Disajikan dalam Lokakarya Peningkatan Kemampuan Dosen dalam Menggunakan Metode/Pendekatan/Media Pembelajaran yang diselenggarakan oleh Fakultas

(1)

IMPROVING TEACHING AND LEARNING:

Mencipt k n

Mencipt k n u tu

u tu pembel j r n

pembel j r n ng

ng mendidik

mendidik

Menciptakan

Menciptakan suatu

suatu pembelajaran

pembelajaran yang

yang mendidik

mendidik

Disajikan dalam Lokakarya Peningkatan Kemampuan Dosen dalam Menggunakan

Metode/Pendekatan/Media Pembelajaran yang diselenggarakan oleh Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Pasundan Bandung pada tanggal 21 Nopember 2007

Adi

Adi R h

R h

t

Adi

Adi Rahmat

Rahmat

Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi FPMIPA

(2)

M

Menciptakan masyarakat Indonesia yang

enciptakan masyarakat Indonesia yang kompetitif

kompetitif dan

dan

berperan aktif d

berperan aktif dii era global

p

era global: : masyarakat yang

gg

masyarakat yang dapat

y

g

dapat

p

menggunakan

menggunakan pengetahuannya

pengetahuannya secara

secara bermakna

bermakna

((knowledge based society

knowledge based society))

Pengetahuan

Knowledge based society: Sikap positif , arif, dan bijak dalam menghadapi berbagai perubahan Pengetahuan Pendidikan berbagai perubahan t Masyarakat t

Sekarang Masa datang

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MASYARAKAT

Dimension of knowledge based society:

Dimension of knowledge based society: unsur sains dan teknologiunsur sains dan teknologi samasama Dimension of knowledge based society:

Dimension of knowledge based society: unsur sains dan teknologi unsur sains dan teknologi samasama penting

(4)

UPAYA YANG DAPAT DILAKUKAN

UPAYA YANG DAPAT DILAKUKAN:

M

Melalui pendidikan, khususnya melalui

elalui pendidikan, khususnya melalui

p

y

proses pembelajaran mulai jenjang

pendidikan dasar

pendidikan dasar,, menengah sampai

menengah sampai

pendidikan dasar

pendidikan dasar, , menengah sampai

menengah sampai

dengan jenjang perguruan tinggi.

(5)

Classrooms

Subject Matter:

Todays

Subject Matter:

Art, Science, Technology, etc. Education

Teaching Models

Global era Teaching Methods and Strategy

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Is Teaching Art or Science?

Art

Teaching as intuitive

Science

Teaching as the application Teaching as intuitive

solving

• Intuition

Teaching as the application of law and principles

• Based on observed and Intuition

• Creativity • Inspiration

T l t

Based on observed and validated patterns of

behavior

• Application of patterns • Talent Application of patterns

of behavior and principles

(7)

Teaching Effects:

Instructional effects

Nurturant

Nurturant effects

effects

To which effects our teaching has to be

focused on?

(8)

Dimensions of Teaching

A

A comprehensive instructional framework

comprehensive instructional framework

yang

yang digunakan

digunakan dalam merencanakan

dalam merencanakan

l

b l j

k

di jik

l

b l j

k

di jik

pengalaman belajar yang akan disajikan

kepada peserta didiknya

M

M t

t

l ik

di

i

f thi ki

kk

M

Mentranslasikan

entranslasikan

dimensions of thinking

ke

dalam suatu

dalam suatu practical

practical teaching and

teaching and

learning

learning framework

framework sehingga dapat

sehingga dapat

learning

learning framework

framework sehingga dapat

sehingga dapat

digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas

pembelajarannya

(9)

E

Enam asumsi nam asumsi dalamdalam pembelajaranpembelajaran::

Sistem instruksional harus merefleksikan bagaimana Sistem instruksional harus merefleksikan bagaimana belajar itu terjadi.

belajar itu terjadi.

Belajar melibatkan suatu proses interaksiBelajar melibatkan suatu proses interaksi berbagaiBelajar melibatkan suatu proses interaksi Belajar melibatkan suatu proses interaksi berbagaiberbagai tipeberbagai tipe tipetipe berpikir

berpikir

TemaTema pembelajaran yang luas dan interdisiplin pembelajaran yang luas dan interdisiplin (contextual)

(contextual) dapatdapat merangsang siswa belajar.merangsang siswa belajar.

Kurikulum secara eksplisit harus mencakup sikap dan Kurikulum secara eksplisit harus mencakup sikap dan persepsi

persepsi siswasiswa pada level yang lebih tinggi sertapada level yang lebih tinggi serta persepsi

persepsi siswasiswa pada level yang lebih tinggi serta pada level yang lebih tinggi serta kebiasaan mental yang

kebiasaan mental yang dapatdapat memfasilitasi memfasilitasi siswasiswa belajar.belajar.

DDua tipe instruksionalua tipe instruksional:: teacherteacher--directeddirected dan dan student student--directed

directed..

AsseAssessmen difokuskan pada men difokuskan pada studentstudent knowledge and knowledge and complex reasoning

complex reasoning dari padadari pada recallrecall complex reasoning

(10)

Lima

(11)

Teaching based on learning dimensions

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Model of teaching

Definition Definition::

An instructional design which describes the process of specifying and An instructional design which describes the process of specifying and An instructional design which describes the process of specifying and An instructional design which describes the process of specifying and

producing particular environmental situations which cause the students to producing particular environmental situations which cause the students to interact in such a way that a specific change occurs in their behavior.

interact in such a way that a specific change occurs in their behavior.

Ch t i ti F ti El t Characteristics: Scientific procedure Specification of learning outcome Functions: Guidance Developing curriculum Elements: Focus Syntax S i l t learning outcome Specification of environmental Criterion of curriculum Specification of instructional material Social system Support system Criterion of performance Specification of operation material Teaching improvement p

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Orientasi

Orientasi dan

dan Sosok

Sosok Model

Model Pembelajaran

Pembelajaran

Orientasi

Orientasi dan

dan Sosok

Sosok Model

Model Pembelajaran

Pembelajaran

a.

a. Orientasi Orientasi -- TujuanTujuan -- AAsumsi sumsi b.

b. Sosok Model Sosok Model

-- Sintaks ( tahapan dan langkahSintaks ( tahapan dan langkah--langkah pembelajaran )Sintaks ( tahapan dan langkahSintaks ( tahapan dan langkah langkah pembelajaran )langkah pembelajaran )langkah pembelajaran ) -- Peran Peran PendidikanPendidikan dan dan PesertaPeserta didikdidik

-- Cara Cara pendidikpendidik mmemperlakukan emperlakukan pesertapeserta didikdidik -- Sistem Pendukung (Tipe Guru dan Fasilitas) Sistem Pendukung (Tipe Guru dan Fasilitas)

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Model

Model Pembelajaran

Pembelajaran

Model

Model Pembelajaran

Pembelajaran

Information Processing Models

Information Processing Models::

Information Processing Models

Information Processing Models: :

Pengembangan

Pengembangan kemampuan

kemampuan intektual

intektual, ,

pemecahan

pemecahan masalah

masalah, , dan

dan berfikir

berfikir produktif

produktif..

pp

,,

pp

Personal Models

Personal Models: : Pengembangan

Pengembangan aspek

aspek

kepribadian

kepribadian,, seperti

seperti nilai

nilai--nilai

nilai,, sikap

sikap,, dan

dan

kepribadian

kepribadian, , seperti

seperti nilai

nilai nilai

nilai, , sikap

sikap, , dan

dan

emosi

emosi..

Social Models

Social Models:: Pengembangan

Social Models

Social Models: : Pengembangan

Pengembangan kemampuan

kemampuan

hubungan

hubungan sosial

sosial dan

dan proses

proses demokrasi

demokrasi. .

Behavioral Models

Behavioral Models:: Pengembangan

Behavioral Models

Behavioral Models: : Pengembangan

Pengembangan perilaku

perilaku

melalui

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Information Processing Models

Contoh

Contoh model:model:

Inductive thinkingInductive thinking: to improve the ability to analyze : to improve the ability to analyze information and create concepts.

information and create concepts.

Concept attainmentConcept attainment: to teach concepts and help the: to teach concepts and help the

Concept attainmentConcept attainment: to teach concepts and help the : to teach concepts and help the students become more effective at learning concept. students become more effective at learning concept.

Scientific inquiryScientific inquiry: to introduce science and the nature of : to introduce science and the nature of knowledge construction.

knowledge construction.

Inquiry trainingInquiry training: to improve the ability to engage in : to improve the ability to engage in

causal reasoning and to become more fluent and precise causal reasoning and to become more fluent and precise causal reasoning and to become more fluent and precise causal reasoning and to become more fluent and precise in asking questions, building concepts and hypotheses, in asking questions, building concepts and hypotheses, and testing them.

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Instructional and

Instructional and Nurturant

Nurturant Effect

Effect

f C

t Att i

t

f C

t Att i

t

of Concept Attainment

Instructional Nature of concepts Concepts, Conceptual system and their

application Concepts-learning strategies Concept Concept attainment Conceptual

flexibility reasoningInductive Tolerance of ambiguity

Nurturant

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Personal Models

Contoh

Contoh model:

model:

Contoh

Contoh model:

model:

Nondirective teaching

: to build the

partnership between a teacher and

students and to provide the help needed as

h

d

k

h i

bl

h

d

k

h i

bl

the students try to work out their problems.

Enhancing Self

Enhancing Self--esteem

esteem

: to guide the

student to ensure that their personal image

functions as well as possible.

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S i l M d l (C

i )

S i l M d l (C

i )

Social Models (Cooperative)

Contoh

Contoh model:

model:

Group investigation

: to develop

communities of learner and to preparation

for rigorous active and integrative

for rigorous, active, and integrative

collective action of learner

Role playing

: leads students to understand

Role playing

: leads students to understand

social behavior, their role in social

interactions and ways of solving problems

interactions, and ways of solving problems.

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B h i

l M d l

B h i

l M d l

Behavioral Models

Contoh model: Contoh model:

Mastery learning and programmed instructionsMastery learning and programmed instructions: :

provides a compact and interesting way of increasing the provides a compact and interesting way of increasing the provides a compact and interesting way of increasing the provides a compact and interesting way of increasing the likelihood that more students will attain a satisfactory

likelihood that more students will attain a satisfactory level of performance.

level of performance.

Di t i t ti

Di t i t ti ff tt tttt f tf t hihi th tth t

Direct instructionDirect instruction: refer to a pattern of teaching that : refer to a pattern of teaching that

consist of the teacher’s explaining a new concept or skill consist of the teacher’s explaining a new concept or skill to a large group of student, having them test their

to a large group of student, having them test their

d t di b ti i d t h di ti d d t di b ti i d t h di ti d understanding by practicing under teacher direction and understanding by practicing under teacher direction and encouraging them to continue to practice under teacher encouraging them to continue to practice under teacher guidance.