IV. MEDIA GEOGRAFI PERTANIAN TIPE PERTANIAN

(1)

Geografi Pertanian

Tipe Pertanian

Geografi Pertanian

(2)

Perkembangan Pertanian

• Hunter-Gatherers

• Neolithic Revolution

– Domestication of Plants and Animals

– Diffusion of Agriculture

• Agricultural Industrialization

• The “Green Revolution”

– Hybrids, scientific application of fertilizer,

pesticide, and water

• Modern Agribusiness

(3)

Neolithic Revolution

Primary effects:



Urbanization



Social stratification



Occupational specialization



Increased population densities

Secondary effects:



Endemic diseases



Famine

(4)

Origins of Agriculture

Which of these areas are considered cultural

hearths?

(5)

Contemporary Food Consumption

(6)

(7)

(8)

Developed Countries Undercut Free

Markets in Agriculture

•

Farmers in the developed

world are paid an average

of 2/3 more than the free

market would provide.

•

These subsidies to the

world’s richest farmers

directly damage the

(9)

Agricultural Revolutions

Technology allows much greater production

(surplus) with less human labor, but often

has high social and environmental costs.



Metal plows, Reapers, Cotton Gin



Tractors (Internal Combustion

Engine)



Combines



Chemical Pesticides/Fertilizers



Hybrid Crops

(10)

Agribusiness:

The

industrialization of agriculture



Modern commercial farming is very

dependent on inputs of chemical fertilizer,

pesticides, herbicides.



Oil is required to make fertilizer and

pesticides.



It takes 10 calories of energy to create 1

calorie of food in modern agriculture.



Small farmer can’t buy needed equipment

and supplies.



Fewer than 2% of U.S. population works in

(11)

Classifying Agricultural Regions

Subsistence

Agriculture

• Shifting Cultivation

• Pastoral Nomadism

• Intensive

Subsistence

Agriculture

Commercial

Agriculture

• Mixed Crop and

Livestock Farming

• Dairy Farming

• Grain Farming

• Livestock Ranching

• Mediterranean

Agriculture

(12)

(13)

Shifting Cultivation

Vegetation “slashed” and

then burned. Soil remains

fertile for 2-3 years. Then

people move on.



where: tropical rainforests.

Amazon, Central and West

Africa, Southeast Asia



Crops: upland rice (S.E.

Asia), maize and manioc

(S. America), millet and

sorghum (Africa)

(14)

Perladangan Berpindah

 Lahan ditanami berpindah secara berkala, sehingga lahan yang

telah dipanen sebelumnya dibiarkan bera dan menjadi hutan kembali kemudian akan ditanami lagi setelah siklus waktu tertentu

 _{Dijumpai di wilayah hutan tropik basah (di Indonesia: di sebagian}

daerah Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Irian dan sebagian kecil Sumatra)

 _{Lahan adalah milik bersama dan dikuasai oleh kelompok sosial}

( suku). Kepala suku/adat umumnya menentukan lahan yang boleh dimanfaatkan oleh setiap keluarga/anggota sukunya.

 Masa regenerasi perpindahan akan mempertahankan kesuburan

lahan, kalau hal itu berlangsung cukup lama dan jumlah penduduk sedikit.

 Pekerjaan dilakukan keluarga, pembagian kerja menurut adat

(15)

Pastoral Nomadism

The breeding and herding

of domesticated animals

for subsistence.



where:

arid and semi-arid

areas

of N. Africa, Middle East,

Central Asia



animals: Camel, Goats, Sheep,

Cattle



transhumance:

seasonal

migrations from highlands to

lowlands

Most nomads are being

pressured into sedentary life

as land is used for agriculture

or mining.

Bedouin Shepherd

(16)

Penggembalaan Berpindah



Merupakan tipe penggembalaan dimana ternak

digiring secara periodik ke padang rumput



Dua sistim utama penggembalaan berpindah : (1)

Sistim tranchumance - imigrasi secara periodik

kawanan hewan milik orang yang hidup menetap, (2)

Sistim pastoral nomadism---penggembalaan oleh

kelompok sosial (suku atau keluarga besar) dengan

hewan gembalanya melewati wilayah suku berupa

padang rumput yang umumnya dimiliki atas dasar

tradisi dan kekuasaan



Ternak--cadangan pemenuhan kebutuhan sendiri dan

saat nomadik serta sebagai simbol martabat



Penggembalaan berpindah nampaknya masih bisa

dilacak di wilayah Indonesia bagian timur terutama

untuk daerah-daerah padang rumput di Nusa

(17)

Intensive Subsistence

Agriculture

The Fields of Bali

•

Wet Rice Dominant



where: S.E. Asia, E. India,

S.E. China



very labor intensive

production of rice,

including transfer to

sawah, or paddies



most important source of

food in Asia



grown on flat, or

terraced land

Double cropping

is

used in warm winter

areas of S. China and

Taiwan

(18)

Pertanian Keluarga

 Hak milik dan hak pakai ada di tangan masing-masing

keluarga. Pengelolaan dan pekerjaan dilakukan oleh keluarga yang memiliki lahan pertanian, dan dengan

demikian tidak terikat kepada kelompok sosial yang lebih besar

 Lahan adalah faktor pemersatu dalam sistim sosial

pedesaan sekaligus sebagai landasan kehidupan, faktor produksi, kemakmuran dan tempat tinggal.

 Sesuai dengan tradisi, lahan tidak dijual, melainkan

dimanfaatkan dan kemudian diwariskan kepada generasi berikutnya (keberlanjutan generasi)---- keep in mind of family farming in Japan case !!!!

 Jika luas cukup--memenuhi kebutuhan kel. tani--

(19)

Pertanian Feodalistik

• _{Feodalisme--stratifikasi sosial-kepemilikan aset:} _{Dua tipe}

pertanian feodalistik yaitu (1) feodalisme persewaan dan (2) latufundia (hacienda)

• _{Feodalisme Persewaan-- kekuasaan ekonomi sbg dasar tuan}

tanah untuk menguasai petani kecil dan landless. Petani kecil-

terpaksa membayar sewa tinggi, tergantung secara pribadi pada pemilik aset besar-terjadi konsentrasi pemilikan modal

• _{Bagi tuan tanah-lahan sbg. kekayaan untuk disewakan dan}

juga martabat dan kekuasaan -baca buku James Scott (Moral Economy).

• _{Latufundia -pemilikan lahan yang luar biasa}_{luasnya (exp.}

Amerika Latin). Bentuk hacienda (facenda)- UU kolonial yang

memperbolehkan kerja paksa/ pemberian hadiah lahan bagi jasa kemiliteran

• _{Lahan merupakan sumber kehormatan, kekuasaan, dan}

(20)

(21)

Commercial Agriculture

Value-Added



Very little of the

value of most

commercial products

comes from the raw

materials



“adding value” is

the key to high profit

margins

(22)

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Farming

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Where:

Ohio to Dakotas, centered on

Iowa; much of Europe from France to

Russia



crops: corn (most common), soybeans



In U.S. 80% of grain production is fed to pigs

and cattle!



Highly inefficient use of natural resourc

es



Pounds of grain to make 1 lb. beef: 10

(23)

Pertanian Kapitalistik

•

Tipe pertanian kapitalistik yang paling penting di

negara yang sedang berkembang adalah

plantation /esatate /“perkebunan”.

•

Sebuah perkebunan ialah sebuah pertanian yang

berskala besar yang mengutamakan tanaman

tahunan misalnya pohon, semak atau perdu,

seringkali sistim penanamannya satu jenis

(monokultur)--- sawit, karet, cengkeh, kopi, dll

•

Hasilnya biasanya diolah secara industri di pabrik

pengolahan perkebunan itu sendiri dan diarahkan

untuk ekspor---- mendahulukan kepentingan asing

dan merupakan suatu gugus yang tertutup –ada

(24)

Pertanian Kolektif



Didalam pertanian kolektif , produksi

telah diserahkan kepada rakyat dan

produksi direncanakan oleh negara.



Pertanian kolektif umumnya bukan

hanya merupakan sistim ekonomi tetapi

lebih merupakan pandangan hidup

(25)

Pertanian Komunistik

• _{Sindrom politik atau etika keagamaan. Contoh—China}

komune/masyarakat memunyai satu bentuk kolektif yang meliputi semua sektor kehidupan dan ekonomi tidak hanya terbatas peda sektor pert. saja.

• _{Kesatuan ini dapat mencapai luas sebuah desa mancakup}

produksi pertanian dan industri, jasa, pendidikan, pelayanan kesehatan, kebudayaan, administrasi dan masalah-masalah politik maupun aspek-aspek konsumsi dan kehidupan

pribadi.

• _{Tata kerja diatur ketat menyerupai militer. Kebutuhan dasar} diatur atas persamaan hak dan dipenuhi oleh upah dasar

dalam bentuk uang kontan dan natura berupa makanan pokok maupun pembebanan biaya pendidikan, pelayanan kesehatan dan sebagainya.

• _{Perbedaan pendapatan --- antar}_komune_--_Penggunaan

(26)

Pertanian Sosialistik



Ideologi sosialistik--- pemikiran pribadi atas

lahan mengarah pada “pemerataan”.



Pertanian sosialistik memiliki konsepsi bahwa

pertanian kecil telah ketinggalan oleh kemajuan

teknik dan oleh karena itu harus digabungkan

dengan unit-unit ekonomi yang besar --

perencanaan produksi yang ketat oleh

pemerintah Contoh: Rusia -

kolkhoz,

pengendalian produksi

dibawah pengaruh negara

namun negara tidak diharuskan menanggung

resiko ekonomi – membawa perbaikan pada

sebagian kelompok rumah tangga yang

berpenghasilan rendah --

Kelemahan: terjadi

(27)

Dairy Farming

Where: near urban

areas in N.E.

United States,

Southeast Canada,

N.W. Europe

- Over 90% of cow’s milk is produced in developed countries. Value is added

as cheese, yogurt, etc.

Dairy Farm,

Wisconsin

Von Thunen’s theories are the beginning of location economics and analysis (1826)

Locational Theory : butter and cheese more common than milk with increasing distance from cities and in West.

(28)

Prairie Cereal Farming

Where: worldwide in semi-arid

midlatitudes, but U.S. and Russia

predominant

Crops: wheat



winter wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma



spring wheat: Dakotas, Montana, southern

Canada

(29)

(30)

Livestock Ranching

Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western

U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain

and Portugal.

History: initially open range, now sedentary

with transportation changes.

Environmental effects:

1) overgrazing has

damaged much of the

world’s arid grasslands

(< 1% of U.S. remain!)

2) destruction of the

rainforest is motivated

by Brazilian desires for

fashionable cattle

(31)

Where: areas surrounding the

Mediterranean, California, Oregon, Chile,

South Africa, Australia

Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is

mountainous.

• Highly valuable crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and

vegetables; winter wheat

• California: high quality land is being lost to

suburbanization; initially offset by irrigation

(32)

Commercial

Gardening and Fruit

Farming

Where:

U.S. Southeast, New

England, near cities around

the world

• crops:

high profit vegetables

and fruits demanded by

wealthy urban populations:

apples, asparagus, cherries,

lettuce, tomatoes, etc.

• mechanization:

such

truck

farming

is highly

mechanized and labor costs

are further reduced by the

use of cheap immigrant

(and illegal) labor.

• distribution:

situated near

(33)

• large scale

mono-cropping

of profitable

products not able to be grown in Europe or

U.S.

• where:

tropical lowland Periphery

• crops:

cotton, sugar cane, coffee, rubber,

cocoa, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil.

What are potential problems with this type of

agriculture?

Environmental? Social?

(34)

Making

Sense of

the Map of

US

(35)

(36)



Green Revolution History



Acreage and Yield Trends



Technical Problems



Ethical Issues

The term

green revolution

refers to the development and

(37)

1943 Rockefeller Foundation

begins

work on short stature hybrid corn in

Mexico

1960s Hybrid strains

of rice, wheat, and

corn show great success in S.E. Asia,

and Latin America.

1970 Head of Mexican corn program,

Borlaug, wins Nobel Peace Prize

1990s

Growth in food supply

continues,

but

slows

to below the rate of

(38)

Gains were made by:

•

Dwarf varieties: plants are bred to

allocate more of their photosynthetic

output to grain and less to vegetative

parts.

•

Planting in closer rows, allowed by

herbicides, increases yields.

•

Bred to be less sensitive to day

length, thus double-cropping is more

plausible.

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

Technical and Resource Limitation

Problems

• Heavy Use of Fresh Water

• High Dependence on Technology and

Machinery Provided/Sold by Core

Countries

• Heavy Use of Pesticides and Fertilizer

(and associated pollution and waste)

• Reduced Genetic Diversity /

Increased Blight Vulnerability

(49)

(50)

Ethical Issues

•

Starvation of many prevented, but extra food

may lead to higher birth rates.

•

Life expectancy in less developed countries

increased by 10 years in less than two decades

(43 in 1950’s to 53 in 1970’s).

•

Dependency on core countries increased;

rich-poor gap increased.

•

Wealthy farmers and multinational companies do

well, small farmers become wage laborers or

unemployed – dependent.

•

More at risk? More people malnourished/starving

today than in 1950 (but lower as a percentage).

(51)

(52)

“Our incredible successes as a species are largely derived

from this choice, but the biggest threats to our existence

stem from the same decision.”

Jared Diamond, 1999



Emergence of new human diseases from animal

diseases

(i.e. smallpox, measles)

• Dense urban populations allow spread/persistence of disease



Lower standard of living for many people.

• Archaeological evidence of serious mal-nourishment among early farmers.

• Many modern impoverished and malnourished farmers. • Famine virtually non-existent in hunter-gatherer societies.



Increased susceptibility to plant blights and increased

dependence on complex economic systems.



Environmental degradation

• topsoil loss (75% in U.S.), desertification, eutrophication, PCBs in fish, DDT and other pesticides

(53)

Biotechnology in

Agriculture

• Cloning

• Recombinant DNA

(54)

Biotechnology in

Agriculture

• Potential Benefits of Genetic

Engineering of Crops

– Increased Yields

– Increased Nutritional Value in Some

Staple Crops (e.g., Vitamin A added to

Rice)

• Strong Political Resistance in Europe

and Among Environmentalists

Worldwide

(55)

Future Challenges

• World Population Expected to Increase

to 10-12 Billion Before Stabilizing

• Food Production Already Exerting

Extreme Environmental Pressures

– 25% of All Greenhouse Gas Release in

U.S. is from Agriculture. That’s more than

all transport.

– Much Soil is Already Badly Damaged

• Developed Countries Still Undermining

3

rd

World Agriculture with Subsidies