THE REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTORS IN FIRST 100 DAYS OF OFFICE OF JOKOWI-BASUKI.

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THE REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTORS IN FIRST 100 DAYS OF OFFICE OF JOKOWI-BASUKI

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of FPBS UPI in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Sarjana Degree Assignment

By:

Fira Nursya’bani

0906856

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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PAGE OF APPROVAL The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki

A Research Paper By

Fira Nursya’bani 0906856

Approved by

Main Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. NIP. 196706091994031003

Co-Supervisor

Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd NIP. 197008032005011002

The Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I hereby certify that the research entitled “The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki” comprises only my original work. It contains no material which has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any university except where due reference acknowledgement is made in text.

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iv PREFACE

Praise to Allah the almighty, the Most Graceful and Merciful. I can finish the paper due to the opportunity and encouragement given by Him.

The study entitled “The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki” is submitted to the English Education Department of UPI with the purpose of fulfilling the requirement for Sarjana Sastra degree.

I realize that this research is far from perfect; therefore any suggestions and constructive criticisms are gladly welcomed to improve the further research on critical discourse analysis.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, be to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful for giving me the strength, perseverance, and patience in accomplishing this study. This study would not have been completed without the assistance and support of several people who tirelessly provided constructive criticism and also guidance in the preparation and completion of this study.

First and foremost, my greatest gratitude to Mr. Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. as the main supervisor and Mr. Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd. as the co-supervisor, whose sincerity and assistance are always encouraging me. Furthermore, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed, the head of English Department UPI, for his support and guidance. I also wish to thank all of the lecturers and staff in English Department UPI for the help and kindness.

I wish to express my gratitude to my best friend, Arizal, and my Tagony friends, Meyza, Riestia, Prita, Luci, and Alfiani, for their support and contribution during the preparation of this study.

I owe my loving thanks to my family: my parents Mamah Dida and Bapak Sapidi, without their encouragement and understanding, it would have been impossible for me to finish this study. My special gratitude is also due to a loving supports from my sister, Fidyast, and my brother, Farhan.

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The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 D ays of Office of Jokowi-Basuki Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

“The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki”

Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A Co-Supervisor: Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd

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ABSTRAK

“The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki”

Pembimbing I: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A Pembimbing II: Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ... ii

PREFACE ... iii

ABSTRACT ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF DIAGRAMS ... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ... 2

1.3 Research Questions ... 3

1.4 Aims of the Study ... 4

1.5 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.6 Methodology ... 5

1.6.1 Research Design ... 5

1.6.2 Data Collection ... 5

1.6.3 Data Analysis ... 6

1.6.4 Research Processes ... 7

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

2.1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis ... 8

2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ... 9

2.3 Media Discourse ... 10

2.4 Representation ... 11

2.5 Van Leeuwen’s Sociosemantic Approach ... 12

2.5.1 Exclusion ... 13

2.5.2 Inclusion ... 14

2.5.2.1 Role Allocation ... 14

2.5.2.2 Personalization and Impersonalization ... 15

2.6 Halliday’s Transitivity System ... 19

2.6.1 Material Process ... 21

2.6.2 Mental Process ... 22

2.6.3 Relational Process ... 24

2.6.4 Behavioural Process ... 25

2.6.5 Verbal Process ... 26

2.6.6 Existential Process ... 27

2.7 Ideology, Power, and Critique ... 30

2.8 Previous Studies ... 31

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 34

3.1 Research Questions ... 34

3.2 Clarification of Key Terms ... 34

3.3 Research Design ... 35

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3.5 Data Analysis ... 39

3.6 Data Presentation ... 41

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 45

4.1 The Representation of Social Actors ... 45

4.1.1 Inclusion ... 47

4.1.1.1 Role Allocation ... 47

4.1.1.2 Personalization ... 53

4.1.1.3 Impersonalization ... 60

4.1.2 Exclusion ... 63

4.2 Ideologies Underlying in the Representation ... 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ... 68

5.1 Conclusions ... 68

5.2 Suggestions ... 71

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Sources of Data ... 6

Table 2.1 Typical Function of Group and Phrase Classes ... 20

Table 2.2 Verb Realization of Material Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 22

Table 2.3 Verb Realization of Mental Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 23

Table 2.4 Verb Realization of Relational Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 24

Table 2.5 Verb Realization of Behavioural Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 25

Table 2.6 Verb Realization of Verbal Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 26

Table 2.7 Types of Process in Transitivity System ... 27

Table 2.8 Types of Circumstantial Elements ... 28

Table 3.1 List of Selected Articles ... 36

Table 3.2 Example of Transitivity Analysis ... 41

Table 3.3 Example of Sociosemantic Analysis ... 42

Table 4.1 The Frequency of Inclusion and Exclusion ... 46

Table 4.2 The Frequency of Role Allocation ... 48

Table 4.3 The Frequency of Strategy of Personalization ... 54

Table 4.4 The Frequency of Strategy of Impersonalization ... 61

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LIST OF DIAGRAMS

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LIST OF APPENDICES

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the research which covers the

background of the study, the reason for choosing the topic, the research questions,

the aims of the study, the scope of the study, research methodology, and the

organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Study

Technology advancement provides easy and fast access to people in

getting recent news. Nowadays, news has become a daily need; it is essential and

worthy to people as truthful information that is up to date and objectively

presented (Molek-Kozakowska, 2013). However, one thing that people do not

notice is that news has a function as a meaning-maker. Less educated people

might not realize the fact that news is constructed socially, culturally, and

ideologically.

Since news from newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the Internet

affect public opinions (Bonyadi, 2010), it tends to be manipulated by some people

to control over other people. This manipulation may involve power abuse and

inequality; hence, there are an ample opportunity to manipulate and convey

ideologies through the mass media. As Van Dijk (2006:361) said, “manipulation

is being exercised through text, talk, and visual messages.” Thus, the language use

of the media or media discourse makes a significant involvement to the

construction of social reality or social life (Richardson, 2007).

This study uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a theory and method

to analyse the articles. CDA was chosen because it relates to social issues and

social practices. The language use and social practices will create representation

of elements of social practice, such as social actor as participant of social

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CDA can be employed to analyse newspapers discourse; such analysis can

be found, for example, Rashidi & Rasti (2012) and Hodge (2012). The study

conducted by Rashidi & Rasti (2012) used Theo Van Leeuwen's (2008) approach in representing the social actors to show the way Western news gave an untrue notion of Iran‟s nuclear activities. Their study has revealed ideological biases in

representing the Iran‟s side as the social actor, in which the Western news gave a different way of treating to Iran. Moreover, the second study conducted by Hodge (2012) used a different method of analysis. He used an ideological-complex theory to examine some contradictions that appeared in newspaper articles about anti-muslim racism. By analyzing the ideologies, identity, and interaction,

Hodge‟s (2012) study revealed that the articles were full of contradictions. These contradictions might strengthen or weaken the racism issue in those articles; it depends on how they are managed.

The current study aims to analyse how the national mass media deliver

their ideological point of view in political context to the readers in their online

articles. The data were taken from ten articles from online sources that relate to a

political issue in Indonesia, namely first 100 days of office of Joko Widodo and

Basuki Tjahja Purnama as a new governor and vice governor of Jakarta. In their

first 100 days of office in 22 January 2013, some national print and online media

made special edition report to evaluate what was already achieved by Joko

Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama in governing Jakarta. Meanwhile, Jokowi

stated that he had never planned a 100 day-programme (Majalah Detik, 21-27

January 2013).

1.2 Reason for Choosing the Topic

Joko Widodo (also known as Jokowi) is a newly elected governor of

Jakarta, elected in 15 October 2012. Together with Basuki Tjahja Purnama as a

vice governor, they are ruling Jakarta with some innovations. They become

extremely popular and their news has always become headlines in print and online

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commonly called blusukan, much appreciated by Indonesian people, especially in

Jakarta. Some people respond it well, while others consider it only as a self-image

improvement. The national media generally represent them in positive way. They

are often reported as the leader who should be examples for other leaders.

Jokowi with his popular image is very interesting to become a research

topic because he is known as a phenomenal leader and completely different to

other provincial governors in Indonesia or even the earlier governors of Jakarta.

At a glance, the ideology which is delivered in news about Jokowi involves

democracy. Democracy is characterized by the participation of the citizens in

decision-making processes carried out by the government (Suyatmi &

Hendrastuty, 2011). In this case, Jokowi is currently able to attract sympathy of

the citizens with his way of working which prefers to find out people‟s voice by

visiting them.

To see more details on the way social actors in the articles regarding

Jokowi and Basuki‟s first 100 days of office are represented and also on what

exactly are the ideologies behind such representations, this study provides Van

Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic network and Halliday's (1985) systemic

functional linguistics (SFL). The use of transitivity system of SFL in exploring

the role of participants in clauses is expected to provide a deeper understanding

through some types of processes occurred in the clauses.

1.3 Research Question

Because of the growing interest, this paper attempts to address two

questions:

a. How are social actors represented in the articles?

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1.4 Aims of the Study

The aims of this study are as follows:

a. To reveal the presentation of social actors in the articles.

b. To identify ideologies underlying the representation.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study is limited to analysing the representation of social actors in

articles that relates to Jokowi-Basuki‟s first 100 days of office and unpack

ideologies behind such representation. This study focuses on inclusion and

exclusion categories proposed by Van Leeuwen (2008) to reveal the way social

actors are foregrounded or omitted in the text. The articles used in this research

were limited to ten articles published in Tuesday, 22 January 2013 or the

coincided date of first 100 days of Jokowi-Basuki‟s governorship. The ten articles

were selected because such articles were most frequently accessed by readers,

which reached more than 3000 viewers in its publication day and were at the top

of the Google search engine. The selected online articles were also from trusted

national online media which were often reporting Jokowi-Basuki‟s activities in

Jakarta.

The analysis is limited to the level of clause. Since the data were from

Bahasa Indonesia, the clauses that analysed were only major clauses. There are

210 simple clauses and clause complexes from the whole articles which contain

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1.6 Methodology

1.6.1 Research Design

In order to reveal the way social actors are represented in the articles, this

study was conducted by using a qualitative data analysis. The data were analysed

by applying the combination of Theo Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic

network and Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system as the main tools. Thus, these

approaches were appropriate to be used in this study to help answering the

research questions because sociosemantic network and transitivity system are

approaches that aim to show in which context the participants in text are

represented sociologically and linguistically.

1.6.2 Data Collection

The data were in the form of online articles. The articles chosen were

about first 100 days of Jokowi-Basuki‟s governorship in Jakarta. There were ten

articles used in this study. Those were taken from different national online

articles, published on Tuesday, 22 January 2013. The data are as follows:

Table 1.1 Sources of Data

No. Title of the articles Downloaded from:

1. Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari

http://majalah.detik.com/cb/7cd2bc5e f766c8b4a1df8cd2eae8ef2d/2013/201 30121_MajalahDetik_60.pdf

2. Pengamat: Jokowi Harus Mulai Blusukan dalam Sistem

http://lipsus.kompas.com/topikpilihan

list/2133/1/100.hari.jokowi-basuki/read/xml/2013/01/22/2313024 7/Pengamat.Jokowi.Harus.Mulai.Blu sukan.dalam.Sistem

3. 100 Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Tunda Segalanya

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4. Jokowi: Kerugian akibat banjir Rp 20 triliun

http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/joko wi-kerugian-akibat-banjir-rp-20-triliun.html

5. 100 Hari Jokowi-Ahok, Warga: Mereka Pemimpin yang Baik

http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nas

ional/jabodetabek- nasional/13/01/22/mh0zoc-100-hari-

jokowiahok-warga-mereka-pemimpin-yang-baik

6. Ini Hasil Kerja Jokowi-Ahok di 100 Hari Pertamanya

http://news.liputan6.com/read/49418 9/ini-hasil-kerja-jokowi-ahok-di-100-hari-pertamanya

7. Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali

http://politik.kompasiana.com/2013/0 1/22/kado-100-hari-jokowi-wasiat-bang-ali-526779.html

8. 100 hari ... Jokowi biasa saja, Ahok pusing

http://www.antaranews.com/berita/35 4472/100-hari--jokowi-biasa-saja-ahok-pusing

9. 100 Hari, Jokowi Launching 3 Program

http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/detil /berita/117433/100-Hari-Jokowi-Launching-3-Program

10. Memasuki 100 Hari, Basuki Apresiasi Pegawai

http://www.metrotvnews.com/metrone ws/video/2013/01/22/5/169353/Mema suki-100-Hari-Basuki-Apresiasi-Pegawai-DKI

1.6.3 Data Analysis

This study employs Theo Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic approach

to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA examines language that constructs

and is constructed by social relationship and the language may also contain

ideologies. Paltridge (2006:179) said that CDA aims “to help reveal some of these

hidden and „often out of sight‟ values, position, and perspectives.” Thus, inclusion and exclusion in sociosemantic theory proposed by Van Leeuwen (2008) was

chosen because the concept of this theory is compatible in revealing the

representation and hidden perspective in discourses. He offers some classification

of social actor in his sociosemantic inventory in order to make researchers easier

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(Machin & Mayr, 2012). This study also employs Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity

system as a tool to assist the analysis of representation of social actors in the text.

Transitivity system can help to explore the function of the clauses; who does what

in what situation.

1.6.4 Research Processes

In conducting this research, several steps have been taken. The first step was to read the text in order to understand the text comprehensively. The second step was to divide the text into simple clauses and clause complexes. The third

step was to identify the function of the social actors in the text by using Haliday‟s

(1985) transitivity system. Then, the fourth step was to classify the data into

inclusion and exclusion and to analyse the types of inclusion and exclusion in the

clauses. The next step was to quantify the data, and the last step was to construe

the data in order to reveal the representation of the social actors and to formulate

ideologies.

1.7 Organization of the Paper

This research is organized into five chapters. The first chapter presents

introduction, which includes the background of the study, the research questions,

the aims of the research, the scope of the study, a brief explanation of research

methodology, and the organization of the paper. The second chapter presents the

theoretical framework. It explains the theories and concepts that were used in this

research. The third chapter contains the research methodology, the research

questions, and the clarification of key terms. It also elaborates the research design,

data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The fourth chapter presents

findings and discussion of the research. Then the last is the fifth chapter, which

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodology of the research. It contains the research questions, the clarification of key terms, research design, data collection, data analysis, and data presentation.

3.1 Research Questions

This study is conducted to answer the following research questions: a. How are social actors represented in the articles?

b. What are ideologies underlying the representation?

3.2 Clarification of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following is the clarification of key terms

used in this study:

a. Discourse relates to “the world in which the interlocutors

communicate”. (Renkema, 2009:2)

b. Critical Discourse Analysis refers to “a study of the relation between

discourse, power, dominance, social inequality and the position of the discourse analyst in such social relationships” (Van Dijk, 1993:249). c. Representation is therefore “central to the processes by which

meaning is produced” (Hall, 1997:2).

d. Social Actor is “an element of social practices. It has a number of roles in its participation in practices, such as „agents‟ (doers of action), „patients‟ (participants to whom actions are done) or beneficiaries (participants who benefit from an action)” (Wodak &

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e. Ideology refers to “a coherent and relatively stable set of beliefs or

values” (Wodak & Meyer, 2009:8)

3.3 Research Design

This study was guided by a qualitative research method in revealing the representation of social actors in articles. A qualitative method was applied in this study because the sources of data gathered from articles which consist of text analysis (see Creswell, 2002; Caudle, 2004). However, a quantitative method was also applied to support the percentage of data analysis, especially for tendencies of data that appear in the analysis.

The aims of this study were to discover the way social actors are represented in the national mass media. It also aimed to reveal the ideology behind the representation. Some studies of representation of social actor in the media had been conducted, for instance, Farelly (2009), Post (2009) Sahragard & Davatgarzadeh (2010), and Rashidi & Rasti (2012). Therefore, the use of Van

Leeuwen‟s (2008) approach to CDA was appropriated since it focuses on

representation. In addition, Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system was also used to assist the analysis of the representation.

The notion of Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) approach to CDA is that discourses are recontextualization of social practices. It focuses on investigating social actors in the text as the crucial element of social practices. Thus, Van Leeuwen (2008) introduces the sociosemantic approach which provides several classifications in order to make researchers easier to classify people and to find the ideological effect from the classification (Machin & Mayr, 2012). In constructing the social

actor networks, present study was assisted by Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system. Types of process in transitivity can help to explore the way social actors are played their role in the discourse.

The analysis was either in the level of simple clauses and clause

complexes. Some previous studies assumed that transitivity system can only be

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clauses which the predicate is in a finite verb form, a non-finite verb form, and

other forms that have function as a verbal predicate. It can be both dependent and

independent clause. There are 210 clauses from the whole articles which contain

particular social actors. The social actors analysed in this study include Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama as new governor and vice governor of Jakarta, Jakarta, citizens of Jakarta, Jakarta Provincial Government, and several social actors that accompany Jokowi-Basuki‟s actions.

3.4 Data Collection

The data were collected from online sources in the form of articles. The

articles chosen were about the newly elected governor and vice governor of

Jakarta, Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama, in their first 100 days of office.

The ten articles used in this study were published in 22 January 2013.

Table 3.1 List of Selected Articles

Publishers Title of the articles Direct links Authors

Majalah Detik

Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari

http://majalah.detik.co m/cb/7cd2bc5ef766c8b 4a1df8cd2eae8ef2d/20 13/20130121_Majalah Detik_60.pdf M. Rizal, Isfari Hikmat, Monique Shintami, Evi Tresnawati

Kompas Pengamat: Jokowi Harus Mulai Blusukan dalam Sistem http://lipsus.kompas.co m/topikpilihanlist/2133 /1/100.hari.jokowi-basuki/read/xml/2013/0 1/22/23130247/Penga mat.Jokowi.Harus.Mul ai.Blusukan.dalam.Sist em Alfiyyatur Rohmah

Tempo 100 Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Tunda Segalanya

http://edsus.tempo.co/k onten-berita/balaikota/2013/0 1/22/456101/12/100- Jokowi-Ahok-Banjir-Tunda-Segalanya

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The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 D ays of Office of Jokowi-Basuki Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Merdeka Jokowi: Kerugian akibat

banjir Rp 20 triliun

http://www.merdeka.co m/jakarta/jokowi- kerugian-akibat-banjir-rp-20-triliun.html Muhammad Sholeh

Republika 100 Hari Jokowi-Ahok, Warga: Mereka Pemimpin yang Baik

http://www.republika.c o.id/berita/nasional/jab odetabek-nasional/13/01/22/mh0 zoc-100-hari- jokowiahok-warga- mereka-pemimpin-yang-baik

Alicia Saqina, Heri Ruslan

Liputan 6 Ini Hasil Kerja Jokowi-Ahok di 100 Hari Pertamanya http://news.liputan6.co m/read/494189/ini- hasil-kerja-jokowi- ahok-di-100-hari-pertamanya Edward Panggabean

Kompasiana Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali

http://politik.kompasian a.com/2013/01/22/kado -100-hari-jokowi- wasiat-bang-ali-526779.html

Shendy Adam

Antara 100 hari ... Jokowi biasa saja, Ahok pusing

http://www.antaranews .com/berita/354472/10 0-hari--jokowi-biasa-saja-ahok-pusing

Deny Yuliansari

Wartakota 100 Hari, Jokowi Launching 3 Program

http://wartakota.tribun news.com/detil/berita/1 17433/100-Hari- Jokowi-Launching-3-Program Catur

Metro TV news

Memasuki 100 Hari, Basuki Apresiasi Pegawai

http://www.metrotvnew s.com/metronews/video /2013/01/22/5/169353/ Memasuki-100-Hari- Basuki-Apresiasi-Pegawai-DKI Unidentified

The choice of articles was due to several reasons. Firstly, when he was a

mayor of Solo, Jokowi was crowned as the third world best mayor by The City

Mayors Foundation in World Mayor Project 2012 (VOA Indonesia, 11 November

2013). Nevertheless, as reported in pilpres-2014.com, 4 August 2013, in the midst

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rapidly his desire had been public spotlight. Thence, he won the election and

officially became governor of Jakarta from 15 October 2012 until five years later.

On the other hand, Jakarta is widely known as a city with thousand problems.

Adolf Heuken, a keen observer of Jakarta life, as reported in The Jakarta Post, 8 July 2013, said that there will be no governor that can solve Jakarta‟s problems because it had been neglected too long. However, Jokowi is expected to unravel the problems one by one. Many who support him and praise his uncommon steps, but not a few who sneer him and consider his action as action of imaging

(Kompasiana, 22 January 2013). Further in this study, Jokowi, a man over the

controversial decision to fix Jakarta, became the main social actor analysed.

Secondly, the nationwide online articles had been chosen because the

news about Jokowi has become national news. The selected online media were

media that often reported Jokowi and Basuki‟s activities in Jakarta. Furthermore,

several selected online media, i.e. Majalah Detik, Kompas, and Tempo, made

Jokowi and Basuki‟s first 100 days of office special edition which reported what

already achieved by Jokowi and Basuki in their first 100 days of governorship. In

addition, the ten online articles used in this study were retrieved in most

frequently accessed site and were in the initial sequences of the Google search

engine. This shows that the selected articles might be having a great influence on

the readers.

Thirdly, news from the media is always packed with meaning and pictures

that can affect the political views of the readers (Altheide, 2007). Likewise the

articles above, the selected articles are relevant to this study because before

Jokowi reached his first 100 days, the media always reported Jokowi in positive

way, so that it gave a positive overview and influence to the readers. Thus, this

study was curious about how Jokowi as the newly elected governor of Jakarta are

represented after he ruled for 100 days. The positive image of Jokowi was shown

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The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 D ays of Office of Jokowi-Basuki Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.5 Data Analysis

In conducting this study, several processes had been taken. The first, doing

internet research to collect the data in several online media and undertaking

library research in order to find relevant sources to support this study. Online

sources were chosen because nowadays online news sites are already rife and can

easily access by people.

The second, deciding the issue that relates to political issue in Indonesia.

That was the representation of social actors and the ideologies of the

representation in ten national online articles regarding first 100 days of office of

newly elected governor and vice governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo and Basuki

Tjahja Purnama, published in 22 January 2013. The issue was decided in order to

reveal how Joko Widodo and his government in Jakarta are represented in the

media and what ideologies underlying the representation after he ruled Jakarta for

100 days.

The third, gathering the data that relate to the issue. The data used in this

study were in form of article. Ten articles were selected from different online

sources and were carefully read in order to gain comprehensive understanding.

The fourth, dividing the text into simple clauses and clause complexes,

and identifying the social actors in each clause. In addition, simple clause only

consists of independent clause; independent clause is clauses that can stand alone;

it contains both a subject and a verb, e.g. Anak itu tersenyum dengan bahagia (the

child smiled happily) (Sujatna, 2012:144). Meanwhile, clause complex can

consist of two or more independent clauses or consist of independent and

dependent clauses. Two or more independent clauses can be joined by

coordinators such as and, but, yet, so, and or, e.g. Sebagian besar memuji langkah

yang tidak umum ini, tapi ada juga yang mencibir sebagai aksi pencitraan (Most people praised this uncommon step, but there is also who sneered it as imaging action.) (taken from “Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali” article). Moreover, dependent clause is clause that cannot stand alone and should be

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why, how, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, whether, that, and if; while in

bahasa Indonesia, the subordinator usually expresses by yang, e.g. Blusukan yang

sering dilakukan sejatinya adalah upaya dari Pak Joko untuk membangun

kembali kepercayaan publik terhadap pemerintah (Blusukan that frequently did is

Mr. Joko efforts to rebuild public trust to government.) (taken from “Kado 100

Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali” article).

The fifth, analyzing the function of the social actors in the clauses. The

clauses were identified by using Transitivity system in which it sees clauses as representation (Gerot & Wignell, 1994). It provides three linguistic features i.e., participant, process, and circumstance. The social actors can be asserted as

foregrounded if the trend shows that the participants frequently appear in the

analysis of transitivity. The social actors can also be identified whether they are

activated or passivated through the placement of the participants, as agent or

patient. The clauses were categorized based on the types of transitivity process i.e.

material process, mental process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process. Every process relates to participants and circumstances. There are 12 participants which are directly involved and 13 participants which are obliquely involved, and there are also 9 types of circumstantial elements in transitivity process. Therefore, the transitivity system can identify the way social actors engage to the roles.

The sixth, categorizing the way social actors is included or excluded in the text. The included social actors mean, in the clause, the role of the social actors are shown to the readers, so that the readers can determine who they are intended.

The excluded social actors refer to the omitted social actors in the clause, so that it can carry the readers‟ attention to the other social actors. This study endeavored to quantify the tendency of the included and excluded social actors in the text. Van

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categorized and identified by means of any realization, such as nominalization, parataxis, the use of proper name, the use of possessive adjective phrase, etc. The realizations were able to show whether the social actors belong to inclusion or exclusion. It revealed the amount of each category of social actors in the text.

The seventh, measuring and discussing the result of the categorization of

social actors from the social actors network. The attempt of uncover the

ideologies behind the representation was interpreting the finding of the previous analysis. It was used to answer the research questions entailed in this study. After the results were measured and discussed, the analyses were concluded. The

conclusion was derived from the finding and discussion. Meanwhile, a suggestion

was also created for sustaining the next better research.

3.6 Data Presentation

To get the clear presentation of how the analysis was undertaken, the examples of the analysis were given below:

1. Transitivity Analysis

Table 3.2 Example of Transitivity Analysis

[Masalah penanganan banjir ini] pun

menjadi

salah satu program utama

Jokowi

saat bersaing menjadi orang nomor satu di ibu

kota. Token Process: relational:

identifying: possessive Value

Circumstance of time (location)

The flood solving has become one of the major programs of Jokowi while competing to be the number one in the capital city.

(taken from “Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang

Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari” article)

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whether it is intensive, possessive, or circumstantial. From the example, the word

menjadi (has become) indicates identifying process, because it establishes the

identity of the first participant. It also belongs to possessive, because it shows the ownership of the participant.

Relational process above provides two participants, namely token and value. Token is what is being defined and value is which defines. From the example, token can be shown in Masalah penanganan banjir ini (The flood solving), while value can be shown in salah satu program utama Jokowi (one of the major programs of Jokowi). It means that in the clause, the identity of

masalah penanganan banjir ini as a token is a part of salah satu program utama

Jokowi, as a value which defines the token. A circumstance was also identified in

the clause. The phrase saat bersaing menjadi orang nomor satu di ibu kota (while competing to be the number one in the capital city) indicates circumstance of time because of the use of word saat (while) as an answer to such question as when.

2. Social Actor Analysis

Table 3.3 Example of Social Actor Analysis

No Clause s/Clause

Complexes

Social

Actors Strategies Realizations

1. Jokowi mengaku

sebetulnya sudah berupaya

mengantisipasi banjir itu.

Jokowi Inclusion

 Activation  Participation  Personalization

 Specification  Individualization

The social actor is

located as active

participant or as sayer in verbal process. It is represented in informal form due to the use of nickname. It is also represented as specific individual by singularity and the use of proper noun.

2. Ia ikut

bahu-membahu membenahi tanggul dibantu Kementerian PU dan TNI/Polri.

Ia Inclusion

 Activation  Participation  Personalization

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dibantu Kementerian PU dan TNI/Polri.

Inclusion  Activation

 Circumstantialization  Personalization

 Determination

 Association

The social actor is represented actively within circumstance. It can be inferred from

circumstances of

accompaniment in

material process

dibantu.

This clause uses

strategy of association and treated this social actor as active role who assisted the main social actor (ia)

3. Sayangnya

hingga Kamis

malam, para

pengungsi

mengaku belum

menerima

bantuan apa pun

dari Pemprov

DKI Jakarta.

Pemprov DKI Jakarta.

Inclusion  Activation

 Circumstantialization  Personalization

The social actor is activated in the clause. It is represented within circumstance by the use of Prepositional circumstantial (dari). The social actor is also considered as specific individual through the use of singularity. 4. Pompa air juga

sudah dikerahkan untuk

menanggulangi

genangan yang

ada di jalan-jalan.

(dikerahkan) Exclusion  Suppression

The social actor in this

clause is omitted

through passive agent deletion. It is not clear who is doing the verbal process diisukan. It is considered as suppression because there is no reference related to the social actor in the rest of the clause.

5. Evakuasi

terhadap korban

banjir memang

menjumpai beberapa kendala.

(Evakuasi) Exclusion

 Suppression

The social actor in this

clause is omitted

through nominalization. It is considered as suppression because there is no reference related to the social actor in the rest of the clause.

(taken from “Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS

This chapter provides the conclusions of the study based on the findings and discussion in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents the suggestion for further study on representation.

5.1 Conclusions

The role of the national mass media is tremendously high in shaping public opinion. It is further stated by Coleman & Karen (2010). They said that the shaping of public opinion can not be separated from political, economic, and cultural constraint. Furthermore, nowadays the most potential media that can be used for spreading recent news is online media, since it is more accessible by people. Online sources were also used in this study as sources of data in the analysis of representation.

This study utilized Halliday’s (1985) transitivity system and sociosemantic network of Van Leeuwen (2008) to reveal the representation of social actors and unpack the meaning behind the representation occurred in the articles by analyzing ten articles about first 100 days of office of Jokowi-Basuki as governor and vice governor in Jakarta. In this analysis I investigated how the social actors are represented in the text. The inclusion and exclusion strategy was considered appropriate to be used in this analysis because these strategies provide categorization of social actor to facilitate the analysis of representation and to find the ideological effect from the

categorization (Machin & Mayr, 2012). Meanwhile, transitivity system was

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It certainly affected the readers’ point of view, so that the ideological opinion could be identified through the representations that had been found.

Through the analysis, I had sought to answer the following research questions: how are the social actors represented in the articles? And what ideologies underlying the representation? Through the investigation of inclusion and exclusion, I discovered that every social actor was represented differently. Joko Widodo, as governor of Jakarta, was represented more as a specific individual in comparison with other social actors. Comparison between Jokowi and other social actors cannot be avoided since Jokowi was appeared the most in the text. Moreover, the vice governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahja Purnama, was considered only to be a complement of the actions undertaken by Jokowi, because Basuki was mostly represented through association, where he formed a group with Jokowi as a couple of governor and vice governor.

Furthermore, different representations were seen between Jakarta and Jokowi. Active role is given more to Jokowi, while passive role is given to Jakarta. Besides considered to be a passive participant, Jakarta was also regarded only as a disaster-affected place. It seems like Jakarta did not have its own action and solution in dealing with the disaster that attacked right at the first 100 days of Jokowi-Basuki’s governorship. Thus, the fate of Jakarta relies entirely to Jokowi as governor. Meanwhile, representation of the citizens of Jakarta was inseparable from the figure of Jokowi. The citizens were more actively represented as sayer in verbal process in which Jokowi was treated as verbiage. They were mentioned in the text not only as a specific individual, but also as general. The involvement of the citizens in news about Jokowi and Basuki shows that people in Jakarta also possess active and important roles in Jokowi-Basuki’s first 100 days of office.

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active participants who perform actions in handling the disaster that attacked Jakarta, Jakarta provincial government was represented differently with Jokowi. Jokowi were more represented through individualization with short-term actions in material process. While, Jakarta Provincial Government’s roles in their short-term actions were always suppressed. The last social actors, social actors who accompany Jokowi actions, were represented through association and work relations. It was not much stated in the text but it still could assume that Jokowi had cooperation with several parties to fix Jakarta.

The ideologies that can be inferred from the representation are democracy and Jokowi as the “city rescuer.” The media were about to show that the democracy happened in Jakarta under the Jokowi’s governorship. The media also wanted to emphasize the roles of Jokowi who were dominating the actions as a person who can rescue Jakarta from various problems.

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The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 D ays of Office of Jokowi-Basuki Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 5.2 Suggestions

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