Poverty and Social Development.

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SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE

DEVELOPMENT

Edited by:

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin

Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University

Foreword by:

Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)

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ii Sociology and Welfare Development

First Published May, 2015

Published By

Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University

In Cooperation With

Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558

E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com

ISBN: 978-602-9276-56-5

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staf, Directorate of Spatial Planning and Land Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006) and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht University.

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

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vi Sociology and Welfare Development

HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.

Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from University of Padjadjaran. Some scientiic papers had been published at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at Bandung City.

Desi Yunita, oicially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and focusing the research on development and environmental problem.

Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University.

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Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research interest surrounds the ield of Social Psychology. She was a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university. She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with UNICEF.

Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD

Mohd Tauik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches

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Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 – 2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization (SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012), District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@ rocketmail.com.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Welfare Development. he publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.

he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success.

Wassalam.

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FOREWORD

Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)

Head of Research&Development Ministry of Home Afairs,Republic ofIndonesia

First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and should be achieved soon. he government and all stakeholders are pushed to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals.

his book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches to build Indonesian future. his compilation chapter divided into ifteen chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations. Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle.

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welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. his is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia is a religious country.

Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has more than thirty years professional experiences in the ield of social and political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope, the collaboration between the agency of research and development in the Ministry of Home Afairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more efective, fruitful and sustain in the future.

hank you and Wassalam.

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INTRODUCTION

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful

his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, sociology to develop human welfare. he main objective of the Sociology and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human welfare.

his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social science can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives. he various theme have been selected are discussed from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand with a core idea namely welfare development.

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policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small.

In the third chapter focus onhuman geography and planning as part of human life. Sociologically, this study concludesthat the relationships between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region (JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. here are both direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena which inally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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obtained inancial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT.

Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such, the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action, be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation. Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of implementing programs towards a more dynamic and lexible approach in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders, and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the organizers.

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rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and teachers of the rural schools as well.

Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens extensively in diferent parts of the world. Due to psychological and biological immaturity, children are insuiciently mature to make an informed decision about a life partner.

his book examines the welfare development issues in the broader “sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

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Readers guide

his chapter explains the wider concepts of poverty and the role of social development in Indonesia. Poverty reduction in Indonesia is still a top priority as part of the holistic programme in poverty eradication eforts. Nevertheless, poverty at the same time connotes social exclusion and a deprivation of the basic human rights in getting a decent life. his marginalized population is often excluded from the mainstream society. he Indonesian government regards social development as dependent on the development of the whole person. his chapter focuses on the poverty dynamics and the signiicant social changes in the process of development of the nation. However, social development programme by itself is comprehensive has changed the poverty alleviation policies from a macro top-down

Poverty

and Social

Development

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum, Indri Indarwati

Chapter

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approach to a community or household participatory approach. he existence of the current social development with efective social capital and enforcement of human rights and social security are expected to improve the social justice and social welfare of the people in Indonesia.

Introduction

Poverty in Indonesia is recognized internationally, and has been an area where many practitioners, policy makers, international donors and scholars interested in. Most of the poverty research in Indonesia generally has acknowledged that poverty is a dynamic phenomenon since the poor is a human being that is growing and changing over time. Social development programme by the government of Indonesia itself has changed the poverty alleviation policies from a macro top-down approach into a community or household participatory approach (Villanger and Enes, 2004). Below are illustration regarding the development of poverty eradication policies in Indonesia.

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MICRO POVERTY DATA

Targetting

Household (HH) 2005 (PSE 05) 2008 (PPLS 2008)

000 HH % 000 HH %

Very Poor 3.894,3 20,4 2.989,9 17,1

Poor 8.237,0 43,1 6.828,8 39,1

NEAR POOR 6.969,6 36,5 7.665,3 43,8

TOTAL 19.100,9 100,0 17.484,0 100,0

Source:

National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), conducted every March, number of sampel 68,000 HH Kecuk Suhariyanto, Director Of Statistical Analysis And Development, Bps-Statistics Indonesia 2011

he two pictures above shows, irst that data macro the x-axis is the development of the problem of poverty. Trend of the problem of poverty has declined from 2006 to 2014. he cause is the presence of several

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programs and activities organized by the various ministries. Besided that data micro; the claim targets addressing poverty in Indonesia implemented by various government sectors. he main target is the poor, near-poor and very poor.

In the last 10 years, the government has innovated and implemented several policies to alleviate chronic poverty such as educational subsidy

(Bantuan Operasional Sekolah), scholarships, conditional cash transfers, community empowerment programmes (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat), credits for small-medium enterprises (microinance) and infrastructure development projects (Program Pengembangan Kecamatan). In addition, Government also provides social safety nets to protect the poor from some external shocks through distributing subsidized rice (RASKIN), cash transfers (Bantuan Langsung Tunai) and health insurance targeted to the poor (ASKESKIN). hose policies are deliberated to cope with transient poverty. Sparrow, Suryahadi and Widyanti (2010) using the Susenas panel 2005 and 2006 showed that health insurance targeted to the poor (ASKESKIN) improves access to healthcare in that it increases utilization of outpatient healthcare among the poor. hus, this policy would potentially protect households falling into the transitory poor category due to health shocks.

Development strategy in Indonesia is growth, job and pro-poor, However, the efectiveness of these policies in alleviating poverty is still need to re-scrutinized. Evaluating the impact of poverty alleviation policies in the static term or short period can be diicult since for some policies there is a lag between policy implementation and the results of the policy emerging. Further, it is generally acknowledged that the impact of human capital investment such as education and health on household welfare cannot be investigated immediately.

POVERTY DYNAMIC AND ITS IMPLICATION

Poverty, Social Exclusion and Human Rights?

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of food vary from one group to another and it is linked to the context in which one lives (Townsend, 2008). De Haan and Maxwell (1998) raise issue for the need for two concepts. “So then why do we need the concept of social exclusion? Our existing concepts of poverty are broad enough to encompass the multi-dimensional concerns of the social exclusion school: and our explanations of poverty certainly cover much of the same territory”. In answering the query raised, three key issues are identiied. Firstly the exclusion ofers a framework which includes the institutional processes causing deprivation. Secondly the exclusion embodies the issues of social justice which would be a useful tool to investigate the issues connected to the poverty in developed world. Finally it would help to open up grounds for a new dialogue, as exclusion will provide opportunities to discuss the comparisons, convergence and connections.

Poverty has traditionally been deined as low income. Amartya Sen, has pushed for an understanding of poverty that moves away from an income-based measure towards a broader conception of human development (Vizard, 2006). However, poor people generally see poverty through its diferent manifestations of deprivation: “hunger, undernutrition, illiteracy, lack of access to basic health services, social discrimination, physical insecurity and social and political exclusion”. hey are also acutely aware of their lack of voice and power that leaves them are open to be exploitated and humiliation. Poverty means “deiciency in necessary properties or desirable qualities” and it is thus not limited to being in a state of need or lack of means of subsistence (situations which determine the extent of inancial need of a person / group). Being impoverished is more than lacking inancial means. It is inadequacy, destitution and deprivation of economic, political, and social and human resources. In broader perspective shows that poverty is multidimensional.

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and anti-poverty policies and can help policy makers identify policies that efectively help households to move away from poverty.

Is Poverty A Human Rights Violation?

Poverty is an assault on human dignity, but it can also relected a violation of human rights when it is the direct consequence of government policy or is caused by the failure of governments to act. A human rights approach to poverty calls for a paradigm shift in how we understand and address poverty. Poverty is a cause and consequence of human rights violations, while others contend that “Poverty is itself a violation of Human Rights”. hese arguments, which are not necessarily mutually exclusive, suggest that violations of human rights can be cause, consequence or constitutive element of poverty (CESR Human Rights Insights (2008) :

Cause

• : his suggests that poverty causes human rights violations – those living in extreme poverty are not treated as human beings worthy of human rights, and are discriminated against, often exploited, marginalized and stigmatized, and denied access to rights and resources on the basis of their poverty.

Consequence

• : his suggests that poverty is a consequence of human rights violations or in other words, that human rights violations cause poverty. Violations of human rights e.g. forced eviction from homes or land, or the destruction or denial of access to productive resources can clearly cause poverty.

Constitutive

• : his argument suggests that poverty, especially extreme poverty, is in itself a negation of human dignity and therefore a denial of human rights. Under this view, it is unacceptable to let any human being live in conditions of degrading deprivation, as neither their physical well-being nor their human dignity is protected.

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with poverty will be framed in a very diferent way than if human rights are understood to include the full range of rights, including economic and social rights. Similarly, when the deinition of poverty is broadened to include the deprivation of capabilities, then its relationship with the negation of human rights, especially economic and social rights, becomes clearer. Many have argued that it is simplistic to suggest that all people living in poverty have sufered from a human rights violation. his would be problematic because it again simply conlates poverty and human rights, treating them as one and the same thing.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE?

Urgency of Social Policy Approach

Social policy is especially pertinent, indeed critical, for achievement of the social development. Kohler & Keane (2006) mentioned that if it addresses these multiple roles, social policy can be considered transformative. Transformative social policy aims to enable all people to equally access their fundamental entitlements, secure and sustain a decent quality of life, and realize their full potential. It addresses the root causes and multidimensionality of poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. Transformative social policy is based on the human rights principles of universalism, equality and non-discrimination, inter-dependence and interrealatedness, accountability and the rule of law, participation and inclusion, and indivisibility. A human right base approach to social policy strengthens the capacities of rights-holders to claim their entitlement and duty bearers to fulill their obligations, and is therefore empowering (Makmur Sunusi, 2012).

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Social development have some objectives to social justice and social welfare. Deacon (2006) argues that altruism can contribute to social justice and social welfare in a country by the way: reduce social inequalities - which is a prerequisite to the formation of a common culture and also to the formation of a harmonious social relations and prosperous in the country. DuBois and Miley (2005) deine social welfare as those social provisions and processes directly concerned with the prevention and treatment of social problems, the development of human resources and the improvement of quality of life. Both deinitions basically delineate that social welfare is an institution or a ield of activities involving organized activities carried out by government and private institutions aimed to preventing and addressing social problems as well as at improving the quality of life of individuals, groups, and society. However, redistribution can and must be achieved through social services are not discriminated members of society, but rather, can / able to instill a sense of belonging. Welfare system to regulate or tightly managed by the government through a rigid case management system known as paternalistic welfare. Paternalistic welfare is illustrated by the following ive characteristics government orders, responsibility of the government to the welfare of its people live, good citizens, embedding social obligations along with political rights - to form a civil society. Government to act as enforcement agents, agents make a direction and drive-way (direction) and monitoring (Siti Hajar Abubakar Ah, Abd. Hadi Zakaria, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, 2012).

Social Welfare in Indonesia:

What Goes Wrong & What Should be Done ?

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labor, etc) accounting for more than 11 millions people (MOSA, 2009). However, amid the on‐going progress, the progress of other countries is faster than Indonesia (Husodo, 2006; Suharto, 2008). As a country with remarkable natural resources and the potentials of comparative advantages, the downside of Indonesia’s development should make us aware that something is wrong in the development and the management of this country. In short and with reference to the Indonesia’s development strategy and the issues of social welfare development, there is a number of factors explaining why the country still faces serious and multifaceted social problems. he mainstream approach of national development in Indonesia relies heavily on economic growth and foreign debt within the context of neoliberalism policy interventions. While it lacks of strategies that have direct impacts on poverty, the economy is often vulnerable due to “debt trap” and global crisis.

What Goes Wrong ? What Should be Done ? Poverty alleviation programmes

are dominated by “project‐ori-ented” interventions employ-ing ad‐hoc, partial and residual methods.

Poverty reduction programmes such as Family Hope Program (Program Keluarga Harapan/ PKH), Rice for the Poor (Beras Miskin/Raskin), and National Program of Community Empo-werment (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat/ PNPM) are targeted to the poor. his approach cannot prevent people from becoming poor since beneiciaries should be poor irst before receiving the anti‐poverty programmes.

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Public policy is mainly con-cerned with state administra-tion and bureaucracy afairs. It lacks of responding social pol-icy issues concerned with such welfare strategies as social reha-bilitation, social security, social empowerment and social pro-tection which are administered in institutionalised and sustain-able ways.

State commitment and obliga-tion towards the fulillment of citizen’s social rights are low. Indonesia notes very good progress over the past two years in reallo-cating spending (from ineicient subsidies) towards pro‐poor pro-grammes. However, this country is still considered under‐spending in key sectors, such as infrastructure and health. For example, the level of spending on the infrastructure and health sectors, accounting for 10.2 percent and 4.2 percent of total expenditures respectively, is rather low by most international standards (World Bank, 2007).

Decentralization tends to limit the responsibility and capacity of local government in dealing Cash Transfer or BLT and Family Hope Program or PKH need to be integrated into National Social Security System (Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional/SJSN) schemes so that the poor and other citizens can be protected by the institutionalized social protection schemes.

he strategies of development need to considers human being as subject of development

he paradigm of development in the past focused more on economic growth and physical development, and considered human being as objects, so it caused dehumanization in development. he existence of people with social problems as objects of social welfare development had positioned them as passive recipients of social assistance which was given as charity.

he approaches of development need to relect on local potentials and culture

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especially at district level (kabu-paten/kota), are applying the prin-ciple of “functions follow money” rather than “money follow func-tions.” Moreover, in terms of local regulations (PERDA), decentrali-sation has produced a number of PERDAs that are “not pro‐poor”. Lessons Learned

Economic development is neces-sary for the improvement of qual-ity of life in a country. In order to be equitable and sustainable, economic development should be done fairly and in accordance with the development of social welfare. Social welfare is an important ele-ment in social policy strategies for eradicating poverty and reducing multidimensional deprivation. But social welfare is not the only approach of poverty reduction initiatives. In order to have sus-tainable and efective results, it needs to be implemented in com-bination with other approaches within the overall context of so-cio‐economic development. So-cial welfare policies should be put integrativelly within a broader set of policies on macro‐economic development, employment pro-grams, and education and health policies and be established to re-duce risks and deprivation as well as to encourage growth with eq-uity and sustainability.

As a result, people with social problems become dependent upon external assistance. he improvement of wellbeing of people with social problems need to involve active role, care and capacity of the people in accordance with their potentials and culture.

Basic social services are provided for all citizens

In the past, basic social services could only be enjoyed by the wealthy people or by selected poor (narrow targeting approach). Accessibility to basic social services should be open to all people (universal approach), including people with social problem who so far have been marginalized.

Empowerment of people with social problems become joint‐commitment between the central government and local government

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he relationship between central and local government is no longer structural but functional. Local governments need to have strong political will in designing and implementing social welfare programmes for their citizens.

Empowerment of people with social problems is done on individual, family, group and community basis, and in an integrated way

In the past, the emphasis of intervention of people with social problems was on group approach. Assistance was in uniform in the form of objects/ tools. Empowerment of people with social problems should not be done by group approach only, but also by individual, family, group and community approach. he facilities to be provided should also be in various forms in accordance with the potentials and needs of people with social problems, including access to inancial assistance.

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Poverty Eradication in Indonesia: a glimpse

In the context of Indonesia, the above deinitions and concepts clearly match yet some are not it in. It was undeniable that poverty in Indonesia is one of serious problem which government and society concerned about. However, refer to the current situation in Indonesia government also taking into account this problem seriously through some programmes especially in health and education subsidies. In Jakarta the Indonesian capital city for instance, the local authority launched namely Kartu Jakarta Sehat (Jakarta’s Health Card) and Kartu Jakarta Pintar (Jakarta’s Smart Card) to assist people who categorized as low economic family to obtain health and education facilities. In the national level, Indonesian government hardly struggle to arrange programmes and subsidies in order to eradicate poverty.

he funding to assist poor groups in Indonesia seen signiicantly enlarge notably when government decided to increase oil prices which indirectly afected basic needs prices automatically at the end of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono term. As mentioned before the programmes launched were Unconditional Cash Transfer or BLT (Bantuan Langsung Tunai) and Family Hope Program or PKH (Program Keluarga Harapan)

and National Social Security System (Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional/ SJSN) (Edi Suharto, 2009). Public hospitals also provided free treatment for poor family through Public Health Insurance or Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat (JAMKESMAS) and local governments provided Region Public Health Insurance or Jaminan Kesehatan Daerah (JAMKESDA). However, at the implementation some poor family did not know if they have health insurance due to the minimum publication from local or district authority. Fortunately, some public hospitals make it easier where as long as the application is endorsed by Ministry of Social Afairs they will obtain all services free of charge. In order to accelerate villages development, Indonesian government launched a programme namely National Empowerment of Independent Villages Society Program or

PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perdesaan). For urban poor society government launched similar programme to PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan so-called PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan (Paket Informasi 2012 – 2013).

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Indonesia’s progress relatively slow and other countries make faster progress. Furthermore, some initiatives suspected as caused of chronic corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN) and inequality between rich and the poor (Edi Suharto, 2009). Nevertheless, as Edi Suharto (2009) recognized that the progresses of programs are very slowly. However, having some initiatives and programs it indicates that poor people obtained serious attention by Indonesian government. here were actually far from so-called “human rights abuses” at the poverty phenomena in Indonesia. After the reformasi (reformation) in 1998 Indonesian government demanded by society to take serious attention concerning poverty problem. hus, in this context the concept so-called “social exclusion” is not suitable to apply in Indonesian poverty phenomena. Conversely, there were existed some so-called “togetherness” among society due to all people realized that problems could not be resolved individually. hese phenomena existed due to the local culture and wisdom so-called “gotong-royong”

or togetherness as a special heritage embedded in all level of society in Indonesia.

hese phenomena in Indonesia are not about violence and not about human right abuses. It is about government performance and bureaucracy. As long as government can perform clean and accountable administration it is believe that poverty can be resolved quickly. It can be seen that this discussion are not airm in relation to the so-called “violence” regarding the main theme of this conference. Violence is close correlation with insecurity situation. Some scholars gave argument regarding human security. In the context of socio-political life, human security is very connected to the basic rights of the citizens and the impact of the government’s public policies towards social life. Not surprisingly “he literature on these subjects is rich not only in analysis of particular problems and causes, but also in implications for public policy (Hampson 2008, 230). At times, this will mean that human security should operate less as a policy agenda within existing political structures and discourses than as a radical critique of those practices (Bellamy and McDonald 2002, 376).

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necessarily obscure the political nature of security (2000, 283). hus, McDonald (2002) suggested that researchers have to turn against government’s policy implementation and its impact towards human security. McDonald also pointed out that “one of alternative security policy agendas is competing for policymakers’ attention, and subsequent implementation“ (2002, 284).

Once policy makers have been targeted, the challenge for analysts addressing prescriptive approaches to security is to outline why a particular discourse is consistent with the interests of that actor, and how that actor might go about implementing or “operationalising” that particular policy agenda (McDonald 2002, 284). It became clearer that some problems related to human security were a part of the impact of the government’s policy agenda. To be sure, McDonald suggests that “if a problem is a security threat, this will make it an issue of high political priority, and will mean that security mechanisms are used to address this threat. While more nuanced traditional approaches to adjudicating between competing security agendas note the importance of context (for example in terms of varying perceptions among actors of the world and their place in it, the overall picture is still one of policy makers choosing deinitions of security to which they will adhere (McDonald 2002, 285).

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rights violence.” In so doing, Indonesian government has to recognize that there were existed some weaknesses and should to be improved and supported all stake holders. At the same time, Indonesian government should be supported and not be insulted or blamed. Furthermore, if there were existed some success story about poverty eradication also should be given by an equitable award. All in all, Indonesian government has taken strategic actions to handling poverty including the provinces authority abovementioned.

At this point, wes suggest that Indonesian government should have a brilliant way to manage money properly in order to eradicate poverty.

First of all, corruption eradication has to be more maximized in all sectors.

Secondlly, efective bureaucracy. Indonesian government should have a special body to handle poverty programmes. he establishment of a main body which focus on poverty eradication may be rationable. Although, all programmes of all departments are pro-poor, yet it is better to give a mandate to a special poverty body. he current situations are diferent where many programmes run by many government bodies, inefective and of course it is very risk to be manipulated and corrupted.

Conclusion

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