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LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIKA EKSPERIMEN II

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIKA EKSPERIMEN II

EFEK FOTOVOLTAIK 

EFEK FOTOVOLTAIK 

Disusun Oleh Disusun Oleh N

Naammaa ::TTaahhaayyaatti i IIcchhssaann N

Niimm : : 11440033111199334488 T

Taanggnggal Peal Percrcobaobaanan : 13 : 13 ApApril 2ril 2017017 

oosseenn : : rrss! ! ""aa##ssi i $$iinnttiinngg% % ""ssii

PRODI S-1 JURUSAN FISIKA PRODI S-1 JURUSAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS RIAU UNIVERSITAS RIAU

201 201

(2)

EFEK FOTOVOLTAIK  I! T&'&AN ()*P(+I"(N

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/! Menen"u#$n )es$% %$'$" $%us ($%i h$sil 'e%*,)$n ,",.,l"$i#  II!A,AT AN -A.AN

1! Mul"ie"e%  2! V,l"e"e% 

/! K$)el 'en&hu)un&

! Su)e% *$h$+$ l$'u 'i3$%4 5! Sel su%+$ '652 *7l62 *4 III! T(/+I A*A+ 

Menu%u" )$h$s$7 #$"$ Ph,",.,l"$i# )e%$s$l ($%i )$h$s$ 8un$ni  photos  +$n&  )e%$%"i *$h$+$ ($n volta +$n& e%u'$#$n n$$ $hli isi#$ ($%i I"$li$ +$n& eneu#$n "e&$n&$n lis"%i#! Se*$%$ se(e%h$n$ ($'$" (i$%"i#$n se)$&$i lis"%i# ($%i *$h$+$! Ph,",.,l"$i# e%u'$#$n se)u$h '%,ses un"u# en&u)$h ene%&i *$h$+$ en3$(i ene%&i lis"%i#! P%,ses ini )is$ (i#$"$#$n #e)$li#$n ($%i 'en*i'"$$n l$se%!

Ee# Ph,",.,l"$i# 'e%"$$ #$li )e%h$sil (ii(en"ii#$si ,leh se,%$n& $hli Fisi#$  )e%#e)$n&s$$n P%$n*is Ale9$n(%e E(,n( :e*;ue%el '$($ "$hun 1</=!:$%u '$($ "$hun 1<>7 ?illi$ G%+lls A($s )e%s$$ u%i(n+$7 Ri*h$%( E.$ns D$+ eneu#$n )$h@$ $"e%i$l '$($" seleniu ($'$" en&h$sil#$n lis"%i# #e"i#$ "e%#en$ '$'$%$n sin$%!D$%i 'e%*,)$$n "e%se)u"7 es#i'un )is$ (i)il$n& &$&$l #$%en$ seleniu )elu $'u en&,n.e%si lis"%i# ($l$ 3ul$h +$n& (iin&in#$n7 n$un h$l i"u $'u e)u#"i#$n )$h@$ lis"%i# )is$ (ih$sil#$n ($%i $"e%i$l '$($" "$n'$ h$%us $($ 'e$n$s$n $"$u'un )$&i$n +$n& )e%&e%$#!T$hun 1<</7 h$%les F%i"B en*,)$ el$#u#$n 'eneli"i$n (en&$n el$'isi sei#,n(u#",% seleniu (en&$n l$'is$n e$s +$n& s$n&$" "i'is!Ph,",.,l"$i# +$n& (i)u$"n+$ en&h$sil#$n eisiensi #u%$n& ($%i 1 C!Pe%#e)$n&$n )e%i#u"n+$ +$n&  )e%hu)un&$n (en&$n ini $($l$h 'eneu$n Al)e%" Eins"ein "en"$n& ee# ,",lis"%i#   '$($ "$hun 1=0!T$hun 1=27 Ph,",.,l"$i# (en&$n "i'e +$n& )$%u (i%$n*$n&

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(3)

 'eneli"i )e%n$$ Russel Ohl )e%h$sil en&e)$n&#$n "e#n,l,&i sel su%+$ ($n (i#en$l se)$&$i ,%$n& 'e%"$$ +$n& e)u$" '$"en 'e%$n"i s,l$% *ell ,(e%n!:$h$n +$n& (i&un$#$n $($l$h sili*,n ($n $'u en&h$sil#$n eisiensi  )e%#is$% C!:$%ul$h #eu(i$n (i "$hun 1=57 :ell L$),%$",%ies )e%h$sil en&e)$n&#$nn+$ hin&&$ en*$'$i eisiensi >C ($n $#hi%n+$ 11C!P$($ "en&$h h$%i +$n& *e%$h %$(i$si sin$% $"$h$%i $'u en*$'$i 1000 @$""  'e%e"e% 'e%se&i! Ji#$ se)u$h 'i%$n"i sei#,n(u#",% selu$s s$"u e"e% 'e%se&i eili#i eisiensi 10 'e%sen7 $#$ ,(ul sel su%+$ ini $'u e)e%i#$n "en$&$ lis"%i# se)es$% 100 @$""!

P$nel su%+$ $($l$h $l$" +$n& "e%(i%i ($%i sel su%+$ +$n& en&u)$h *$h$+$ en3$(i lis"%i#! Me%e#$ (ise)u" su%+$ $"$s $"$h$%i $"$u s,l #$%en$ $"$h$%i e%u'$#$n su)e% *$h$+$ "e%#u$" +$n& ($'$" (i$n$$"#$n! P$nel su%+$ se%in& #$li (ise)u" sel 'h,",.,l"$i*7 'h,",.,l"$i* ($'$" (i$%"i#$n se)$&$i *$h$+$-lis"%i#! Sel su%+$ $"$u sel PV )e%&$n"un& '$($ ee# 'h,",.,l"$i* un"u# en+e%$' ene%&i $"$h$%i ($n en+e)$)#$n $%us en&$li% $n"$%$ (u$ l$'is$n )e%u$"$n +$n&  )e%l$@$n$n!

A! Sel F,",.,l"$i# 

Sel ,",.,l"$i# $($l$h su$"u $l$" +$n& ($'$" en&u)$h se*$%$ l$n&sun& ene%&i %$(i$si $"$h$%i en3$(i lis"%i#! Me#$nise #e%3$ sel ,",.,"$i# (i($s$%#$n $"$s su$"u en,en$ +$n& (i#en$l e.e# ,",.,l"$i# +$n& (i(eenisi#$n se)$&$i "e%)$n&#i"n+$ su$"u ',"ensi$l lis"%i# $'$)il "e%3$(i i,nis$si ,leh %$(i$si (i(e#$" su$"u )uil( in ',"ensi$l )$%ie% su$"u )$h$n si#,n(u#",%!

B. K,',nen Sel F,",.,l"$i# 

Se)elu e)$h$s sis"e 'e)$n&#i" lis"%i# "en$&$ su%+$7 'e%"$$-"$$ $#$n (i3el$s#$n se*$%$ sin&#$" #,',nen 'en"in& ($l$ sis"e ini +$n& )e%un&si se)$&$i 'eu)$h ene%&+ *$h$+$ $"$h$%i en3$(i ene%&+ lis"%i#! Lis"%i# "en$&$ $"$h$%i (i)$n&#i"#$n ,leh #,',nen +$n& (ise)u" s,l$% *ell +$n& )es$%n+$ se#i"$% 10-15 * 'e%se&i!K,',nen en&#,n.e%si#$n ene%&+ ($%i *$h$+$ $"$h%i en3$(i ene%&i lis"%i#!S,l$% *ell e%u'$#$n #,',nen .i"$l +$n& '$($ uun+$ "e%)u$" ($%i )$h$n sei*,n(u*",%! Sel su%+$ e%u'$#$n su$"u 'n 3un*"i,n ($%i sili*,n K%is"$ "un&&$l! Den&$n en&&un$#$n 'h,",-ele*"%i* ee*" ($%i )$h$n sei*,n(u*",% 7 sel su%+$ ($'$" l$n&sun& en&#,n.e%si sin$% "$h$%i en3$(i

(4)

lis"%i# se$%$hD4! :il$ sel su%+$ (i#en$#$n '$($ sin$% $"$h$%i7$#$ "i)ul +$n& (in$$#$n ele*"%,n ($h h,le! El#"%,n-ele#%",n ($n h,e-h,le +$n& "i)ul (ise#i"$%  PN 3un*"i,n )e%&e%$# )e%"u%u"-"u%u" #e l$'is$n N ($n e $%$h l$'is$n P! sehin&&$  '$($ s$$$" ele*"%,n-ele#"%,n ($n h,le-h,le i"u elin"$si PN 3un*"i,n "i)ul )e($  ',"ensi$l '$($ #e(u$ u3un& sel su%+$! Ji#$ '$($ #e(u$ u3un& sel su%+$ (i)e%i#$n  )e)$n $#$ $#$n "i)ul $%us lis"%i# +$n& en&$li% el$lui )e)$n! P$($ sei*,n(u*",% *-Si7 ene%&+ &$'n+$ se)es$% 1711 eV $#$ ee#"%,n "e%se)u" $#$n $'u ele@$"i *el$h ene%&+ ($n )e%'in($h enu3u 'i"$ #,n(u#si!

:$h$n sel su%+$ sen(i%i "e%(i%i ($%i #$* 'ein(un& ($n $"e%i$l $(hesi.e "%$ns'$%$n +$n& elin(un&i )$h$n sel su%+$ ($%i #e$($$n lin&#un&$n7 $"e%i$l $n"i %ele#si un"u# en+e%$' le)ih )$n+$# *$h$+$ ($n en&u%$ni 3ul$h *$h$+$ +$n& (i'$n"ul#$n7 sei#,n(u#",% P-"+'e ($n N-"+'e un"u# en&h$sil#$n e($n lis"%i#7 s$lu%$n $@$l ($n s$lu%$n $#hi% un"u# en&i%i ele*"%,n #e 'e%$)," lis"%i#!

C. S$)un&$n P-N

Ke"i#$ sei#,n(u#",% "i'e-' ($n "i'e-n (is$)un&#$n $#$ $#$n "e%3$(i (iusi hole ($%i "i'e-' enu3u "i'e-n ($n (iusi ele#"%,n ($%i "i'e-n enu3u "i'e-'! Diusi "e%se)u" $#$n enin&&$l#$n ($e%$h +$n& le)ih ',si"i '$($ )$"$s "i'e-n ($n ($e%$h le)ih ne&$"i '$($ )$"$s "i'e-'! :$"$s "e'$" "e%3$(in+$ 'e%)e($$n u$"$n  '$($ s$)un&$n '-n (ise)u" (en&$n ($e%$h (e'lesi! A($n+$ 'e%)e($$n u$"$n  '$($ ($e%$h (e'lesi $#$n en&$#i)$"#$n un*uln+$ e($n lis"%i# +$n& $'u en&hen"i#$n l$3u (iusi sel$n3u"n+$! Me($n lis"%i# "e%se)u" en&$#i)$"#$n un*uln+$ $%us drift ! N$un $%us ini "e%i)$n&i ,leh $%us (iusi sehin&&$ se*$%$ #eselu%uh$n "i($# $($ $%us lis"%i# +$n& en&$li% '$($ sei#,n(u#",% s$)un&$n  '-n "e%se)u"!

(5)

Di$&%$ ene%&i s$)un&$n '-n ($n un*uln+$ ($e%$h (e'lesi! L$n"$s7 )$&$i$n$ ele#"%,n-ele#"%,n +$n& "e%le'$s ($%i $",-$", #%is"$l sei#,n(u#",% ($'$" en&$li% sehin&&$ eni)ul#$n ene%&i lis"%i#Se)$&$i$n$ +$n& #i"$ #e"$hui )e%s$$7 ele#"%,n $($l$h '$%"i#el )e%u$"$n +$n& $'u (i'en&$%uhi ,leh e($n lis"%i#! Keh$(i%$n e($n lis"%i# '$($ ele#"%,n ($'$" en&$#i)$"#$n ele#"%,n )e%&e%$#! H$l inil$h +$n& (il$#u#$n '$($ sel su%+$ s$)un&$n '-n7 +$i"u (en&$n en&h$sil#$n e($n lis"%i# '$($ s$)un&$n '-n $&$% ele#"%,n ($'$" en&$li% $#i)$" #eh$(i%$n e($n lis"%i# "e%se)u"!

Ku%.$ I-V sel su%+$ '$($ #e$($$n &el$' ($n (i)e%i#$n *$h$+$!

Ke"i#$ sei#,n(u#",% s$)un&$n '-n (isin$%i $#$ $#$n "e%3$(i 'ele'$s$n ele#"%,n ($n h,le '$($ sei#,n(u#",% "e%se)u"! Le'$sn+$ '$)$@$ u$"$n "e%se)u" en&$#i)$"#$n 'en$)$h$n #u$" e($n lis"%i# (i ($e%$h (e'lesi! A($n+$ #ele)ih$n u$"$n ini $#$n en&$#i)$"#$n u$"$n ini )e%&e%$# #$%en$ $($n+$ e($n lis"%i# '$($ ($e%$h (e'lesi! P$($ #e$($$n ini7 $%us drift  le)ih )es$%  ($%i'$($ $%us (iusi sehin&&$ se*$%$ #eselu%uh$n (ih$sil#$n $%us )e%u'$ $%us drift 7 +$i"u $%us +$n& (ih$sil#$n #$%en$ #eun*ul$n e($n lis"%i#! A%us inil$h +$n& #eu(i$n (i$n$$"#$n ,leh sel su%+$ s$)un&$n '-n se)$&$i $%us lis"%i#!

(6)

1. aya an (isiensi!

Se)elu en&e"$hui ($+$ ses$$" +$n& (ih$sil#$n #i"$ h$%us en&e"$hui ene%&i +$n& (i"e%i$7 (i$n$ ene%&i "e%se)u" $($l$h 'e%#$li$n in"ensi"$s %$(i$si +$n& (i"e%i$ (en&$n lu$s$n (en&$n 'e%s$$$n 

   =  ∙ 

Di$n$ 

I% 6 In"ensi"$s %$(i$si $"$h$%i A 6 Lu$s 'e%u#$$n  4

Se($n&#$n un"u# )es$%n+$ ($+$ ses$$" +$i"u 'e%#$li$n "e&$n&$n ($n $%us +$n& (ih$sil#$n ,leh sel ,",.,l"$i# ($'$" (ihi"un& (en&$n %uus se)$&$i )e%i#u"  Di$n$ 

P 6 D$+$ ?$""4

V 6 :e($ ',"ensi$l V,l"4 I 6 A%us A'e%e4

Ene%&i Su%+$ ($n P%,s'e# Pen&e)$n&$nn+$ (i In(,nesi$

Ene%&i e'un+$i 'e%$n$n 'en"in& ($l$ 'en*$'$i$n "u3u$n s,si$l7 e#,n,i7 ($n lin&#un&$n un"u# 'e)$n&un$n )e%#el$n3u"$n7 se%"$ e%u'$#$n  'en(u#un& )$&i #e&i$"$n e#,n,i n$si,n$l!Pen&&un$$n ene%&i (i In(,nesi$ enin&#$" 'es$" se3$l$n (en&$n 'e%"u-)uh$n e#,n,i ($n 'e%"$)$h$n  'en(u(u#!Se($n&#$n7 $#ses #e ene%&i +$n& $n($l ($n "e%3$n&#$u e%u'$#$n

'%$-s+$%$" u"$$ un"u# enin&#$"#$n s"$n($% hi(u' $s+$%$#$"! I! P+/*(&+ P(+/-AAN

(7)

1! Di *e# seu$ l$'u 'i3$% $'$#$h $sih en+$l$ $"$u "i($# 3i#$ "i($#  en+$l$ l$&i h$%us (i&$n"i ',sisi sel su%+$n+$ +$n& en(e#$"i l$'u +$n& en+$l$!

2! Dile"$##$n sel "e'$" (i)$@$h l$'u "e%se)u" l$lu (iu#u% 3$%$# sel #el$'u! /! Di"u"u' sel (en&$n )u#u $"$u #$%",n l$lu (isusun %$n&#$i$n se'e%"i &$)$% 

 ) (i$"$s l$lu $"i#$n l$'u!

! :u#$ 'enu"u' s$)il (ihi(u'#$n l$'u ($n (i*$"$" )es$% $%us ($n "e&$n&$n

5! Pen&u#u%$n (il$#u#$n un"u# enen"u#$n $%us ($n "e&$n&$n se"i$' 5 eni" se#$li7 iniu s$'$i 10 #$li 'en&$$"$n!

>! Diu)$h 3$%$# l$'u #e sel $%us ($n "e&$n&$n

! L$#u#$n 'en&u#u%$n $%us ($n "e&$n&$n iniu 10 #$li un"u# 3$%$# +$n&  )e%)e($! I!P(+.IT&N$AN A! Menen"u#$n nil$i P 14!Un"u# 3$%$# /< * 24 un"u# 3$%$# /<7/ * 14!P 6 V!I 24!P 6 V!I P 6  9 271< 9 10-/4 P 6 /75 9 1=720 9 10-/4

(8)

P 6 070=>2 P 6 070>2 P 6 =7> 9 10-2@$"" P 6 >72 9 10-2@$"" /4!Un"u# 3$%$# /<7> * 4 un"u# 3$%$# /<7= * /4!P 6 V!I 4!P 6 V!I P 6 / 9 2171/ 9 10-/4 P 6 27< 9 207// 9 10-/4 P 6 070>//= P 6 0705>=2 P 6 >7// 9 10-2@$"" P 6 57 9 10-2@$"" 54!Un"u# 3$%$# /=7/* >4 un"u# 3$%$# /=7= * 54!P 6 V!I >4!P 6 V!I P 6 27 9 175/ 9 10-/4 P 6 / 9 1=71 9 10-/4 P 6 070//1 P 6 0705<2/ P 6 7/ 9 10-2@$"" P 6 57<2 9 10-2@$"" 4!Un"u# 3$%$# 1 * <4 un"u# 3$%$# 17/ * 4!P 6 V!I <4!P 6 V!I P 6 27> 9 17> 9 10-/4 P 6 27 9 1>7<2 9 10-/4 P 6 0705/=> P 6 0!00/>< P 6 75/ 9 10-2@$"" P 6 70/ 9 10-2@$"" =4!Un"u# 3$%$# 17> * 104! un"u# 3$%$# 272 * =4!P 6 V!I 104!P 6 V!I

(9)

P 6 27/ 9 1>710 9 10-/4 P 6 2 9 1572 9 10-/4 P 6 070/0/ P 6 0!0/1 P 6 /7 9 10-2@$"" P 6 /71 9 10-2@$"" -!"enent#an nilai ' • J6 A   A6P9l • Di#e"$hui '652 *6 520  l 6 2 *620  A652020 6127< 9 14! Un"u# 3$%$# /< * 24! Un"u# 3$%$# /<7/ * J6 J6 J6 J6 J617=/ 9 J6175/ 9 /4! Un"u# 3$%$# /<7> * 4! Un"u# 3$%$# /<7= * J6 J6 J6 J6 J617>= 9 J617>2 9 54! Un"u# 3$%$# /=7/ * >4! Un"u# 3$%$# /=7= *

(10)

J6 J6 J6 J6 J6170 9 J61755 9 4! Un"u# 3$%$# 1 * <4! Un"u# 3$%$# 17/ * J6 J6 J6 J6 J617/= 9 J617/9 =4! Un"u# 3$%$# 17> * 104! Un"u# 3$%$# 272 * J6 J6 J6 J6 J6172= 9 J617259

(11)

II! .A*I, AN P("-A.A*AN 1! HASIL

T$)el 'en&$$"$n un"u# e$#$i l$'u 'i3$% (en&$n 3$%$# +$n& )e%u)$h-u)$h!  NO J$ h *4 I$4 V.4 P @$""4 JA

1 </5 /< 271<  =7> 9 10-2 17=/ 9 2 <0 /<7/ 1=720 /75 >72 9 10-2 175/ 9 / <5 /<7> 2171/ / >7// 9 10-2 17>= 9  <50 /<7= 207// 27< 57 9 10-2 17>2 9 5 <55 /=7/ 175/ 27 7/ 9 10-2 170 9 > =00 /=7= 1=71 / 57<2 9 10-2 1755 9  =05 1 17> 27> 75/ 9 10-2 17/= 9 < =10 17/ 1>7<2 27 70/ 9 10-2 17/9 = =15 17> 1>710 27/ /7 9 10-2 172= 9 10 =20 272 1572 2 /71 9 10-2 17259 PEM:AHASAN

P$($ 'e%*,)$$n ee# ,",.,l"$i# ini #i"$ en($'$"#$n )es$%n+$ ($+$ ($n %$'$" $%us h$sil ($%i 'e%hi"un&$n se'e%"i +$n& "e%*$n"u '$($ "$)el 'en&$$"$n (i$"$s7 ul$i ($%i 3$%$# +$n& "e%#e*il s$'$i s$'$i 3$%$# +$n& "e%)es$% (en&$n sel$n& @$#"u +$n& s$$ +$i"u se"i$' 5 eni" se#$li! P$($ 3$%$# "e%#e*il +$i"u /< * (i'e%,leh P6 =7> 9 10-2 @$""7 ($n J617=/ 9 A  7 ($n un"u# 3$%$# +$n&

"e%)es$% 272 * (i'e%,leh P6/71 9 10-2 @$""7 ($n J617259 A ! D$%i

"$)el 'en&$$"$n (en&$n 10 #$li 'e%*,)$$n (i'e%,leh nil$i $%us7 "e&$n&$n7 ($+$7($n %$'$" $%us +$n& *en(%un& enu%un! D$'$" (i#$"$#$n )$h@$ se$#in

(12)

#e*il 3$%$# $#$ nil$i ($+$ ($n %$'$" $%us +$n& (ie%,leh se$#in )es$%! N$un ($%i 'e%*,)$$n "e%se)u" $($ se)$&i$n #e*il ($"$ +$n& "u%un n$i# (i#$%en$#$n '$($ s$$" el$#u#$n 'e%*,)$$n $($ )e)e%$'$ l$'u 'i3$% +$n& hi(u' $"i sehin&&$ e'en&$%uhi )es$% $%us +$n& (i'e%,leh (i#$%en$#$n *$h$+$ +$n& en&en$i sel su%+$ "i($# s"$)il!

III!T&$A* ,AP/+AN 1! A'$ +$n& (i$#su( (en&$n

A! 1! A%$s le.el4 e%i

J$@$) A%$s e%i $($l$h "in&#$" ene%&i "e%"in&&i +$n& (iisi ,leh ele#"%,n '$($ suhu u"l$# 0 #el.in!

2! Le.el (,n,% 

J$@$) Le.el (,n,% $($l$h "in&#$" ene%&i "e%"in&&i +$n& (iisi ,leh ele#"%,n '$($ suhu u"l$# 0 Kel.in '$($ sei#,n(u#",% "i'e n! Le.el (,n,% "e%le"$# se(i#i" (i )$@$h 'i"$ #,n(u#si7 ($n nil$in+$ le)ih )es$% ($%i se"en&$h *el$h ene%&i7 $"$u se*$%$ $"e$"is ($'$" (i"ulis E(   E&7 (i$n$ E(6 Ene%&i le.el (,n,% ($n E& 6 *el$h ene%&iene%&+ &$'! A%"in+$7 #ele)ih$n ele#"%,n sei#,n(u#",% 3enis n '$($ le.el (,n,% e)u"uh#$n se(i#i" ene%&i "$)$h$n s$3$ un"u# ein($h#$n ele#"%,n ($%i  'i"$ .$lensi #e 'i"$ #,n(u#si7 sehin&&$ le)ih u($h ele'$s#$n

ele#"%,n ($%i'$($ ene%i$ ele#"%,n7 $#$ ($%i i"u (ise)u" le.el (,n,% $"$u le.el 'e)e%i ele#"%,n4!

/!Le.el $*e'",% 

J$@$) Le.el $*e'",% $($l$h "in&#$" ene%&i "e%"in&&i +$n& (iisi ,leh ele#"%,n '$($ suhu u"l$# 0 Kel.in '$($ sei#,n(u#",% "i'e '7 le.el $#se'",% le"$#n+$ se(i#i" (i $"$s 'i"$ .$lensi7 ($n nil$in+$

le)ih #e*il ($%i se'$%uh *el$h ene%&i7 $"$u se*$%$ $"e$"is ($'$" (i"ulis E(   E&! A%"in+$7 #ele)ih$n h,le sei#,n(u#",% 3enis ' '$($ le.el $#se'",% e)u"uh#$n ene%&i +$n& *u#u' )es$% un"u# ein($h#$n ele#"%,n ($%i 'i"$ .$lensi #e 'i"$ #,n(u#si7 )$h#$n le)ih u($h ene%i$ ele#"%,n

(13)

($%i'$($ ele'$s#$n ele#"%,n7 $#$ ($%i i"u (ise)u" le.el $#se'",% $"$u le.el 'ene%i$ ele#"%,n4!

! L$'is$n (e'lesi

J$@$) L$'is$n +$n& elin"$n& $n"$%$ sisi P ($n sisi N (ise)u" se)$&$i l$'is$n (e'lesi (e'le"i,n l$+e%47 '$($ l$'is$n ini "e%3$(i '%,ses #esei)$n&$n h,le ($n ele*"%,n!

5!Ene%&i &$'

J$@$) Ene%&i &$' $"$u *el$h ene%&i $($l$h su$"u *el$h +$n& "e%($'$" (i$n"$%$ 'i"$ .$lensi ($n 'i"$ #,n(u#si7 (i$n$ ele#"%,n $#$n l,n*$" ($%i 'i"$ +$n& s$"u #e 'i"$ +$n& l$inn+$! el$h ini $#$n enun3u##$n si$" ($%i su$"u B$" '$($"7 $'$#$h B$" '$($" "e%se)u" )e%si$" #,n(u#",%7 is,l$",%7 $"$u sei#,n(u#",%!

>! L,)$n&

J$@$) L,)$n& h,le4 $($l$h 'e)$@$ u$"$n ',si"i ($l$ sei#,n(u#",%! H,le lu)$n&4 ($l$ sei#,n(u#",% e%u'$#$n

B$%$h seu +$n& )e%u$"$n ',si"i! H,le '$($ ($s$%n+$ e%u'$#$n #e#,s,n&$n ele#"%,n '$($ i#$"$n #,.$len ($l$ #%is"$l  )$h$n sei#,n(u#",%! Ke"i$($$n ele#"%,n $"$u lu)$n& ini (i$n&&$' se)$&$i '$%"i#el #h$+$l +$n& )e%u$"$n ',si"i! Se*$%$ %iil7 ele#"%,n +$n& u($h )e%&e%$# )e)$s7 l$lu $#$n en&isi h,le +$n& $($!

:! G$)$%#$n sei#,n(u#",% in"%insi# se*$%$ 1! i#$"$n #,.$len

  J$@$)

(14)

  J$@$)

III! )(*I"P&,AN

Kesi'ul$n ($%i '%$#"i#u ee# ,",.,l"$i# $($l$h se)$&$i )e%i#u" 

1! Ji#$ 3$%$# su)e% *$h$+$ ($n sel ,",.,l"$i# #e*il7 $#$ in"ensi"$s *$h$+$ le)ih )es$%! Dei#i$n 'ul$ se)$i#n+$!

2! In"ensi"$s *$h$+$ s$n&$" )e%'en&$%uh "e%h$($' ($+$ ($n %$'$" $%us +$n& $#$n (ih$sil#$n ,leh sel ,",.,l"$i#! Se$#in )es$% in"ensi"$s *$h$n+$7 se$#in )es$% 'ul$ $%us +$n& $#$n (ih$n"$%#$n sehin&&$ en&h$sil#$n ($+$ ($n %$'$" $%us +$n& )es$% 'ul$ ($n )e&i"u'un se)$li#n+$!

/! F$#",%-$#",% +$n& )e%'en&$%uh "e%h$($' 'en+e%$'$n ene%&i ,leh sel su%+$ +$i"u $n"$%$ l$in 

• In"ensi"$s *$h$+$ +$n& (i"e%i$!

• Lu$s 'e%u#$$n sel su%+$ +$n& en+e%$' *$h$+$ l$'u

(15)

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

A(i)$ Al A#hi+$h! 2011! L$',%$n E#s'e%ien M$"e%i$l D$n Ene%&i 

F,",.,l"$i# ! h""'lu'h+si*s0<!)l,&s',"!*,20110)$)-ii-"in3$u$n- 'us"$#$-sel-su%+$!h"l! Di$#ses '$($ "$n&&$l 1= $'%il 201 'u#ul 11!50 h,%neis-Anin! 2012! L$',%$n Sel Su%+$!h""'s@@@!$*$(ei$!e(u

5=>=2L$',%$nQSelQSu%+$!Di$#ses '$($ "$n&&$l 1= $'%il 201 'u#ul =!/

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