n g u s a h a .
