D I SMA N E G E R I 4 P A L E M B A N G
S K R I P S I O L E H
T I T I N SUMANTI NIM 342009100
U M V E R S I T A S MUHAMMADIYAH P A L E M B A N G F A K U L T A S K E G U R U A N DAN I L M U PENDIDIKAN
D I SMA N E G E R I 4 P A L E M B A N G
S K R I P S I
DUjukan kepada
Univcnitas M n h a M a d i y a h Palenbaog untuk memcnnhl talak tatu persyaratan dalam menydetaikaii program Sarjana PendidQuin
Olcfa Titin Sumanti M M 342009100
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH P A L E M B A N G F A K U L T A S K E G U R U A N DAN I L M U PENDIDIKAN
P R O G R A M S T U D I PENDIDIKAN B I O L O G I Januari 2014
Palembang, 21 Desember 2013 Pembimbing I ,
Palembang, 21 Desember 2013 Pembimbmg I I ,
Susi Dewiyeti, S^i., M.SL
Dewan Penguji:
Susi Dewiyeti, S ^ L , MJ5L, Anggota
k e r j a k a n l a b k a i garg berwuxnfaat uintuk d i r i s e r u i i r i dan orang t a i n ,
k a r e n a h'dup k a n g a l a k sekali tngat h a n y a pada A t t O h apapun dan
di i v u i n a p u n k i t a berada kepada D t a - l a h tempat m t m i n t a dan
memohon**.
% "fCu
olah k a t a , kabaca m a k n a , ku
ilutt
dalam atirxea, k u b i n g k a i
dalam BAB stjumiah t n a m , j a d H a h MAHAKAPNA, gelar s a r j a n a
k u t e r i m a , Orarxg Tua dan K e i u a r g a pun bed^agia"
m
"Wisuda u t t l a h 9 semester adalak kesuksesan gang tertunda*',
L e b i h baik ttriambat daripada tidak VJisuda sama sekalP*
m
*'Saya datang, Saya b i m b i n g a n . Saga revisi. Saga Ujian dan SAYA
MBNANGt"
Pengan mengucapkan A J h a m d u l i l l a f u r o b b i P a a t a m i i n , ku perscmbahkan
k a r g a
ku
ini kepada:
% AJtoh S W T , Robb umesta a l a m ga$^ M a h a Merajai dan Maha
Menentukan
takdir dalam setiap episode kehidupan k u .
% Kedua o r a n g t u a k u tersagang, u n t u k agahku (DarU} dan i b u k u
tercinta ( S u m i a t i ) gang selalu m t m h t r i k a n dukungan ( m a t e r i i dan
m o r i t ) , tak pemah Iclah mengagangi dan selalu mendo'akan gang
terbaik u n t u k a n a k n g a dalam setiap sujudnga.
% Posen Pembimbing X ( O r . Saleh H i d a g a t , M S i ) , Posen
Pembimbing Z ( B u n d a Susi Pewigtti, SSi,
M.Si-)>
serta Posen
Pembimbing Akademik ( B u n d a P r a . Hj. Aseptianova, M.Pd.) atas
semua masukan, a r a h a n dan bimbingannya selama ini.
% Saudara-saudara ku ( A y u k T e t i , K a k a k u A d i Sastra, Ayuk Pevi,
Pewi, P i a n a dan ( A i m . K a k a k u Peki irawansyah yang saya
sayangi) yang selalu memberikan motivasi dan selalu memberikan
semangat u n t u k k u .
sclatu memberi semangat.
% S a h a h a t k u ( W i d y a Susanti, S.Pd.) yang selaiu n x e m h e r i k a n
semangat, motivasi serta membantu dalam persiapan penelitian
san\pai terselesaitynya skripsi k u .
% T e m a n seperjuangan ku ( A k a k Justin) yang t u r u t membantu saya
dalam persiapan UP sampai p t n e H t i a n .
m
TemarJcu fralia J a k u r o b a , SJPd yang selalu membantuku dalam
tmenytlesaikan skripstku.
% Teman-teman seperjuanganku ( S r i Ayu W a h y u n i , f i t r i N u r Agamt,
Pesi
VJindasari, J u i i a n d a f o u r w t n d a , Rosana dlt) yang selalu
memberi semangat.
% AdJk kosan ( I r m a dan tsmi) yang selalu setia menemani,
mendukung, rnembantu, dan mtndo*akan k u .
« Almamater Hijauku (FKIP
UMP).
S u m a n t i , T i t i n . 2 0 1 3 . Isolasi dan Identifikasi Morfologi Koloni Mikroba pada Hasil Olahan Susu Kerbau Berupa Penjem pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Gula dan Pengajarannya di SMA Negeri 4 Palembang. S k r i p s i , P r o g r a m S t u d i P e n d i d i k a n B i o l o g i , P r o g r a m S a r j a n a ( S I ) . F a k u l t a s K e g u r u a n d a n I l m u K e p e n d i d i k k a n . P e m b i m b i n g : ( I ) D r . S a l e h H i d a y a t , M . S i . , (11) S u s i D e w i y e t i , S . S i . , M . S i .
K a t a kunci: s u s u k e r b a u , i s o l a s i , m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i m i k r o b a , p e n j e m .
S u s u k e r b a u m e n g a n d u n g l e m a k t i n g g i s e h i n g g a m e m i l i k i r a s a y a n g l e b i b g u r i h . S a l a h s a t u m a k a n a n y a n g t e r b u a t d a r i s u s u k e r b a u y a i t u d a d i h . H a s i l i s o l a s i b a k t e r i d a l a m d a d i h m e n u n j u k k a n t e r d a p a t 3 6 s t r a i n b a k t e r i a s a m l a k t a t . U n t u k p e m a n f a a t a n s u s u k e r b a u y a n g m e l i m p a b b i s a d i o l a h m e n j a d i m a k a n a n t r a d i s i o n a l b e r u p a p e n j e m y a n g t e r b u a t d a r i s u s u k e r b a u , a i r t a p e k e t a n h i t a m d a n g u l a p a s i r y a n g d i f e r m e n t a s i s e c a r a t r a d i s i o n a l s e l a m a 2 j a m . T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n i n i u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i : ( 1 ) U n t u k m e n g e t a h u i m a c a m - m a c a m m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i m i k r o b a p a d a h a s i l o l a h a n s u s u k e r b a u . ( 2 ) M e n g e t a h u i a p a k a h d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m o d e l p e m b e l a j a r a n Picture and Picture pada. p e n g a j a r a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n h a s i l b e l a j a r s i s w a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g k e l a s X s e m e s t e r 1 t a h u n a j a r a n 2 0 I 3 / 2 0 I 4 p a d a s t a n d a r k o m p e t e n s i 2 . M e m a h a m i P r i n s i p - p r i n s i p P e n g e l o m p o k a n M a k h l u k H i d u p d a n k o m p e t e n s i d a s a r 2 . 2 . M e n d e s k r i p s i k a n C i r i - c i r i Archaehacteria d a n Eubacteria d a n P e r a n a n n y a b a g i K e h i d u p a n ? . P e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e d e s k r i p t i f k u a l i t a t i f d a n k u a n t i t a t i f d e n g a n t e k n i k s u r v e y . H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n p a d a Nutrient Agar
( N A ) : ( 1 ) P a d a k o l o n i A l , m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i b e r b e n t u k y a n g t i d a k b e r a t u r a n d a n m e n y e b a r , t e p i a n b e r l e k u k , e l e v a s i b e r b u k i t - b u k i t d a n b e r w a m a p u t i h s u s u . K o l o n i A 2 , m e m i l i k i m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i b e r b e n t u k b u n d a r , t e p i a n l i c i n , e l e v a s i c e m b u n g , b e r w a m a k r e m . K o l o n i A 3 , m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i b e r b e n t u k b u n d a r d e n g a n t e p i a n m e n y e b a r , t e p i a n t a k b e r a t u r a n d e n g a n e l e v a s i b e r b u k i t - b u k i t . P e w a m a a n g r a m d a r i t i g a j e n i s b a k t e r i y a i t u : k o l o n i b a k t e r i A l b e r b e n t u k Basil t e r m a s u k j e n i s b a k t e r i g r a m p o s i t i f . K o l o n i b a k t e r i A 2 , b e r b e n t u k Basil t e r m a s u k j u g a b a k t e r i g r a m p o s i t i f . K o l o n i b a k t e r i A 3 b e r b e n t u k Coccus t e r m a s u k j e n i s b a k t e r i g r a m p o s i t i f . H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n p a d a Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) : ( 2 ) j a m u r A l , m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i b e r b e n t u k b e r b e n a n g - b e n a n g , t e p i a n s e p e r t i s i k a t , e l e v a s i b e r b u k i t - b u k i t , b e r w a m a p u t i h . K o l o n i j a m u r A 2 , m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i b e r b e n t u k b u n d a r d e n g a n t e p i a n m e n y e b a r , t e p i a n t a k
b e r a t u r a n , e l e v a s i b e r b u k i t - b u k i t , b e r w a m a p u t i h s u s u . K o l o n i A 3 , m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i b e r b e n t u k t i d a k b e r a t u r a n d a n m e n y e b a r d e n g a n t e p i a n b e r l e k u k , d e n g a n e l e v a s i b e r b u k i t - b u k i t . K e s i m p u l a n : ( 1 ) T e r d a p a t m i k r o b a d i d a l a m b a s i l o l a b a n s u s u k e r b a u b e r u p a p e n j e m y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a j e n i s b a k t e r i d a n t i g a j e n i s j a m u r . ( 2 ) P e n g a j a r a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m o d e l p e m b e l a j a r a n Picture and Picture d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n b a s i l b e l a j a r s i s w a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g k e l a s X s e m e s t e r 1 t a b u n a j a r a n 2 0 1 3 / 2 0 1 4 p a d a m a t e r i p e m b e l a j a r a n t e n t a n g C i r i - c i r i Archaehacteria d a n
Eubacteria d a n P e r a n a n n y a b a g i K e h i d u p a n . H a l i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i thitung ( 1 9 , 7 9 ) > t,3bei ( 1 , 6 8 8 3 ) .
on Buffalo Milk Processed Form Penjem on Different Concentrations of Sugar and His teachings in SMA Negeri 4 Palembang. T h e s i s , B i o l o g y E d u c a t i o n S t u d y P r o g r a m , S a r j a n a D e g r e e ( S I ) . F a c u l t y o f T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g a n d E d u c a t i o n M u h a m m a d i y a h U n i v e r s i t y P a l e m b a n g . A d v i s o r s ( I ) D r . H i d a y a t S a l e h , M . S i . , ( I I ) S u s i D e w i y e t i , S . S i . , M . S i .
K e y words: b u f f a l o m i l k , i s o l a t i o n , m i c r o b i a l c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y , p e n j e m .
B u f f a l o m i l k h i g h i n f a t s o i t h a s a m o r e s a v o r y f l a v o r . O n e f o o d t h a t i s m a d e f r o m b u f f a l o m i l k c u r d . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h e i s o l a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a i n t h e c u r d t h e r e a r e 36
s t r a i n s o f l a c t i c a c i d b a c t e r i a . T o u s e t h e a b u n d a n t b u f f a l o m i l k c a n b e p r o c e s s e d i n t o a p e n j e m t r a d i t i o n a l f o o d m a d e f r o m b u f f a l o m i l k , b l a c k s t i c k y t a p e w a t e r a n d s u g a r t r a d i t i o n a l l y f e r m e n t e d f o r 2 h o u r s . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y w a s t o d e t e r m i n e : ( 1 ) T o k n o w v a r i o u s m i c r o b i a l c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y o n b u f f a l o d a i r y p r o d u c t s . ( 2 ) D e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r u s i n g P i c t u r e a n d P i c t u r e l e a r n i n g m o d e l i n t e a c h i n g r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s t o i m p r o v e s t u d e n t l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s S M A N 4 P a l e m b a n g X c l a s s 1 s t s e m e s t e r o f t h e s c h o o l y e a r 2 0 1 3 / 2 0 1 4 o n s t a n d a r d s o f c o m p e t e n c e 2 . U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e P r i n c i p l e s o f C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f L i v i n g a n d b a s i c c o m p e t e n c e s 2 . 2 . D e s c r i b e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a r c h a e h a c t e r i a a n d e u b a c t e r i a a n d i t s R o l e f o r L i f e ? . T h i s s t u d y u s e s d e s c r i p t i v e q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e s u r v e y t e c h n i q u e s . T h e r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h o n N u t r i e n t A g a r ( N A ) : ( 1 ) I n A l c o l o n y , c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y a n d i r r e g u l a r s h a p e d s p r e a d , s c a l l o p e d e d g e s , e l e v a t i o n , b i l l y a n d m i l k y w h i t e . A 2 c o l o n y , c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y r o i m d , s m o o t h e d g e s , c o n v e x e l e v a t i o n , c r e a m - c o l o r e d . A 3 c o l o n y , c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y r o u n d w i t h d i f f u s e e d g e s , e d g e s i r r e g u l a r b i l l y w i t h e l e v a t i o n . G r a m s t a i n o f t h e t h r e e t y p e s o f b a c t e r i a , n a m e l y : A l s h a p e d b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i e s B a s i l i n c l u d i n g t y p e s o f g r a m - p o s i t i v e b a c t e r i a . A 2 b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e B a s i l s h a p e d g r a m p o s i t i v e b a c t e r i a . C o c c u s s h a p e d b a c t e r i a c o l o n i e s A 3 i n c l u d i n g t h e t y p e o f g r a m p o s i t i v e b a c t e r i a . T h e r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h o n P o t a t o D e x t r o s e A g a r ( P D A ) : ( 2 ) m u s h r o o m s A l , c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y s h a p e d f i b r o u s , s u c h a s b r u s h e d g e s , b i l l y e l e v a t i o n , w h i t e . A 2 fiongal c o l o n i e s , c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y r o u n d w i t h d i f f u s e e d g e s , e d g e s i r r e g u l a r , b i l l y e l e v a t i o n , w h i t e m i l k . A 3 c o l o n y , c o l o n y m o r p h o l o g y a n d s p r e a d i r r e g u l a r l y s h a p e d w i t h s c a l l o p e d e d g e s , w i t h a h i l l y e l e v a t i o n . C o n c l u s i o n s :
(1) T h e r e a r e m i c r o b e s i n t h e f o r m o f b u f f a l o d a i r y p r o d u c t s p e n j e m c o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e t y p e s o f b a c t e r i a a n d t h r e e k i n d s o f m u s h r o o m s . ( 2 ) T e a c h i n g r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s u s i n g t h e P i c t u r e a n d P i c t u r e l e a r n i n g m o d e l t o i m p r o v e l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s o f s t u d e n t s o f S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g X c l a s s 1 s t s e m e s t e r o f t h e s c h o o l y e a r 2 0 1 3 / 2 0 1 4 i n t h e m a t t e r o f l e a r n i n g a b o u t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a r c h a e h a c t e r i a a n d e u b a c t e r i a a n d i t s R o l e f o r L i f e . I t c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h a t tobiain (19,79) > ttabei
( 1 , 6 8 8 3 ) .
A l h a m d u l i l l a a h i r o b b i r a a l a m i i n , s e g a l a p u j i b a g i A l l a h S W T k a r e n a a t a s
R a h m a t d a n K a r u n i a - N y a j u a l a h p e n u l i s d a p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i d e n g a n j u d u l
"Isolasi dan Identifikasi Morfologi Koloni Mikroba pada Hasil Olahan Susu Kerbau Berupa Penjem pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Gula dan Pengajarannya di
S M A Negeri 4 Palembang". S h o l a w a t s e r t a s a l a m s e n a n t i a s a d i l i m p a h k a n k e p a d a j u n j u n g a n t e l a d a n k i t a N a b i b e s a r M u h a m m a d S A W , k e l u a r g a , s a h a b a t d a n p a r a
p e n g i k u t n y a h i n g g a a k h i r z a m a n . P e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e m e n u h i
a t a u m e l e n g k a p i s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t a k a d e m i k d a l a m m e n y e l e s a i k a n p r o g r a m S t r a t a
S a t u ( S I ) p a d a J u r u s a n P e n d i d i k a n M I P A , P r o g r a m S t u d i P e n d i d i k a n B i o l o g i ,
F a k u l t a s K e g u r u a n d a n I l m u P e n d i d i k a n U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g .
T e r s e l e s a i n y a s k r i p s i i n i a t a s p e r t o l o n g a n A l l a h S W T S a n g p e m l l i k h a t i d a n
m e m b u k a k a n h a t i o r a n g - o r a n g u n t u k m a u m e m b a n t u b a i k m a t e r i , t e n a g a , m a u p u n
p e m i k i r a n . U n t u k i t u s e m u a , p e n u l i s m e n g u c a p k a n t e r i m a k a s i h k e p a d a D r . S a l e h
H i d a y a t , M . S i . , s e l a k u p e m b i m b i n g I , S u s i D e w i y e t i , S . S i . , M . S i . , s e l a k u p e m b i m b m g
I I d a n D r a . H j . A s e p t i a n o v a , M . P d . , s e l a k u p e m b i m b i n g a k a d e m i k y a n g t e l a h s a b a r
m e m b i m b i n g d a n m e m b e r i k a n m o t i v a s i d a l a m m e n y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i i n i . D a l a m
p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i , p e n u l i s j u g a m e n g u c a p k a n t e r i m a k a s i h y a n g t i a d a t e r h i n g g a
k e p a d a y a n g t e r h o r m a t :
1. D r . H . M . I d r i s , S . E . , M . S i . , s e l a k u R e k t o r U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g .
2 . D r s . S y a i f u d i n M . P d . , s e l a k u D e k a n F a k u l t a s K e g u r u a n d a n I l m u P e n d i d i k a n
U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g
4 . S u s i D e w i y e t i , S . S i . , M . S i . , s e l a k u k e p a l a L a b o r a t o r i u m F K I P B i o l o g i
5 . S e l u r u h D o s e n B i o l o g i , s t a f d a n k a r y a w a n F a k u l t a s K e g u r u a n d a n I l m u
P e n d i d i k a n U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g .
6 . P a r m i n , S . P d , , M . M . , s e l a k u k e p a l a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g .
7 . R i s a M u r y a n i , S . S i . , s e l a k u g u r u B i o l o g i d i S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g .
8 . A y a h d a n i b u k u t e r c i n t a y a n g t e l a h m e n d i d i k , m e m b e s a r k a n d a n s e l a l u
m e n g o r b a n k a n a p a p u n u n t u k k e b e r h a s i l a n k u .
9 . S a h a b a t - s a h a b a t k u a n g k a t a n 2 0 0 9 , t e m a n - t e m a n P P L , t e m a n - t e m a n K K N ,
k h u s u s n y a t e m a n - t e m a n k e l a s C p r o g r a m s t u d i p e n d i d i k a n b i o l o g i a n g k a t a n 2 0 0 9
A t a s b a n t u a n y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n , s e m o g a A l l a h S W T m e m b e r i k a n b a l a s a n
y a n g b e r l i p a t g a n d a . P e n u l i s m e n y a d a r i b a h w a d a l a m p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i m a s i h j a u h
d a r i k e s e m p u m a a n , h a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a k e t e r b a t a s a n p e n g e t a h u a n , p e n g a l a m a n
d a n k e m a m p u a n p e n u l i s . O l e h k a r e n a i t u p e n u l i s m e n g h a r a p k a n k r i t i k d a n s a r a n y a n g
s i f a t n y a m e m b a n g u n . P e n u l i s b e r h a r a p s e m o g a s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t b e r m a n f a a t u n t u k
k i t a s e m u a a m i n .
P a l e m b a n g , J a n u a r i 2 0 1 4
P e n u l i s ,
Halaman
H A L A M A N J U D U L i
H A L A M A N P E R S E T U J U A N i i
H A L A M A N PENGESAHAN H i
M O T T O DAN P E R S E M B A H A N i v
A B S T R A K v i
K A T A P E N G A N T A R v i i i
D A F T A R I S I X
D A F T A R T A B E L x i i i
D A F T A R G A M B A R x i v
D A F T A R L A M P I R A N x v i
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. L a t a r B e l a k a n g 1
B . R u m u s a n M a s a l a h 4 C . T u j u a n P e n e l i t i a n 4 D . M a n f a a t P e n e l i t i a n 5 E . R u a n g L i n g k u p d a n K e t e r b a t a s a n P e n e l i t i a n 5
BAB I I K A J I A N PUSTAKA
A . K a j i a n S u s u S e c a r a U m u m 7
B . P e n g e r t i a n P e n j e m 8 C . K a r a k t e r i s t i k a t a u C i r i - c i r i U m u m d a r i B a k t e r i 1 0
1 . M o r f o l o g i K a s a r d a n H a l u s S e l B a k t e r i 1 0
2 . S t r u k t u r L u a r D i n d i n g S e l 1 1
3 . R e p r o d u k s i 1 2 4 . P e r t u m b u h a n 1 2 D . J e n i s - j e n i s M i k r o b a P a n g a n 1 3
1 . Lactobacillus bulgaricus 1 3
2 . Lactobacillus casei 1 5
3 . Streptococcus thermophilus 1 6
F . I s o l a s i d a n K a r a k t e r i s a s i M i k r o b a P a n g a n 2 3 G . M o r f o l o g i B i a k a n B a k t e r i d a n K o l o n i 2 6
1 . B e n t u k B a k t e r i 2 6 2 . B e n t u k K o l o n i M i k r o b a 2 8
H . P e r t u m b u h a n M i k r o b a 3 0 1 . K u r v a P e r t u m b u h a n M i k r o b a 3 0
2 . F a k t o r y a n g M e m p e n g a r u h i P e r t u m b u h a n M i k r o b a 3 2
3 . P e n g b d t u n g a n P o p u l a s i M i k r o b a 3 4 I . P e n g a j a r a n d i S e k o l a h M e n e n g a h A t a s 3 4
1 . P e n e r a p a n M o d e l P e m b e l a j a r a n picture and picture 3 5 2 . L a n g k a h - l a n g k a h P e n e r a p a n M o d e l P e m b e l a j a r a n picture
and picture 3 6
3 . K e l e b i h a n d a n K e k u r a n g a n M o d e l P e m b e l a j a r a n picture
and picture 3 7
BAB i n M E T O D E P E N E L I T I A N
A . R a n c a n g a n P e n e l i t i a n 3 9 B . S u b j e k P e n e l i t i a n 3 9 C . I n s t r u m e n P e n e l i t i a n 4 0
L A l a t 4 0 2 . B a h a n 4 0 D . M e t o d e P e n g u m p u l a n D a t a 4 0
1 . C a r a K e i j a 4 0 2 . W a k t u d a n T e m p a t P e n e l i t i a n 4 2
3 . P e n g u m p u l a n D a t a P e n e l i t i a n 4 2 4 . P e n g u m p u l a n D a t a P e n g a j a r a n 4 6
E . A n a l i s i s D a t a 5 1 1 . A n a l i s i s D a t a P e n e l i t i a n 5 1
2 . A n a l i s i s D a t a P e n g a j a r a n 5 2
BAB I V H A S I L P E N E L I T I A N
A . D e s k r i p s i D a t a H a s i l P e n e l i t i a n 5 3
1 . M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) 5 3
2 . M e d i a Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) 6 1
B . A n a l i s i s D a t a 6 7 1 . A n a l i s i s D a t a H a s i l P e n e l i t i a n 6 7
2 . A n a l i s i s D a t a H a s i l P e n g a j a r a n 7 1
1 . P a d a M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) 7 6
2 . P a d a M e d i a Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) 7 9
B. P e m b a h a s a n H a s i l P e n g a j a r a n 8 1
BAB V I PENUTUP
A . K e s i m p u l a n 8 3
B. Saran 8 4
D A F T A R R U J U K A N 8 6
L A M P I R A N - L A M P I R A N 9 1
R I W A Y A T HIDUP 1 6 5
Tabel Halaman
3 . 1 P e r l a k u a n d a n U l a n g a n I s o l a s i d a n I d e n t i f i k a s i M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u B e r u p a
P e n j e m 3 9
3 . 2 C i r i - C i r i M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a d a r i h a s i l I s o l a s i d a n I d e n t i f i k a s i
O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u B e r u p a P e n j e m 4 6
3 . 3 T a b e l A n a l i s i s V a r i a n R a n c a n g a n A c a k
L e n g k a p ( R A L ) 5 1
4 . 1 T a b e l J u m l a h M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u B e r u p a P e n j e m p a d a B e r b a g a i K o n s e n t r a s s i
G u l a p a d a M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) 5 4
4 . 2 J u m l a h M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u B e r u p a P e n j e m p a d a B e r b a g a i K o n s e n t r a s s i
G u l a p a d a M e d i a Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) < 6 2
4 . 3 A n a l i s i s V a r i a n K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a T e r h a d a p J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u b e r u p a P e n j e m p a d a B e r b a g a i
K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a p a d a M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) 6 7
4 . 4 U j i W i l a y a h B e r g a n d a D u n c a n ( W B D ) P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a T e r h a d a p J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a
Media Nutrien Agar ( N A ) 6 8
4 . 5 A n a l i s i s V a r i a n K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a T e r h a d a p J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u b e r u p a P e n j e m p a d a B e r b a g a i
K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a p a d a M e d i a Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) 6 9
4 . 6 U j i W i l a y a h B e r g a n d a D u n c a n ( W B D ) P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a T e r h a d a p J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a M e d i a
Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) 7 0
4 . 7 D a t a D i s t r i b u s i F r e k u e n s i T e s A w a l 7 1
4 . 8 D a t a D i s t r i b u s i F r e k u e n s i T e s A k h i r 7 3
4 . 9 H a s i l U j i S t a t i s t i k T e s A w a l d a n T e s A k h i r 7 4
4 . 1 0 H a s i l U j i t T e s A w a l d a n T e s A k h i r 7 5
Gambar Halaman
2 . 1 S u s u K e r b a u 7
2 . 2 Lactobacillus bulgaricus 1 4
2 . 3 Lactobacillus casei 1 6
2 . 4 Streptococcus thermophilu 1 7
2 . 5 Streptococcus lactis 18
2 . 6 K h a m i r (Yeast) 2 0
2 . 7 S k e m a P r o s e s G l i k o l i s i s 2 2
2 . 8 M e t o d e C a w a n T u a n g 2 6
2 . 9 B e n t u k K o l o n i M i k r o b a 2 8
2 . 1 0 B e n t u k - B e n t u k K o l o n i p a d a C a w a n T u a n g 2 9
2 . 1 1 B e n t u k - B e n t u k P e r m u k a a n K o l o n i M i k r o b a 2 9
2 . 1 2 B e n t u k - B e n t u k T e p i a n K o l o n i M i k r o b a 2 9
2 . 1 3 K u r v a P e r t u m b u h a n M i k r o b a 3 0
3 . 1 P r o s e s P e n g e n c e r a n 4 4
3 . 2 P r o s e s P e w a m a a n G r a m 4 5
4 . 1 H i s t o g r a m J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a d e n g a n B e r b a g a i K o n s e n t r a s i
G u l a p a d a M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) 5 3
4 . 2 M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) 5 9
4 . 3 P e w a m a a n G r a m B a k t e r i 6 0
4 . 4 H i s t o g r a m J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a d e n g a n B e r b a g a i K o n s e n t r a s i
G u l a p a d a M e d i a Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) 6 1
4 . 6 H i s t o g r a m D a t a H a s i l P e n g a j a r a n P a d a T e s A w a l 7 2
4 . 7 H i s t o g r a m D a t a H a s i l P e n g a j a r a n P a d a T e s A k h i r 7 3
Lampiran Halaman
1 . S u r a t P e m y a t a a n K e a s l i a n S k r i p s i 9 1
2 . D a t a H a s i l P e n g h i t u n g a n P e n e l i t i a n J u m l a h M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A )
d a n Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) 9 2
3 . D a t a H a s i l P e n g h i t u n g a n P e n e l i t i a n J u m l a h K o l o n i M i k r o b a
d e n g a n M e t o d e R A L ( R a n c a n g a n A c a k L e n g k a p ) s e c a r a M a n u a l p a d a
M e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) d a n Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) 9 4
4 . P e n g o l a h a n D a t a H a s i l P e n e l i t i a n t e n t a n g I s o l a s i d a n I d e n t i f i k a s i M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u K e r b a u B e r u p a P e n j e m p a d a B e r b a g a i K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a p a d a
Nutrient Agar ( N A ) d a n Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A )
d e n g a n M e n g g u n a k a S P S S V e r s i l 6 . 0 0 9 8
5 . G a m b a r P e n e l i t i a n d i L a b o r a t o r i u m B i o l o g i F K I P U M P 1 0 2
6 . G a m b a r H a s i l P e n e l i t i a n M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a 1 0 9
7 . R e n c a n a P e l a k s a n a a n P e m b e l a j a r a n 1 1 0
8. I n s t r u m e n P e n e l i t i a n 1 3 3
9 . L e m b a r K e r j a S i s w a 1 3 9
1 0 . K u n c i J a w a b a n 1 4 0
1 1 . T a b e l H a s i l E v a l u a s i S i s w a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g K e l a s X
S e m e s t e r 1 T a h u n A j a r a n 2 0 1 2 / 2 0 1 3 1 4 1
1 2 . G a m b a r H a s i l P e n g a j a r a n d i S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g 1 4 2
1 3 . S K P e m b i m b i n g 1 4 3
1 4 . U s u i J u d u l 1 4 4
1 5 . U n d a n g a n S e m i n a r 1 4 5
1 6 . D a f t a r H a d i r S e m i n a r 1 4 6
1 9 . S u r a t K e t e r a n g a n P e n e l i t i a n d i L a b o r a t o r i u m B i o l o g i F K I P U M P 1 4 9
2 0 . S u r a t H a s i l P e n e l i t i a n d i L a b o r a t o r i u m B i o l o g i F K I P U M P 1 5 0
2 1 . S u r a t K e t e r a n g a n P e n e l i t i a n d a r i S e k o l a h 1 5 3
2 2 . T a b e l A n a v a 1 5 4
2 3 . T a b e l D u n c a n 1 5 8
2 4 . T a b e l F 1 6 0
2 5 . L a p o r a n K e m a j u a n B i m b i n g a n S k r i p s i 1 6 1
A. Latar Belakang
S u s u m e n g a n d u n g p r o t e i n , l e m a k , k a r b o h i d r a t ( l a k t o s a ) , m i n e r a l d a n v i t a m i n ,
S u s u d i p e r u n t u k a n b a g i a n a k h e w a n u n t u k p e r k e m b a n g a n a t a u p e r t u m b u h a n n y a .
N a m u n m a n u s i a m e m a n f a a t k a n u n t u k d i j a d i k a n s u m b e r p a n g a n . M i k r o o r g a n i s m e
s e p e r t i b a k t e r i , k a p a n g , k h a m i r j u g a m e m b u t u h k a n s u s u s e b a g a i s u m b e r m a k a n a n ,
U m u m n y a s u s u y a n g d i k o n s u m s i o l e h m a s y a r a k a t a d a l a h s u s u s a p i , k e r b a u d a n
k a m b i n g . P e n g o l a h a n s u s u s u d a h l a m a d i u p a y a k a n s e p e r t i s u s u f e r m e n t a s i y a i t u
y o g h u r t , y a k u l t , k e f i r , m e n t e g a , k e j u d a n s e b a g a i n y a . P r o d u k s u s u f e r m e n t a s i c u k u p
b e r a g a m r a s a n y a s e s u a i d e n g a n n e g a r a a s a l n y a , j e n i s b a k t e r i s t a r t e r d a n j e n i s s u s u
y a n g d i g u n a k a n . D i I n d o n e s i a a d a s u s u f e r m e n t a s i k h a s a s a l S u m a t e r a B a r a t y a i t u
d a d i h . D a d i h d i k o n s u m s i s e b a g a i l a u k - p a u k d a n m a k a n a n s e l i n g a n , y a n g m a n f a a t n y a
m e n y e h a t k a n . D a d i h b e r a s a l d a r i s u s u k e r b a u , c a r a p e n g o l a h a n n y a s a n g a t s e d e r h a n a .
S u s u d i s i m p a n p a d a r u a s b a m b u s e l a m a ± 2 4 j a m s a m p a i 2 - 3 h a r i s e h i n g g a t e r j a d i
f e r m e n t a s i s e c a r a s p o n t a n . K a r e n a p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i s e c a r a s p o n t a n ( t i d a k
m e n g g u n a k a n s t a r t e r b a k t e r i ) m a k a s e r i n g k a l i m u t u d a n c i t a r a s a d a d i h t i d a k s e r a g a m
( S u n a r l i m , 2 0 0 9 : 1 ) .
M e n u r u t U s m i a t i ( 2 0 1 0 : 4 0 7 ) , b e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n , d a d i h b e r p o t e n s i
d i k e m b a n g k a n s e b a g a i b a h a n p a n g a n f u n g s i o n a l . H a s i l i s o l a s i b a k t e r i d a l a m d a d i h
m e n u n j u k k a n t e r d a p a t 3 6 s t r a i n b a k t e r i a s a m l a k t a t ( B A L ) d o m i n a n . B a k t e r i a s a m
l a k t a t d i a k u i s a n g a t b a i k u n t u k k e s e h a t a n k a r e n a m e t a b o l i t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d a p a t
m e n g h a m b a t b a k t e r i p a t o g e n , m e n u r u n k a n k o l e s t e r o l , m c m p e r b a i k i s i s t e m k e k e b a l a n
t u b u h , m e n c e g a h s e m b e l i t , s e r t a d a p a t m e m p r o d u k s i v i t a m i n B d a n b a k t e r i o s i n .
D a d i h m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u m a k a n a n y a n g t e r b u a t d a r i s u s u k e r b a u . S u s u
k e r b a u m e n g a n d u n g l e m a k t i n g g i d a n b a h a n k e r i n g y a n g t i n g g i s e h i n g g a m e m i l i k i
r a s a y a n g l e b i h g u r i h . P r o d u k s i s u s u r a t a - r a t a p e r l a k t a s i s e k i t a r 1 . 3 6 0 k g h i n g g a 2 . 2 7 0
k g p e r 9 - 1 0 b u l a n . B a n y a k o r a n g y a n g l e b i h m e m i l i h s u s u k e r b a u d a n b e r s e d i a
m e m b a y a r l e b i h u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n s u s u k e r b a u ( J a u z a n o e y , 2 0 1 1 ) .
M e n u r u t D w i d j o s e p u t r o ( 1 9 9 0 ) dalam S u n a r l i m ( 2 0 0 9 ) , b a k t e r i y a n g s e l a l u
a d a d a l a m s u s u a d a l a h b a k t e r i p e n g h a s i l a s a m s u s u , s e b a g i a n b e s a r d a r i f a m i l i
Lactobacteriaceae d a n Streptococcus lactis. B e b e r a p a s p e s i e s M i c r o c o c c a c e a e s e r i n g
b e r a d a d a l a m s u s u y a n g k u r a n g t e i j a g a k e b e r s i h a n n y a . S p e s i e s i n i m e n y e b a b k a n s u s u
m e n j a d i a s a m .
S u s u k e r b a u d a p a t d i o l a h s e c a r a t r a d i s i o n a l d a l a m p e m b u a t a n m a k a n a n , d e n g a n
p e n a m b a h k a n a i r t a p e k e t a n , g u l a p a s i r d a n s u s u k e r b a u b i s a j a d i m a k a n a n t r a d i s i o n a l
b e r u p a p e n j e m . T a p e k e t a n i t u s e n d i r i m e r u p a k a n m a k a n a n t r a d i s i o n a l I n d o n e s i a
y a n g t e r b u a t d a r i b a h a n k e t a n y a n g d i o l a h s e c a r a f e r m e n t a s i . D a l a m p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i
t a p e k e t a n t a h a p p e r s i a p a n ( p e n c u c i a n , p e m a s a k a n d a n p e n d i n g i n a n ) , p e n g e r j a a n , d a n
f e r m e n t a s i ( p e m a n a s a n , i n o k u l a s i d e n g a n r a g i , d a n i n k u b a s i ) m e r u p a k a n t a h a p y a n g
b e r p e n g a r u h p e n t i n g u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n t a p e k e t a n d e n g a n m u t u b a i k . M i s a l n y a ,
d a l a m t a h a p p e n c u c i a n y a n g b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n g h i i a n g k a n k o t o r a n m a u p u n s i s a
-s i -s a d e d a k y a n g m u n g k i n m a -s i h t e r l i n g g a l -s a n g a t p e n t i n g u n t u k d i l a k u k a n . T a p e
k e t a n u m u m n y a m e m i l i k i t e k s t u r l e m b u t , r a s a m a n i s , s e d i k i t a s a m , d a n c i t a r a s a y a n g
a d a l a h p a t i , y a n g d a l a m k e a d a a n u l u h s a n g a t s u l i t d i d e g r a d a s i d e n g a n z a t k i m i a
m a u p u n e n z i m . B a h k a n , p a t i y a n g d i p a n a s k a n d e n g a n a i r t i d a k a k a n m e n g a l a m i
p e r u b a h a n h i n g g a s u h u g e l a t i n a s i n y a t e r c a p a i . O l e h k a r e n a i t u , d i b u t u h k a n b a n t u a n
m i k r o b a u n t u k m e n d e g r a d a s i k o m p o n e n p a t i y a n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m k e t a n . R a g i
m e n g a n d u n g e n e r g i , p r o t e i n , l e m a k , k a r b o h i d r a t , k a l s i u m , f o s f o r , zat b e s i ( A f i y a h , 2 0 1 3 ) .
S e d a n g k a n g u l a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g u b a h r a s a m e n j a d i m a n i s d a l a m
m a k a n a n a t a u m i n u m a n . G u l a s e d e r h a n a , s e p e r t i g l u k o s a ( y a n g d i p r o d u k s i d a r i
s u k r o s a d e n g a n e n z i m a t a u h i d r o l i s i s a s a m ) , m e n y i m p a n e n e r g i y a n g a k a n d i g u n a k a n
o l e h s e l ( C i e p i p i h , 2 0 1 2 ) .
P e n g g i m a a n g u l a d a l a m p e n g o l a h a n b a h a n m a k a n a n a k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i
m i k r o o r g a n i s m e y a n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m b a h a n m a k a n a n t e r s e b u t , t e r u t a m a b i l a d a l a m
k o n s e n t r a s i y a n g t i n g g i ( m i n i m a l 4 0 % p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t ) . H a l i n i a k a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n
a i r y a n g a d a d a l a m b a h a n m a k a n a n t i d a k t e r s e d i a u n t u k p e r t u m b u h a n
m i k r o o r g a n i s m e s e h i n g g a k a d a r a i m y a m e n j a d i r e n d a h d a n k e a d a a n i n i l a h y a n g
m e n y e b a b k a n m i k r o o r g a n i s m e t i d a k m a m p u u n t u k m e l a k u k a n a k t i f l t a s h i d u p n y a
( S r i m u t i a r a , 2 0 1 1 ) .
P e m a n f a a t a n s u s u k e r b a u y a n g b i s a d i o l a h m e n j a d i m a k a n a n t r a d i s i o n a l k h a s
D e s a P a m p a n g a n , K e c a m a t a n P a m p a n g a n , K a b u p a t e n O K I b e r u p a p e n j e m y a n g
t e r b u a t d a r i s u s u k e r b a u , a i r t a p e k e t a n h i t a m d a n g u l a p a s i r y a n g d i f e r m e n t a s i s e c a r a
t r a d i s i o n a l s e l a m a 2 j a m . P r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i n y a t e r j a d i s e c a r a a l a m i d e n g a n b a n t u a n
m i k r o b a y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i a i r t a p e k e t a n h i t a m . L a n g k a h a w a l d a r i p e m a n f a a t a n
k e l o m p o k m i k r o b a a d a l a h d e n g a n m e l a k u k a n i s o l a s i d a r i h a b i t a t a s l i n y a u n t u k
o l e h m a s y a r a k a t D e s a P a m p a n g a n , K e c a m a t a n P a m p a n g a n , K a b u p a t e n O K I d e n g a n
m e n g g u n a k a n s u s u k e r b a u 3 5 0 m l d a n g u l a p a s i r 5 0 g r a m . M a k a , p a d a p e n e l i t i a n i n i
p e n u l i s i n g i n m e n g e t a h u i m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i m i k r o b a y a n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m s u s u
f e r m e n t a s i b e r u p a p e n j e m .
B e r d a s a r k a n u r a i a n d i a t a s p e n e l i t i t e r t a r i k u n t u k m e l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n y a n g
b e r j u d u l " I s o l a s i d a n I d e n t i f i k a s i M o r f o l o g i K o l o n i M i k r o b a p a d a H a s i l O l a h a n S u s u
K e r b a u b e r u p a P e n j e m p a d a B e r b a g a i K o n s e n t r a s i G u l a " . H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n a k a n
d i a j a r k a n d i S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g d e n g a n m o d e l picture and picture.
B. Rumusan Masalah
B e r d a s a r k a n l a t a r b e l a k a n g y a n g t e l a h d i p a p a r k a n , m a k a d i r u m u s k a n m a s a l a h
s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
1 . A p a k a h d i d a l a m h a s i l o l a h a n s u s u k e r b a u b e r u p a p e n j e m t e r d a p a t m i k r o b a ?
2 . B a g a i m a n a k a h m o r f o l o g i m i k r o b a p a d a h a s i l o l a h a n s u s u k e r b a u b e r u p a p e n j e m ?
3 . A p a k a h d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m o d e l p e m b e l a j a r a n picture and picture pada
p e n y a m p a i a n m a t e r i y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d a p a t
m e n i n g k a t k a n h a s i l b e l a j a r s i s w a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g k e l a s X s e m e s t e r 1
p a d a m a t e r i p e m b e l a j a r a n M e n d e s k r i p s i k a n C i r i - c i r i Archaehacteria d a n
Eubacteria d a n P e r a n a n n y a b a g i K e h i d u p a n ?
C. Tujuan Penelitian
1. U n t u k m e n g e t a h u i m a c a m - m a c a m m o r f o l o g i k o l o n i m i k r o b a p a d a h a s i l o l a h a n
s u s u k e r b a u .
2 . M e n g e t a h u i a p a k a h d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m o d e l p e m b e l a j a r a n picture and
picture p a d a p e n g a j a r a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n m a k a d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n
h a s i l b e l a j a r s i s w a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g k e l a s X s e m e s t e r 1 p a d a m a t e r i
p e m b e l a j a r a n M e n d e s k r i p s i k a n C i r i - c i r i Archaehacteria d a n Eubacteria d a n
P e r a n a n n y a b a g i K e h i d u p a n .
D. Manfaat Penelitian
1 . M e n a m b a h w a w a s a n p e n u l i s d a n p e m b a c a t e n t a n g m i k r o b a - m i k r o b a y a n g
d i t e m u k a n d i d a l a m h a s i l o l a h a n s u s u k e r b a u p e n j e m .
2 . M e m b e r i k a n i n f o r m a s i b a g i s i s w a S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g k e l a s X s e m e s t e r 1
p a d a m a t e r i p e m b e l a j a r a n M e n d e s k r i p s i k a n C i r i - c i r i Archaehacteria d a n
Eubacteria d a n P e r a n a n n y a b a g i K e h i d u p a n .
E . Ruang Lingkup dan Keterbatasan Penelitian L Ruang Lingkup
a. S u s u k e r b a u d i p e r o l e h d a r i D e s a B a n g s a l K e c a m a t a n P a m p a n g a n K a b u p a t e n
O K I .
b . I s o l a s i m i k r o b a d a r i p e n j e m d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n p e n g e n c e r a n 1 0 ' ' s a m p a i 10"^ d a n
d i l a k s a n a k a n d i L a b o r a t o r i u m B i o l o g i F K I P U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h
P a l e m b a n g .
2. Keterbatasan Penetitian
a. M e d i a p e m b i a k a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e d i a Nutrient Agar ( N A ) d a n Potato Dextrose Agar ( P D A ) .
b . S a m p e l p e n j e m y a n g d i g u n a k a n t e l a h m e l a l u i p r o s e s p e n g e n c e r a n m u l a i d a r i 1 0 " '
s a m p a i 10"^ d a n d i a m b i l m a s i n g - m a s i n g s e b a n y a k 1 m l .
c. P a r a m e t e r y a n g d i a m a t i y a i t u b e n t u k k o l o n i , t e p i a n k o l o n i , e l e v a s i , u k u r a n
k o l o n i , w a m a k o l o n i , j u m l a h k o l o n i d a n p e w a m a a n g r a m .
d . L a m a p e n e l i t i a n 1 b u l a n .
e . P e n e r a p a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d i l a k u k a n d i S M A N e g e r i 4 P a l e m b a n g d e n g a n
A . Kajian Susu Secara Umum
S u s u m e r u p a k a n b a h a n m a k a n a n b e m i l a i g i z i t i n g g i y a n g d a p a t d i p e r o l e h d a r i
h a s i l p e m e r a h a n h e w a n s e p e r t i s a p i , k e r b a u , k a m b i n g , b a h k a n k u d a , n a m u n y a n g
l a z i m d i k o n s u m s i u m u m n y a a d a l a h s u s u y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i s a p i . S u s u m e r u p a k a n
m i n u m a n y a n g b e r g i z i , k h u s u s n y a d i t i n j a u d a r i s e g i k a n d u n g a n k a l s i u m n y a y a n g
m e n c a p a i 3 5 8 m g p e r g e l a s . K a n d u n g a n g i z i l a i n n y a , p r o t e i n 8 g r a m , l e m a k 9 g r a m ,
d a n e n e r g i 1 5 3 k a l o r i p e r g e l a s . S u s u m e r u p a k a n b a h a n p a n g a n y a n g s a n g a t
b e r m a n f a a t b a g i m a n u s i a , a n t a r a l a i n m e n u n j a n g p e r t u m b u h a n , m e n i n g k a t k a n
k e k e b a l a n t u b u h , m e n c e g a h o s t e o p o r o s i s , d a n b e r b a g a i m a n f a a t l a i n , s e h i n g g a s u s u
b a i k d i k o n s u m s i s e p a n j a n g u s i a ( A r i n i n g s i h , 2 0 0 9 : 1 5 9 - 1 6 0 ) .
M e n u r u t G u s t i ^ ( 2 0 0 9 : 9 7 ) , s u s u t e r m a s u k m e d i a y a n g s a n g a t b a i k b a g i
p e r t u m b u h a n b a k t e r i d a n d a p a t m e n j a d i s a r a n a b a g i p e n y e b a r a n b a k t e r i y a n g
m e m b a h a y a k a n k e s e h a t a n m a n u s i a . O l e h k a r e n a i t u , s u s u a k a n m u d a h t e r c e m a r
m i k r o o r g a n i s m e b i l a p e n a n g a n a n n y a t i d a k m e m p e r h a t i k a n a s p e k k e b e r s i h a n
d i p e r l i b a t k a n p a d a G a m b a r 2 . 1 .
Gambar 2.1 Susu Kerbau Sumber: Lurijava (2012).
M e n u r u t L u r i j a v a (2012), s u s u k e r b a u a d a l a h p r o d u k s u s u s e g a r y a n g b e n a r -b e n a r a l a m i , d a n d a p a t d i k o n s u m s i s e p e r t i s u s u h e w a n j e n i s l a i n n y a . W a m a s u s u
k e r b a u s a n g a t p u t i h , h a l i n i s e c a r a s i g n i f i k a n l e b i h r e n d a h k o l e s t e r o l d a n t i n g g i
k a l s i u m d i b a n d i n g s u s u s a p i , d o m b a a t a u s u s u k a m b i n g . S u s u k e r b a u m e r u p a k a n
s u m b e r y a n g k a y a riboflavin d a n v i t a m i n B 1 2 , v i t a m i n A , v i t a m i n C d a n t h i a m i n j u g a
d i t e m u k a n d a l a m j u m l a h y a n g b a n y a k . S e j u m l a h k e c i l f o l a t , a s a m p a n t o t e n a t , v i t a m i n
B 6 d a n n i a c i n j u g a d i t e m u k a n d a l a m s u s u k e r b a u .
B. Pengertian Penjem
P e n j e m a d a l a h s u s u f e r m e n t a s i k h a s D e s a P a m p a n g a n , K e c a m a t a n
P a m p a n g a n , K a b u p a t e n O K I y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i s u s u k e r b a u , a i r t a p e k e t a n h i t a m d a n
g u l a p a s i r y a n g d i f e r m e n t a s i s e c a r a t r a d i s i o n a l s e l a m a 2 j a m . P e n g g u n a a n s u s u
k e r b a u d i D e s a P a m p a n g a n , K e c a m a t a n P a m p a n g a n , K a b u p a t e n O K I b e r t u j u a n u n t u k
m e m a n f a a t k a n s u s u k e r b a u y a n g b e r l i m p a h , a k a n t e t a p i s u s u k e r b a u k u r a n g d i s u k a i
b i l a d i k o n s u m s i d a l a m k e a d a a n s e g a r k a r e n a a d a n y a b a u y a n g t i d a k d i s e n a n g i . U n t u k
m e n g a t a s i n y a d i l a k u k a n f e r m e n t a s i s e h i n g g a c i t a r a s a n y a d a p a t d i t e r i m a s e c a r a
o r g a n o l e p t i k o l e h m a s y a r a k a t . S e l a m a p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i t e r j a d i a k t i v i t a s p e m e c a h a n
k o m p o n e n p a n g a n k a r e n a a k t i v i t a s e n z i m a t i s m i k r o b a t e r u t a m a e n z i m a m i l a s e ,
p r o t a s e d a n l i p a s e y a n g m e n g h i d r o l i s i s p o l i s a k a r i d a , p r o t e i n d a n l e m a k m e n j a d i
k o m p o n e n - k o m p o n e n s e d e r h a n a s e p e r t i a s a m a l k o h o l , k a r b o n d i o k s i d a , p e p t i d a , a s a m
a m i n o , a s a m l e m a k , d a n k o m p o n e n - k o m p o n e n l a i n n y a . A s a m a l k o h o l d a n k a r b o n
-s a m a , k o m p o n e n - k o m p o n e n t a d i j u g a m e n y e b a b k a n m o d i f i k a -s i t e k -s t u r , a r o m a d a n
r a s a , s e h i n g g a d i h a s i l k a n k a r a k t e r i s t i k p r o d u k y a n g u n i k d a n b e r b e d a d e n g a n p r o d u k
a s l i n y a ( A n t a r a , 2 0 1 3 ) .
B e r d a s a r k a n p e n e l i t i a n W a h y u n i ( 2 0 1 3 ) t e n t a n g P e n g a r u h P e n a m b a h a n G u l a
P a s i r p a d a S u s u K e r b a u t e r h a d a p K u a l i t a s P e n j e m , m e n j e l a s k a n b a h w a s u s u h a s i l
f e r m e n t a s i y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i s u s u k e r b a u p e r 1 0 0 g r a m p e n j e m d e n g a n p e n a m b a h a n
1 0 0 g r a m g u l a p a s i r d a n 4 0 m l a i r t a p e k e t a n h i t a m k a d a r p r o t e i i m y a y a i t u 1 0 , 3 % ,
k a d a r g u l a r e d u k s i n y a y a i t u 1 0 , 2 % , d a n k a d a r l e m a k n y a y a i t u 4 , 7 4 % .
T a p e i t u s e n d i r i m e r u p a k a n m a k a n a n t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g s u d a h t i d a k a s i n g l a g i .
T a p e d i b u a t d a r i b e r a s k e t a n , a t a u d a r i s i n g k o n g ( k e t e l a p o h o n ) . B e r b e d a d e n g a n
m a k a n a n - m a k a n a n f e r m e n t a s i l a i n y a n g h a n y a m e l i b a t k a n s a t u m i k r o o r g a n i s m e y a n g
b e r p e r a n u t a m a , s e p e r t i t e m p e a t a u m i n u m a n a l k o h o l , p e m b u a t a n t a p e m e l i b a t k a n
b a n y a k m i k r o o r g a m s m e ( A m i n u d i n , 2 0 1 3 ) .
M e n u r u t K u m i a w a t i ( 2 0 1 2 ) , t a p e k e t a n h i t a m a d a l a h m a k a n a n h a s i l
f e r m e n t a s i d a r i m i k r o b a , t e r u t a m a k a p a n g d a n r a g i . R a s a m a n i s d a r i t a p e d i p e n g a r u h i
o l e h k a d a r g u l a d a r i t a p e n y a s e n d i r i . D a l a m p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i i t u p a t i a k a n d i u b a h
m e n j a d i g u l a o l e h k a p a n g j e n i s Chlamydomucor d a n o l e h r a g i Saccharomyces
cerevisiae g u l a d i u b a h m e n j a d i a l k o h o l . D a l a m f e r m e n t a s i t a p e k e t a n t e r l i b a t
b e b e r a p a m i k r o o r g a n i s m e y a n g d i s e b u t d e n g a n m i k r o b i a p e r o m b a k p a t i m e n j a d i g u l a
k e t a n b e r u b a h m e n j a d i a l k o h o l k a r e n a a d a n y a b a k t e r i Acetobacter aceti ( m e n g u b a h
a l k o h o l m e n j a d i a s a m a s e t a t ) .
T a p e u m u m n y a m e m i l i k i t e k s t u r l e m b u t , r a s a m a n i s , s e d i k i t a s a m , d a n
c i t a r a s a y a n g k h a s k a r e n a m e n g a n d u n g s e d i k i t a l k o h o l . K o m p o n e n u t a m a d a l a m
k e t a n s e n d i r i a d a l a h p a t i , y a n g d a l a m k e a d a a n u t u h s a n g a t s u l i t d i d e g r a d a s i d e n g a n
z a t k i m i a m a u p u n e n z i m . B a h k a n , p a t i y a n g d i p a n a s k a n d e n g a n a i r t i d a k a k a n
m e n g a l a m i p e r u b a h a n h i n g g a s u h u g e l a t i n a s i n y a t e r c a p a i . O l e h k a r e n a i t u ,
d i b u t u h k a n b a n t u a n b a k t e r i u n t u k m e n d e g r a d a s i k o m p o n e n p a t i y a n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m
k e t a n ( A t i k o f i a n t i , 2 0 1 3 ) .
S e d a n g k a n g u l a m e r u p a k a n s u a t u k a r b o h i d r a t s e d e r h a n a y a n g m e n j a d i s u m b e r
e n e r g i d a n k o m o d i t i p e r d a g a n g a n u t a m a . G u l a s e b a g a i s u k r o s a d i p e r o l e h d a r i n i r a
t e b u , b i t g u l a , a t a u a r e n . M e s k i p u n d e m i k i a n , t e r d a p a t s u m b e r - s u m b e r g u l a m i n o r
l a i n n y a , s e p e r t i k e l a p a . S u m b e r - s u m b e r p e m a n i s l a i n , s e p e r t i u m b i d a h l i a , a n g g i r ,
a t a u j a g u n g , j u g a m e n g h a s i l k a n s e m a c a m g u l a a t a u p e m a n i s n a m u n b u k a n t e r s u s u n
d a r i s u k r o s a . P r o s e s u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n g u l a m e n c a k u p t a h a p e k s t r a s i ( p e m e r a s a n )
d i i k u t i d e n g a n p e m u m i a n m e l a l u i p e n y u l i n g a n ( F i t r i , 2 0 1 2 ) .
C. Karakteristik atau Ciri-ciri Umum dari Bakteri 1. Morfologi Kasar dan Halus Sel Bakteri
B e r u k u r a n k i r a - k i r a 0 , 5 - 1 , 0 x 2 , 0 - 5 , 0 m i l i m i k r o n . S e b a g a i c o n t o h b a k t e r i
s t a f i l o k o k u s d a n s t r e p t o k o k u s y a n g b e r b e n t u k b o l a m e m p u n y a i d i a m e t e r s e k i t a r 0 , 7 5
d i s e n t r i m e m p u n y a i l e b a r 0 , 5 s a m p a i 1 m i l i m i k r o n d a n p a n j a n g 2 s a m p a i 3
m i l i m i k r o n . S e l b e b e r a p a s p e s i e s b a k t e r i a m a t p a n j a n g , p a n j a n g n y a m e l e b i h i 1 0 0
m i l i m i k r o n d a n d i a m e t e m y a b e r k i s a r d a r i 0 , 1 s a m p a i 0 , 2 m i l i m i k r o n ( W i b o w o ,
2 0 1 1 ) .
B e n t u k e l l i p s a t a u b o l a d i s e b u t c o c c u s , b a t a n g d i s e b u t b a c i l l u s ( u j u n g
m e m b u l a t , m e r u n c i n g , s a t u m e l e k a t d e n g a n y a n g l a i n s e h i n g g a s e p e r t i r a n t a i , s p i r a l
( i n d i v i d u a l ) d e n g a n u k u r a n p e n d e k , s p i r a l b e r p i l i n k e t a t , s p i r a l b e r p i l i n l o n g g a r , s p i r a l
y a n g p e n d e k d a n t i d a k l e n g k a p d i s e b u t b a k t e r i v i b r i o ( S i n t a , 2 0 0 8 ) .
M e n u r u t W i b o w o ( 2 0 1 1 ) , s p e s i e s - s p e s i e s t e r t e n t u b a k t e r i m e n u n j u k k a n
a d a n y a p o l a p e n a t a a n s e l , s e p e r t i b e r p a s a n g a n , r a n t a i , a t a u s r u k t u r . K o k u s
m e m p e r l i h a t k a n b e b e r a p a p e n a t a a n y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a , y a i t u d i p l o k o k u s ,
s t r e p t o k o k u s , t e t r a k o k u s , s t a f i l o k o k u s d a n s a r c i n a .
P e m e r i k s a a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m i k r o s k o p m o d e m m e m i n j u k a n a d a n y a
s t r u k t u r - s t r u k t u r d i l u a r d i n d i n g s e l d a n s t r u k t u r l a i n y a n g t e r b u n g k u s d i d a l a m
d i n d i n g s e l . B e b e r a p a b a g i a n s t r u k t u r u m u m d i j u m p a i p a d a s e m u a s e l s e p e r t i d i n d i n g
s e l d a n m e m b r a n s i t o p l a s m a . S t r u k t u r l a i n h a n y a a d a p a d a a t a u d i d a l a m s p e s i e s
t e r t e n t u ( S i n t a , 2 0 0 8 ) .
2. Struktur Luar Dinding Sel
M e n u r u t R a t n a ( 2 0 1 2 ) , s t r u k t u r l u a r d i n d i n g s e l t e r d i r i d a r i a ) flagela a t a u
flagelum, t e r b e n t u k d a r i flagelum y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i a t a s t u b u h d a s a r , s t r u k t u r s e p e r t i
k a i t d a n d i n d i n g s e l u n t u k m e l i h a t f l a g e l l a h a m s m e n g g u n a k a n p e w a m a a n l e i f s o n
p e n d e k d a n l e b i h b a n y a k . P i l u s ( j a m a k , p i l i ) a t a u f i m b r i a ( j a m a k , f i m b r i a e ) h a n y a
d i a m a t i d e n g a n m i k r o s k o p . c ) K a p s u l , b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i c a d a n g a n m a k a n a n . U k u r a n
t e r g a n t u n g d a r i t e m p a t t u m b u h b a k t e r i i t u , c o n t o h Klebsiella pneumonia d i k e l i l i n g i
o l e h b a h a n k e n t a l y a n g d i s e b u t k a p s u l a t a u l a p i s a n . T e r b u a t d a r i p o l y s a c h a r i d a a t a u
p o l i p e p t i d a k e d u a n y a b i a s a n y a m e n g a n d u n g a i r y a n g b a n y a k .
3. Reproduksi
B a k t e r i b e r k e m b a n g b i a k d e n g a n c a r a r e k o m b i n a s i g e n e t i k . R e k o m b i n a s i
g e n e t i k a d a l a h p e m i n d a h a n s e c a r a l a n g s u n g b a h a n g e n e t i k ( D N A ) d i a n t a r a d u a s e l
b a k t e r i m e l a l u i 3 p r o s e s s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : 1 ) T r a n s f o r m a s i , y a i t u p e r p i n d a h a n m a t e r i
g e n e t i k b e r u p a D N A d a r i s e l b a k t e r i y a n g s a t u k e s e l b a k t e r i y a n g l a i n . 2 ) T r a n s d u k s i ,
y a i t u p e m i n d a h a n m a t e r i g e n e t i k b a k t e r i k e b a k t e r i l a i n d e n g a n p e r a n t a r a a n v i m s . 3 )
K o n j u g a s i , y a i t u b e r g a b i m g n y a d u a b a k t e r i ( + d a n - ) d e n g a n m e m b e n t u k j e m b a t a n
u n t u k p e m i n d a h a n m a t e r i g e n e t i k . S e l a i n i t u , b a k t e r i j u g a m e l a k u k a n
p e r k e m b a n g b i a k a n m e l a l u i p e m b e l a h a n d i r i s e c a r a b i n e r ( l a n g s u n g ) . P a d a
p e m b e l a h a n i n i , s i f a t s e l a n a k y a n g d i h a s i l k a n s a m a d e n g a n s i f a t s e l i n d u k n y a ( R a t n a ,
2 0 1 2 ) .
4 . Pertumbuhan
S e l a n g w a k t u y a n g d i b u t u h k a n o l e h b a k t e r i ( s e l ) u n t u k m e m b e l a b d i r i d i s e b u t
w a k t u g e n e r a s i . T i d a k s e m u a s p e s i e s b a k t e r i m e m i l i k i w a k t u g e n e r a s i y a n g s a m a
u n t u k b e r k e m b a n g b i a k . W a k t u g e n e r a s i i n i j u g a t i d a k a k a n s a m a p a d a s e t i a p k o n d i s i
l i n g k u n g a n , h a l i n i s a n g a t b e r g a n t u n g p a d a c u k u p t i d a k n y a n u t r i e n s e r t a s e s u a i
f a s e y a i t u f a s e a d a p t a s i (Fase Lag), f a s e p e r t u m b u h a n (Fase Log), f a s e s t a s i o n e r
(Fase Stasioner), f a s e k e m a t i a n ( H a n d a i y a n i , 2 0 1 2 ) .
D. Jenis-jenis Mikroba Pangan
M e n u r u t K u m i a w a n ( 2 0 1 1 ) , m i k r o b a a d a l a h o r g a n i s m e m i k r o s k o p i k ( s e b a g i a n b e s a r s a t u s e l ) y a n g t e r l a l u k e c i l u n t u k d a p a t d i l i h a t m e n g g u n a k a n m a t a t e l a n j a n g . M i k r o b a b e r u k u r a n s e k i t a r s e p e r s e r i b u m i l i m e t e r ( 1 m i l i m i k r o n ) a t a u b a h k a n k u r a n g , w a l a u p u n a d a j u g a y a n g l e b i h b e s a r d a r i 5 m i l i m i k r o n . K a r e n a n y a , m i k r o b a h a n y a b i s a d i l i h a t d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n a l a t b a n t u b e m p a m i k r o s k o p . M i k r o b a y a n g d i t e m u k a n p a d a p a n g a n a d a l a h b a k t e r i d a n j a m u r . B a k t e r i d i m a n f a a t k a n p a d a p e m b u a t a n m a k a n a n d a n m i n u m a n m e l a l u i p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i a t a u p e m e r a m a n . J e n i s m i k r o b a f e r m e n t a s i y a i t u Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus lactis d a n K h a m i r .
1. Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactobacillus bulgaricus b e r b e n t u k b a t a n g d a n m e m i l i k i k e c e n d e r u n g a n m e m b e n t u k f o r m a s i u n t a i a n p a n j a n g . Lactobacillus bulgaricus j u g a m e m f e r m e n t a s i g u l a t e r u t a m a m e n j a d i a s a m l a k t a t , d a n k a r e n a i t u t e r m a s u k g o l o n g a n b a k t e r i a s a m l a k t a t . B a k t e r i i n i m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u d a r i d u a b a k t e r i y a n g d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k m e m p r o d u k s i y o g h u r t d a n s u s u f e r m e n t a s i l a i n n y a , d a n m e m i l i k i p e r a n p e n t i n g d a l a m p e n g e m b a n g a n k u a l i t a s o r g a n o l e p t i k , h i g i e n i s d a n p r o b i o t i k p r o d u k - p r o d u k t e r s e b u t ( J a t i , 2 0 1 1 ) .
s u h u 3 7 C a t a u l e b i h . S p e s i e s y a n g t e r g o l o n g Lactohacillus bulgaricus d a n
Lactobacillus casei. B a k t e r i y a n g t e r g o l o n g h e t e r o f e r m e n t a t i f m e m e c a h g u l a m e n j a d i a s a m l a k t a t d a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k l a i n s e p e r t i a l k o h o l , a s e t a t d a n k a r b o n d i o k s i d a .
M e n u r u t Z a r e m a n i a ( 2 0 1 1 ) , k l a s i f i k a s i b a k t e r i Lactobacillus bulgaricus
s e c a r a u m u m s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
K i n g d o m : B a c t e r i a D i v i s i o : F i m i c u t e s C U a s i s : B a c i l l i
O r d o : L a c t o b a c i l l a l e s F a m i l i a : L a c t o b a c i i l a c e a e G e n u s : L a c t o b a c i l l u s
S p e c i e s : Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactobacillus bulgaricus m e r u p a k a n b a k t e r i g r a m p o s i t i f ( k a t a l a s e n e g a t i f ,
t i d a k b e r s p o r a , u n i s e l u l e r , a n a e r o b , h e t e r o t r o p i k , t u m b u h b a i k p a d a m e d i a b e r i s i
k a r b o h i d r a t d a n e k s t r a k yeast). T u m b u h o p t i m u m p a d a p H 5 , 5 d a n a k a n t e r h e n t i
p e r t u m b u h a n n y a p a d a p H 3 , 5 - 3 , 8 . S u h u p e r t u m b u h a n o p t i m u m u n t u k Lactobacillus
bulgaricus p a d a 4 2 ^ 5 ° C d i p e r l i b a t k a n p a d a G a m b a r 2 . 2 .
Gambar 2.2 Lactobacillus bulgaricus
2. Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus casei a d a l a h b a k t e r i g r a m p o s i t i f , a n a e r o b , t i d a k m e m i l i k i a l a t
g e r a k , t i d a k m e n g h a s i l k a n s p o r a , b e r b e n t u k b a t a n g d a n m e n j a d i s a l a h s a t u b a k t e r i
y a n g b e r p e r a n p e n t i n g d a l a m p e n c e m a a n . Lactobacillus a d a l a h b a k t e r i y a n g b i s a
m e m e c a h p r o t e i n , k a r b o h i d r a t , d a n l e m a k d a l a m m a k a n a n , d a n m e n o l o n g p e n y e r a p a n
e l e m e n p e n t i n g d a n n u t r i s i s e p e r t i m i n e r a l , a s a m a m i n o , d a n v i t a m i n y a n g d i b u t u h k a n
m a n u s i a d a n h e w a n i m t u k b e r t a h a n h i d u p . B a k t e r i i n i b e r u k u r a n 0 , 7 - 1 , 1 x 2 , 0 - 4 , 0
p m d a n m e m p a k a n b a k t e r i y a n g p e n t i n g d a l a m p e m b e n t u k a n a s a m l a k t a t . S e p e r t i
b a k t e r i a s a m l a k t a t l a i n , Lactobacillus casei t o l e r a n t e r h a d a p a s a m , t i d a k b i s a
m e n s i n t e s i s p e r f i r i n , d a n m e l a k u k a n f e r m e n t a s i d e n g a n a s a m l a k t a t s e b a g a i m e t a b o l i t
a k h i r y a n g u t a m a . B a k t e r i i n i m e m b e n t u k g e r o m b o l a n d a n m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n d a r i
s p e s i e s h e t e r o f e r m e n t a t i f f a k u l t a t i f ( E v i l l y a , 2 0 1 2 ) .
M e n u m t S a p u t r a ( 2 0 1 0 ) , k l a s i f i k a s i b a k t e r i Lactobacillus casei s e c a r a u m u m
s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
K i n g d o m : B a c t e r i a D i v i s i o : F i m i c u t e s C U a s i s : B a c i l l i
O r d o : L a c t o b a c i l l a l e s F a m i l i a : L a c t o b a c i i l a c e a e G e n u s : L a c t o b a c i l l u s S p e c i e s : Lactobacillus casei
M e n u r u t E v i l l y a ( 2 0 1 2 ) , p e r t u m b u h a n Lactobacillus casei p a d a s u h u o p t i m u m
37°C, d a n m e m b u t u h k a n r i b o f l a v i n , a s a m f o l a t , k a l s i u m p a n t o t e n a t , d a n f a k t o r
p e r t u m b u h a n l a i n . Lactobacillus casei a d a l a h s p e s i e s y a n g m u d a h b e r a d a p t a s i , d a n
b i s a d i i s o l a s i d a r i p r o d u k t e m a k s e g a r d a n f e r m e n t a s i , p r o d u k p a n g a n s e g a r d a n
p r o b i o t i k m a n u s i a , k u l t u r s t a r t e r p e m r o d u k s i a s a m u n t u k f e r m e n t a s i s u s u , d a n k u l t u r
k h a s u n t u k i n t e n s i f i k a s i d a n a k s e l e r a s i p e r k e m b a n g a n r a s a d a l a m v a r i e t a s k e j u y a n g d i b u b u h i b a k t e r i d i p e r l i b a t k a n p a d a G a m b a r 2 . 3 .
Gambar 2.3 Lactobacillus casei Sumber: Aguskrisno (2012).
3. Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus m e m i l i k i b e n t u k s e l y a n g b u l a t a t a u e l i p s d e n g a n
d i a m e t e r 0 , 7 - 0 , 9 m i l i m i k r o n t u m b u h s e c a r a b e r p a s a n g a n a t a u b e r b e n t u k r a n t a i
p e n d e k . Streptococcus thermophilus m e m f e r m e n t a s i g u l a t e r u t a m a m e n j a d i a s a m
l a k t a t , k a r e n a i t u t e r m a s u k g o l o n g a n b a k t e r i a s a m l a k t a t . B a k t e r i i n i m e r u p a k a n
b a k t e r i y a n g d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k m e m p r o d u k s i y o g h u r t d a n s u s u f e r m e n t a s i l a i n n y a ,
d a n m e m i l i k i p e r a n p e n t i n g t e r u t a m a d a l a m p e m b e n t u k a n t e k s t u r d a n c i t a r a s a y o g h u r t
( J a t i , 2 0 1 1 ) .
M e n u r u t Z a r e m a n i a ( 2 0 1 1 ) , k l a s i f i k a s i b a k t e r i Streptococcus thermophilus
K i n g d o m : B a c t e r i a D i v i s i o : F i m i c u t e s C U a s i s : B a c i l l i
O r d o : L a c t o b a c i l l a l e s F a m i l i a : S t r e p t o c o c c a c e a e G e n u s : S t r e p t o c o c c u s
S p e c i e s : Streptococcus thermophilus
M e n u r u t J a t i ( 2 0 1 1 ) , Streptococcus thermophilus m e r u p a k a n b a k t e r i g r a m
p o s i t i f , k a t a l a s e n e g a t i f , t i d a k b e r s p o r a , u n i s e l u l e r , a n a e r o b , b e t e r o t r o p i k , t u m b u h
b a i k p a d a m e d i a b e r i s i k a r b o h i d r a t d a n e k s t r a k k h a m i r . T u m b u h o p t i m u m p a d a p H
6 , 5 d a n a k a n t e r h e n t i p e r t u m b u h a n n y a p a d a p H 4 , 2 - 4 , 4 . S u h u p e r t u m b u h a n o p t i m u m
u n t u k Streptococcus thermophilus 3 7 - 4 2 ' ' C d i p e r l i b a t k a n p a d a G a m b a r 2 . 4 .
^ cF
Gambar 2.4 Streptococcus thermophilus
Sumber: Jati (2011).
4. Streptococcus lactis
M e n u r u t I d a f i ( 2 0 0 9 ) , Streptococcus lactis b e r p e r a n d a l a m p e m b u a t a n
m e n t e g a , k e j u d a n y o g h u r t . P a d a p e m b u a t a n y o g h u r t , b a k t e r i Streptococcus
b e k e r j a s a m a d e n g a n b a k t e r i Lactobacillus. B a k t e r i Lactobacillus b e r p e r a n d a l a m
p e m b e n t u k a n a r o m a y o g h u r t , s e d a n g k a n b a k t e r i Streptococcus lactis b e r p e r a n d a l a m
b u l a t ( k o k u s ) , a t a u l e b i h j e l a s n y a m a s u k k e d a l a m k e l o m p o k s t r e p t o k o k u s y a i t u
b a k t e r i b e r b e n t u k b o l a y a n g b e r k e l o m p o k m e m a n j a n g b e r b e n t u k r a n t a i d i p e r l i b a t k a n
p a d a G a m b a r 2.5.
Gambar 2.5 Streptococcus lactis
Sumber: Idafi ( 2009).
M e n u r u t F a r d i a z ( 1 9 9 2 ) , s e m u a b a k t e r i y a n g t u m b u h p a d a m a k a n a n b e r s i f a t
h e t e r o t r o p i k , y a i t u m e m b u t u h k a n z a t o r g a n i k u n t u k p e r t u m b u h a n n y a . D a l a m
m e t a b o i i s m e n y a b a k t e r i h e t e r o t r o p i k m e n g g u n a k a n p r o t e i n , k a r b o h i d r a t , l e m a k d a n
k o m p o n e n m a k a n a n l a i n n y a s e b a g a i s u m b e r k a r b o n d a n e n e r g i i m t u k
p e r t u m b u h a r m y a . B e b e r a p a b a k t e r i d a p a t m e n g o k s i d a s i k a r b o h i d r a t s e c a r a l e n g k a p
m e n j a d i C O 2 d a n H 2 O , a t a u m e m e c a h n y a m e n j a d i a s a m , a l k o h o l a l d h i d a a t a u k e t o n .
B a k t e r i j u g a d a p a t m e m e c a h p r o t e i n y a n g t e r d a p a t d i d a l a m m a k a n a n m e n j a d i
p o l i p e p t i d a , a s a m a m i n o d a n a m o n i a .
H a l i n i d i k a r e n a k a n p a d a p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i t a p e k e t a n h i t a m b a n y a k j e n i s
m i k r o b a y a n g b e r p e r a n l a n g s u n g , d e n g a n a d a n y a b a n y a k j e n i s m i k r o b a t e r s e b u t m a k a
m i k r o b a i t u l a h y a n g m e n g h a s i l k a n p r o t e i n p a d a s u a t u p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i . H a s i l
b a h w a p e n a m b a h a n g u l a b e r p e n g a r u h s e c a r a s i g n i f i k a n t e r h a d a p k a d a r p r o t e i n
Y o g u r t . S e l a i n i t u , p e n e l i t i a n G i a n t i ( 2 0 1 0 ) j u g a m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a s e m a k i n t i n g g i
p e n a m b a h a n g u l a a k a n m e n i n g k a t k a n p H d a n m e n u r u n k a n k e a s a m a n p a d a s u s u y a n g
d i f e r m e n t a s i . S e l a n j u t n y a , S a d i m a n ( 2 0 1 2 ) m e n j e l a s k a n b a h w a p e n c a m p u r a n g u l a
p a s i r d a n a i r a l a u p u n s u s u a k a n m e m b e n t u k s u a t u l a r u t a n , y a i t u c a m p u r a n a n t a r a z a t
t e r l a r u t d a n p e l a r u t . Z a t t e r l a r u t a d a l a h z a t y a n g d i l a r u l k a n k e d a l a m z a t p e l a r u t d a n
j u m l a b n y a l e b i h s e d i k i t d a r i p a d a z a t p e l a r u t .
5. Khamir (Yeast)
P r a t i w i ( 2 0 1 0 ) , Saccharomyces cerevisiae m e m i l i k i p e r a n a n p e n t i n g d a l a m
k e h i d u p a n m a n u s i a . J a m u r i n i d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p r o s e s f e r m e n t a s i p a d a p e m b u a t a n
t a p e , r o t i , d a n p e m b u a t a n m i n u m a n b e r a l k o h o l . P a d a p e m b u a t a n m i n u m a n
b e r a l k o h o l , k a d a r a l k o h o l y a n g t e r b e n t u k d i b a t a s i o l e h p e n g h a m b a t a n a k t i v i t a s
k h a m i r p a d a k a d a r y a n g b e r b e d a , y a i t u 3 % - 5 % p a d a p e m b u a t a n b i r d a n h i n g g a 1 4 %
p a d a p e m b u a t a n m i n u m a n a n g g u r . J i k a m i n u m a n b e r a l k o h o l m e m i l i k i k a d a r l e b i h
d a r i i t u b e r a r t i k e d a l a m n y a d i t a m b a h a l k o h o l a t a u d i f e r m e n t a s i l a n j u t d e n g a n
d e s t i l a s i . P a d a p e m b u a t a n r o t i , g a s C 0 2 y a n g t e r b e n t u k a k i b a t p r o s e s p e r a g i a n
m e n y e b a b k a n a d o n a n m e n g e m b a n g n y a d a n a l k o h o l y a n g t e r b e n t u k a k a n h i l a n g
