978-1-4799-8478-7 / 14 / $ 31,00 © 2014 IEEE
Academic Ranks Promotion in Higher Education in
Indonesia During 1987-2014
Yanuarsyah Haroen
1,2, Supriadi Rustad
31
Professor at School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 2
Member of Team of Assessment of Academic Ranks and Credit Points of DGHE Ministry of Education and Culture (since 2006-now)
3
Professor at Semarang State University and Director of Human Resource of DGHE Ministry of Education and Culture 1
yanuarsyah@gmail.com 3
srustad@dikti.go.id
Abstract— The system of academic rank structure and first appointment regulation for academic staff has been established since 1987, this applied for either state and private-owned universities. The academic rank structure was divided into 9 level, starting from Associate Lecturer rate 100 credit points up to Full Professor rate 1000 credit points. Two years of staying in the previous position was mandatory before promotion to the higher rank, and accelerating or office caper was not possible. New regulation introduced in 1999 transformed the academic rank structure became simpler. By this new regulation Head Lecturer has been considered as associate professor level with rate 400, 550, and 700 credit points, while Professor rank rates 850 and 1050 credit points. It is eligible to get a rate promotion in the same academic ranks after 2 years in the current rate. However, The rate promotion is not possible if the adjacent rate belong to higher academic rank. A new statute passed by the parliament in 2006 stated that part time lecturer is no longer have academic ranks and also abolished Associate Lecturer rank rate 100 credit points. To have a promotion to be Professor from Head Lecturer rank, the candidate should publishes at least 1 article in accredited journal by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) of Ministry of Education and Culture and fulfill the credit points needed. Special circumstances apply for office caper who jump directly from Associate Lecturer to Head Lecturer or from Lecturer to Professor, the candidate should has published at least 4 articles in acredited national journal, or equivalently 2 articles in international reputable journal. Since 2011 the DGHE has already implemented a new tighter assesment for academic rank promotion although still under the same regulation.
Keywords— Academic ranks, credit points, higher education, policy
I. INTRODUCTION
Every country has their own established system of academic ranks structure[1]. Higher Education In Indonesia, comprises of University, Institute, Higher School and Polytechnics, which could be state or private-owned. The first well-structured regulation for academic ranks of academic staff of in higher education by the regulation of Minister of State Officer (Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara) also could be considered as a concept for regulating academic
ranks structure in Indonesia[2]. This regulation was altered by other regulation[3] which clarifying the first appointment as academic rank for Associate Lecturer and Lecturer. Following by joint regulation between Ministry of Education and Culture
(Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan) and Head of State
Officer Administration Board (Badan Administrasi
Kepegawaian Negara/BAKN)[4], and regulation of Ministry of
Education and Culture[5] which valid for academic staff in state and private-owned universities as well as other higher educational organization forms.
II. ACADEMIC RANKS PROMOTION DURING 1987-2000 It was possible for part time lecturers to have any academic ranks up to Professor level. Four academic ranks which can be categorized to 9 main levels with one or more rates within each rank. Those ranks are Associate Lecturer (Asisten Ahli) rates of 100 and 150 credit points, Lecturer (Lektor) rates of 200 and 300 credit points, Head Lecturer (Lektor Kepala) rates of 400, 550, 700 credit points, Associate Professor (Guru Besar) rates of 850 credit points, and Full Professor rates of 1000 credit points. Academic rank promotion needs 2 year stay in the previous rank without chance to jump as office caper. Main aspect of activities to be assesed in order to get promotion in academic ranks were teaching (minimum 25%), research (minimum 25%), and social services (maximum 15%), last but not least is supporting activities related to previous main aspect (maximum 20). Each activity was counted as credit point and the point received for each activity was very small. Therefore, it was hard to have sufficient credit points for academic ranks promotion.
professor level with rate of 400, 550 and 700 credit points, and
Professor rank rate of 850 and 1050 credit points. It was
eligible to get promotion between rank in one year and possibility for office caper academic ranks according to achievement credit points at least in one year. It is eligible to get a rate promotion in the same academic ranks after 2 years in the current rate. However, The rate promotion is not possible if the adjacent rate belong to higher academic rank. The research activities should have met the minimum 30% credit points needed, while the other activities proportion are still same. The statute passed by the parliament[9] stated that after year 2006 part time lecturer is no longer have academic ranks and also abolished Associate Lecturer rank rate 100 credit points. If they want to continue stepping their career in academic ranks then they have to be a tenured faculty. Academic staff for undergraduate program should have Master Degree, while for Master and Doctoral Degree program, all academic staff should have Doctoral degree and also have minimum academic ranks of Lecturer rate 300 credit points. In order to improve and clarifying the process of academic rank promotion the Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) of Ministry of Education and Culture makes several circular letters regarding regulations that are not covered by the existing higher level regulation.
To guide the academic staff to promote their academic rank comprehensively, the DGHE published The Manual Procedure for promoting academic ranks to Head Lecturer and Professsor level in 2009. This manual was published because the academic activities of academic staff from all scientific and social fields are very diversed, thus the guidance is needed to accurately asses the activities as the requirement of promotion. Moreover, the publication of articles and conference papers are getting easier in this modern information and communication era, a guidance is needed to keep the quality of publication as requirement of promotion. Although this guidance is originally intended for promotion of Head Lecturer and Professor, but
the Associate Lecturer and Lecturer may use as the guidance
for promotion also.
Universities, institutes, and other education organizations under Ministry of Education and Culture are given autonomy for promotion from the first appointment up to Lecturer rank. The decision of academic rank promotion is under the head of institution directive for state-owned institution. For private-owned institution, the autonomy hold by the government body for coordinating private-owned universities. For higher education organization under other ministries, such as Ministry of Health, Ministry of Religion, Ministry of Agriculture, etc., also have the same autonomy policy. However, for Head
Lecturer up to Professor rank, regardless the Ministries, the
promotion assesment and decision is under the authority of DGHE.
A. Promotion for first appointment
In order to be promoted as Associate Lecturer, a candidate should hold minimum a master degree and at least already fulfill one year educational service works. Previously,
Associate Lecturer was minimum holder of undergraduate
degree only, but in 2006 the regulation stated that Associate
Lecturer should hold a Master degree. Moreover, the candidate
should collects 10 credit points and already published an article in national journal as the first author. The candidate whose already hold Doctor degree and fulfill the same previous criteria could be directly appoint as Lecturer for the first appointment.
B. Promotion as Head Lecturer and Professor
In order to be promoted as Head Lecturer, the candidate should has already hold the Lecture rank at least 1 - 3 years. The candidate at least has already published 1 article in accredited journal by DGHE and also fulfill the required credit points. However, after 3 years in Lecturer rank, they only need at least one article in national journal.
To have a promotion to be Professor from Head Lecturer rank, the candidate should publishes at least 1 article in accredited journal by DGHE and fulfill the credit points needed. Special circumstances apply for office caper who jump directly from a Associate Lecturer to Head Lecturer or from
Lecturer to Professor, the candidate should has published at
least 4 articles in acredited national journal or equivalently 4 articles in international reputable journal.
Special case apply for academic staff of faculty of medicine of state-owned university which usually under the Ministry of Health administration. If the candidate is willing to have a promotion to be Head Lecture or Professor, DGHE will asses and appoint the promotion based on the formal request of Ministry of Health.
C. Current policy by DGHE
Since 2011 the DGHE has already implemented a new tighter assesment for academic rank promotion although under the same regulation. Those improvements such as article in journal or conference should be written in good Bahasa Indonesia or English. The journal publisher itself should be a well-managed journal publisher. It has been found that some accredited journal by DGHE are no longer in the list of accredited journal because the publisher is indicated to violate the rules of good journal management. As an indicator of good and reputable journal, the journal where the candidate publishes the article should be listed in Scimago JR webpage and has Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) value, or listed in Scopus[16], or listed in ISI Knowledge Thompson Reuters and has Impact Factor (IF) value. Eventhough a journal is originally accredited as reputable journal by DHGE, once it is listed in the webpage [17], the assesment will be conducted in more detail and carefully. For an illustrative purpose, the contribution in publication of state and private-owned universities in shown in Fig. 1.
The candidate review is considered as poor if the published journal article is only at local national journal. All published article should be able to be traced on line, therefore the journal repository is a mandatory requirement for reputable journal. Some higher education institutions were suspended for one year academic rank promotion due to suspected plagiarism act.
social service, and supporting activities will be assesed by the member of DGHE Assesment Team. Furthermore, the research documents such as articles, paper, books, and copyright document will be verified by the Validation Team. Currently, in November 2014, all verified documents should be provided in hardcopy. Website www.pak.dikti.go.id is constructed to provide a on-line monitoring page for the candidates to know the progress and the result of on-going assesment process. Currently the result of assesment should be available on-line at most 2 weeks after the assesment.
In order to improve the quality of academic rank and to increase the number of publication, the government through the Ministry of State Office and Bureaucracy Reform issues several regulations[11], [12], and also its derivatives[13], [14], [15]. These regulations are targeting to improve the infrastructure and raising the research funding. This scheme is shown in Fig. 2. This scheme is targeted to leverage the number of publication and also the number of doctoral degree.
IV. DISCUSSION
The good scientific writing culture is to be developed in all both state and private-owned universities. It is not possible to develop a good writing culture since most of academic staffs hold master degree level thus the problem is that many of them do not have enough experience to write good articles. Only several reputable universities have most of the academic staff hold doctoral degree which gives contribution in conference and international journal publicaiton.
Current regulation states that the academic staff qualification for undergraduate program is required only hold Master degree, however this mindset should be changed. The academic staff should have a doctoral degree on their own field of expertise, therefore Indonesia may have a chance to be a nation relies on knowledge and technology, such as Japan, USA, Germany, French, etc. This may improve the nation prosperity in the long turn. Research and development related to the specific needs to the nation should be actively implemented. We know that Indonesia has many natural
Figure 1. Contribution in publication of state and private-owned universities in Indonesia
resources, but science and technology will promote the resource to the higher level with high added-value.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Indonesia is a big country in term of size and the number of population, DGHE has a task to make sure that the degree of social welfare and mastering knowledge and technology will have a positive relationship which is reflected in the number of cited publication. University has to encourage the academic staffs to involve in more productive activities such as attending international conference, publishing in international reputable journal listed in Scopus, Microsoft Academic Search, or ISI Web of Knowledge. Some reputable universities have opportunity to subscript well-known on-line scientific research databases, but most of universities are not. DGHE task is to facilitate all the academic staffs to obtain access to the well-known on-line scientific research databases such as ScienceDirect, ISI Web of Knowledge, IEEE eXplore, Springer Verlag, Wiley Online Library, PubMed, and others. DGHE should increase the financial support to the academic staff to participate in international conference and publishing article in the international reputable journal.
REFERENCES
[1] Academic rank in Indonesia, available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks#Indonesia
[2] Regulation of Ministry of State Officer, No. 59/MENPAN/1987 regarding Credit Points for Academic Ranks (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[3] Regulation of Ministry of State Officer, No. 13/MENPAN/1988 regarding Alteration of Regulation of Ministry of State Officer, No. 59/MENPAN/1987 regarding Credit Points for Academic Ranks (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[4] Joint Regulation between Ministry of Education and Culture and State Officer Administration Board, No. 61395/mpk/187-21/se/1987 regarding Credit Points for Academic Rank (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[5] Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture, No. 095/U/1988 regarding Working Procedure of Credit Point Assesment for Academic Rank (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[6] Regulation of Ministry of State Officer, No. 38/kep/mk.waspan/8/1999 regarding Credit Points and Academic Ranks (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[7] Joint Regulation between Ministry of Education and Culture and State Officer Administration Board, No. 61409/mpk/kp/91 and No. 181-1999 regarding Instruction Manual of Functional Position and Credit Point for Lecturer (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[8] Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture, No. 36/D/O/2001 regarding Technical Manual Guide of Credit Point Assesment for Academic Ranks (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[9] Statute of Parliament, No. 14 year 2005, regarding Teachers and Lecturers (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[10] Statute of Parliament, No. 12 year 2012, regarding Higher Education (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[11] Regulation of Ministry of State Officer and Bureaucracy Reform, No. 17 year 2013, regarding Academic Rank and Credit Points (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[12] Regulation of Ministry of State Officer and Bureaucracy Reform, No. 46 year 2013, regarding The Amendment of Regulation of Ministry of State Officer and Bureaucracy Reform, No. 17 year 2013, regarding Academic Rank and Credit Points (original version in Bahasa Indonesia) [13] Joint Regulation between Ministry of Education and Culture and State Officer Board, regarding Technical Terms in regard of Regulation of Ministry of State Officer and Bureaucracy Reform, No. 46 year 2013 (original version in Bahasa Indonesia)
[14] Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture, No. 92 year 2014 regarding Technical Guidelines for Implementation of Credit Points Assesment for Academic Rank (original version in Bahasa Indonesia) [15] Operational Guidelines for Credit Points Assesment for Academic Rank
by Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture (Draft Version, November 2014)
[16] SCImago Journal & Country Rank, available online at http://scimagojr.com
