About EIA
Background
EIA’s annual Chilling Facts survey is now in its fourth year. Launched in 2008 it revealed a sector stuck in its ways, with just 14 stores across the UK using climate-friendly technology. HFC-free refrigeration technology was still perceived to be in its infancy and retailers raised concerns about theeficiency and costs of equipment and the lack of
trained servicing engineers.
Four years on, EIA is pleased to report that HFC-free refrigeration has gone mainstream. 344 stores across the UK now use climate-friendly refrigeration systems with thousands of engineers trained to service them.
And reality has debunked those eficiency myths, with retailers reporting signiicant reductions in energy
use when compared to conventional HFC systems.
Since its launch, EIA’s Chilling Facts campaign has successfully brought HFCs under the industry spotlight. Carbon-conscious retailers now recognise that super greenhouse gases have no place in supermarket refrigeration systems and that the writing is on the wall for HFCs.
EIA is a small charity set up over 25 years ago to ight
environmental crime. We have developed innovative and effective investigative methods for defending the environment and seeking lasting solutions to the problems we uncover. From stopping the live transport of wild birds and getting the elephant ivory trade ban in place in the late 1990s, to shutting down one of the
Publication date: July 2012
biggest illegal timber trade routes, EIA’s work haschanged the face of the world for the better.
We play a unique and essential role in combating
climate change. EIA is the most active NGO calling for an HFC phase-out, campaigning at national, European and global levels.
EIA believes in the importance of sharing knowledge
and we have presented our indings on commercial
refrigeration around the globe. As well as comparing progress made by retailers we have also been able to share innovative best practice examples with technicians, managers and policy makers, and demonstrate the swift progress that the UK supermarket industry has made in just three years to roll out truly sustainable refrigeration.
In 2012, Chilling Facts has expanded to cover European retailers. The timing couldn’t be better as this year the European Union is reviewing its
policy on luorinated greenhouse gases (‘F-gases’),
and is considering phasing out HFCs, a move which would without a doubt change the face of the global commercial refrigeration market. Findings from this year’s survey reveal European retailers are ready for change, with many voluntarily committing to HFC phase-outs. The key thing that’s needed now is
legislation to level the playing ield for progressive
players and encourage reluctant retailers to take responsibility for their climate impact.
Chilling Facts – The Report
While we don’t pull our punches when we encounterharmful and outdated practices, the aim of this report is also to give a voice to those retailers who have been at the forefront of the move away from HFCs. Without their efforts, the sweeping changes we have witnessed would simply not have been possible. However, while much progress has been made, some retailers appear to be treading water.
There also remain a number of speciic challenges
ahead, such as in the area of food transport refrigeration. Fortunately, none of these obstacles is insurmountable. Indeed, as the report makes abundantly clear, tried and tested alternatives to HFCs are already out there. In some cases, a dash
of ingenuity will be required but we’re conident that
the industry will be able to deliver lasting solutions
to any remaining dificulties.
We received an impressive amount of data in response to our survey from supermarkets across the UK and Europe. It’s impossible to do justice to all of that information in what is meant to serve as an overview, but the following pages will hopefully provide a useful guide to the current situation as well as highlighting areas in need of further attention.
From the outset, it’s important to bear in mind that the retail sector is diverse: no two supermarket chains are the same. Nowhere is this more apparent than in companies’ approach to refrigeration. For example, where some retailers have decided that their future will rely on hydrocarbons, others are rolling out CO2 across their estates. As this report illustrates, challenges in both cases have been effectively addressed. Concerns
about the lammability of hydrocarbons have been
dealt with by ensuring that charge sizes are kept very
low and adequate safety precautions are taken. In
the case of CO2, where the concern has been about energy eficiency, there has been a major focus on
system design, allowing supermarkets to at the very
least “break even” (from an energy consumption perspective) and in many cases reduce energy use by
an appreciable amount. For some purposes, such as air conditioning, many retailers are working to eliminate the need for refrigerant-based cooling altogether. Not-in-kind technologies are seeing growing popularity, with many supermarkets installing combined cooling
heat and power (CCHP) or ‘trigeneration’ systems with
HFC phase-out and interim steps
An impressive number of the retailers we surveyed have signed up to the Consumer Goods Forum’s resolution to begin phasing out HFC refrigerants as of 20151, with some of the pioneers like Waitrose, the Co-operative and Marks & Spencer committing to phase out HFCs altogether by a set date. In addition to this, actions are also being taken by some retailers to reduce their climate impact in the short term.
Indeed, Marks & Spencer in the UK, Carrefour in France and Delhaize in Belgium, are all introducing hybrid HFC-CO2 systems as an interim measure before moving away from HFCs entirely. Marks & Spencer, for example, is using CO2 circulated around re-used HFC packs. It’s important to note that all of the supermarkets surveyed see the introduction of hybrid HFC technology as a stepping stone to a full phase out of HFCs. It is also very important that those supermarkets which do avail themselves of this transitional technology establish clear timelines for phasing out HFC use. Carrefour, for example, has stated that it will begin a full-scale rollout of HFC-free technology as of December 20132.
Another useful interim step that is being taken is the replacement of HFCs with very high global warming
potentials (e.g. HFC-404A, which has a GWP of around 4,000) with lower-GWP HFCs. Again, this is a good
transitional measure but it should not distract retailers from the overarching objective of being HFC-free.
Food transport refrigeration
Progress on identifying sustainable alternatives
for food transport refrigeration remains extremely disappointing. This is a concern. Food transport
refrigeration is by its very nature leaky (all those bumps in the road don’t do the pipe work any good!)
and with the growing popularity of home delivery it is an area that needs to be addressed with utmost urgency. While some supermarkets continue to trial options, we get the feeling that retailers have put the
quest for solutions on the backburner. This is simply
not good enough and we urge them to put this issue
irmly back on their priority list for 2012/13.
Finally, this year’s survey has thrown up some impressive examples of supermarket innovation. It’s gratifying to see that more and more retailers are taking a genuinely holistic approach to refrigeration, treating it as one aspect of the whole, rather than looking at it in isolation. There are some excellent examples of this kind of 360O approach, from Waitrose’s Energy Centres to the construction of Coop’s new
sustainable headquarters, lessons from which will feed
into the company’s overall cooling policy going forward.
Combined Heat and Power system at the Co-operative HQ in Manchester
Key indings for 2011: UK
Marks & Spencer
Good
Committed to HFC phase-out by 00.
Big emissions reductions, have already met their 015 target.
Have increased number of stores running on climate-friendly technology from 5 to , however these are mostly hybrid HFC-CO.
Improved energy eficiency per sq ft by 28% over past
5 years.
Bad
No movement on food transport or air-conditioning. They need to speed up transition from HFC-CO hybrid technology to HFC-free.
Still assessing a trial on fridge doors in 011.
Co-operative
Good
Committed to HFC phase-out by 00 with all new stores HFC-free.
15% of refrigeration now running on naturals, up from 5% last year.
Use of HFCs in distribution centres down again
this year with 60% of distribution centre space
cooled by ammonia (NH).
Rolling out chiller doors in 000 convenience stores and a limited programme in larger stores.
Bad
Lack of movement on transport refrigeration.
Lidl
Good
Increased number of HFC-free freezer cabinets by
7.2%, bringing total number to 7,236. Has conirmed that all new freezer cabinets and
replacements will use propane as refrigerant and that all new distribution centre installations & replacement of existing plants will exclusively use natural refrigerants.
Very low leakage rates.
Uses AC in just 5% of stores.
Bad
No HFC-free commitment made yet.
Have rejected chiller doors due to alleged negative impact on turnover.
This year EIA has not ranked retailers as we feel that the leaders are converging in their efforts. We have been particularly impressed by the rapid roll out of HFC-free refrigeration by Sainsbury’s* and Waitrose. We are however concerned over Tesco’s apparent progress. In 2009 it announced plans for 150 HFC-free stores by 2012, yet they are just over one third of the way towards their target. This is disappointing given
* Sainsbury’s is not included in the results table as they did not participate in the survey
that Sainsbury’s has passed the 100 HFC-free stores mark. Discounter retailers Aldi and Lidl have made
good progress rolling out energy eficient HFC-free
freezers, but we’re still waiting for a similar roll out in their chilled food systems. Iceland is still trailing behind the bunch, but is at least trialing HFC-free
equipment.
Leaders of the pack: retailers shaded in green have
made an explicit commitment to move away from HFCs.
Waitrose
Good
Committed to total HFC phase-out by 00. Now have 7 HFC-free stores representing
25% of their total estate.
Four audits have reduced leakage from 1. leaks per store to 0..
Recirculates cool air from chiller cabinets to reduce need for AC.
Bad
Lack of movement on transport refrigeration.
Aldi
Good
Has rolled out high eficiency variable speed
compressor HC freezer cabinets since 007, now has 515 cabinets in use.
Doesn’t use AC in stores.
Bad
No HFC-free commitment made yet.
High leakage rates, relected in relatively high
direct emissions per store.
Has 7 transport refrigeration systems still running on HCFCs.
Has rejected doors on fridges based on Aldi Germany’s trials.
Iceland
Good
Have made signiicant in-store energy savings. Reduced direct emissions per store by 17%. Trialling HFC-free equipment.
Use of free cooling means stores don’t need AC.
Bad
No HFC-free commitment made yet. Remain far behind their competitors in transition away from HFCs.
Tesco
Good
Direct emissions down 23% on last year’s suggesting
tangible effects of conversion to CO refrigeration. Have increased HFC-free stores outside UK from to 51. Rolling out natural ventilation stacks to reduce need for AC. Rolling out doors on fridges in smaller format stores.
Bad
Concerned UK roll out of HFC-free refrigeration is stagnating with just 1 new stores this year. Falling way behind plans to convert 150 stores by 01.
Opened 0 new stores in Poland using HFC-based systems, despite their previous commitment to go HFC-free in all new stores.
Results from UK retailers have shown a 44% increase in the number
of stores using climate-friendly technology since last year’s report
© Vortex
Key indings for 2011: Europe
This is EIA’s irst year reporting on European
retailers outside the UK. Ten retailers from across Europe responded to our survey revealing they have converted 559 stores to climate-friendly refrigeration.
Responses have shown a wide regional variation in prioritising climate-friendly cooling, with more progressive retailers based in Northern Europe. Coop Switzerland has made the biggest steps towards phasing out HFCs with 135 stores running on HFC-free refrigeration. Other leaders include Ahold Netherlands with 175 hybrid HFC-CO2 stores and Migros Switzerland with 149 hybrid and HFC-free stores.
Southern and Eastern European retailers such as Alpha Beta in Greece, Mega Image in Romania and Mercator in Slovenia have done very little to phase out HFCs. Alpha Beta has one store using an HFC-CO2 hybrid system while Mercator has one planned.
Hungary appears to be a success story for HFC-free refrigeration. Tesco now has 35 stores running on HFC-free systems in the country, up from 22 last year. This is in stark contrast to its estate
Carrefour, France
Good
Part of CGF commitment.
0 stores running on hybrid HFC-CO technology as an interim step with two HFC-free stores in the planning. Recognises HFC-free refrigeration is cheaper than HFC options over the lifecycle of the system.
Has signed French Retailers Federation (FCD) commitment to roll out doors on fridges to all store formats and is
currently testing doors on fridges in 8 stores.
Bad
Has a big leakage problem with annual rates of 25%. Leaking refrigerant accounts for 41% of its carbon
footprint.
Incomplete survey, information missing on types of systems used across sectors.
Mega Image, Romania
Good
Low direct and indirect emissions. All new stores have glass doors on meat
cabinets, all new stores will have 15% of chilled cabinets itted with doors.
Bad
No current use of climate-friendly refrigeration.
Incomplete survey, information missing on types of systems used across sectors.
9% of estate still uses HCFCs.
Migros, Switzerland
Good
Committed to going HFC-free in all new stores. 19 stores running on climate-friendly refrigeration (either totally HFC-free or hybrid HFC-CO systems).
Store data reveals energy eficiency gains of
HFC-free refrigeration over HFC-based systems.
Bad
Only 3% of chilled food cabinets have doors.
Incomplete survey, information missing on types of systems used across sectors.
Leaders of the pack: retailers shaded in green have
made an explicit commitment to move away from HFCs.
in Poland, where Tesco recently built 60 new
stores running on a refrigerant blend with a global warming potential of approximately 2,000. Given the company’s commitment to phase out HFCs, this move seems short-sighted at best and is a worrying development. Last year Tesco pledged to “aim to roll out natural refrigeration to all new stores in the UK and Central Europe and [will] continue to accelerate
the installation of natural and energy eficient systems
in the years after this.” Is Tesco reneging on this commitment already?
Information from the rest of Europe shows how some UK retailers are falling behind the times with their negative approach to doors on chilled food. Retailers Alpha Beta, Ahold, Co-operative Norway, Delhaize, Metro and Mega Image are all rolling out doors on chilled food cabinets within their estate. In contrast just two UK retailers, Tesco and Co-operative UK have made similar commitments.
Metro, Germany
Good
Part of CGF commitment.
Using HFC-CO hybrids and piloting HFC-free cooling. Uses doors on almost all chilled food.
Year-on-year reductions in leakage rates. Uses HFC-free cooling in 7 distribution centres.
Bad
High direct emissions. Worryingly, the company reports a
rising refrigerant reill rate at its Metro Cash & Carry, Real
and Galeria Kaufhof sales divisions. Sparse mention of HFCs in CSR report.
Incomplete survey, information missing on types of systems used across sectors.
Seems unprepared for its 015 HFC-free commitment, needs to speed up roll out HFC-free stores.
Coop Norway
Good
Committed to HFC-free refrigeration in all new stores.
Already using HFC-free refrigeration in 0+ stores. Rolling out doors on chillers to all new stores and refurbishments.
Bad
Distribution centres run on HFCs and HCFCs. However, they will be opening a new distribution centre using natural refrigerants in 01. Incomplete survey, information missing on direct and indirect emissions, types of systems used across sectors and leakage rates.
Coop Switzerland
Good
Uses HFC-free refrigeration in all new stores and refurbishments since 010.
15 stores running on HFC-free refrigeration.
Bad
Only using doors on chilled ish cabinets,
should roll out to all chilled food. Incomplete survey, information missing on types of systems used across sectors and leakage rates.
Ahold, Netherlands
Good
Part of CGF commitment.
Has approximately 20% of its estate - about 175
stores - running on hybrid CO-HFC technology as an interim step.
Rolling out chiller doors, now in 70% of stores.
Consistently low leakage rates. Piloting HFC-free refrigeration.
Bad
Needs to speed up roll out of HFC-free refrigeration with only one HFC-free store in existence.
Mercator, Slovenia
Good
Some use of HFC-free cooling in distribution centres. Is planning installation of an HFC-CO hybrid system.
Bad
No use of climate-friendly refrigeration in stores. Has not articulated any HFC phase-out plans. Needs to work on rolling out chiller doors, as yet
only 0.03% of stores have them itted.
Incorrectly claims HFC-free options are not viable in distribution centres.
Delhaize, Belgium
Good
Part of CGF commitment.
61% of stores have doors itted to chilled food, rolling out
through entire estate.
Has saved over 1,500 tonnes COe in past years.
Reduced leakage rates from 16.6% in 2008 to 10.92% in
011.
7 stores running on HFC-CO hybrid technology as an interim step, planning roll out of 15 per year.
Use of HFC-free cooling in 1 distribution centres.
Bad
Incomplete survey, information missing on types of systems used across sectors.
Needs to speed up roll out of HFC-free systems.
Alpha Beta, Greece
Good
Use of HFC-free cooling in two distribution centres.
Has itted 25% stores with chiller doors, rolling
out to entire estate.
Uses waste heat for hot water production.
Bad
Just one store itted with CO2 for frozen food.
Ongoing use of HCFCs.
High direct emissions per store, suggesting high leakage rates.
Has not articulated any HFC phase-out plans.
Chilling Facts: The Key Issues
1. Use of Natural Refrigerants
The roll out of climate-friendly refrigeration is now well underway across much of Northern Europe with almost 1000 stores now using these technologies.
Results from UK retailers have shown a 44% increase in the number of stores using climate-friendly technology since last year’s report, bringing the total number of stores to 344. Responses from a limited number of European retailers have revealed some serious efforts with 559 stores having been converted. A recent report produced by Shecco suggests the overall number could be much larger, stating that 1,331 stores across the EU are running on transcritical CO2 technology3.
There are several different types of system in use. Transcritical CO2 uses CO2 as a refrigerant in both the chilled and frozen food temperature cycles, while subcritical CO2 technologies use CO2 only in the frozen food temperature cycle and use either hydrocarbons or HFCs in the chilled food cycle. These are commonly referred to as hybrid
technologies. Integral cabinets are used by smaller
format stores. Similar to domestic equipment (as the
refrigerant change and compressor is held within
the unit), these can use either HFC or HFC-free
refrigerants. UK retailer Waitrose has developed a simple hydrocarbon based system which uses hydrocarbon cooled integral cabinets in conjunction with water cooling to keep charge sizes low.
EIA’s fourth Chilling Fact’s report shows that a large and increasing proportion of food retailers have recognised that the use of HFCs is not sustainable and that they are voluntarily investing in more climate-friendly alternatives.
Consumer Goods Forum commitment
to HFC-free refrigeration from 2015
At the 2010 UNFCCC meeting in Cancún members
of the Consumer Goods Forum (CGF) made a
commitment to begin phasing out HFCs by 20154.
“
Transition to natural refrigerants is probably one of the most vital and
effective environmental measures to be undertaken in retail today and
should be promoted
”
Coop NorgeWith over 650 members from retail, manufacturing and service providers across 70 countries a
commitment of this scale will have a global effect on the proliferation of HFC-free technology.
EIA’s survey has shown how seriously some retailers are taking this commitment with many retailers now recognising that investments in HFC-based technologies are short-sighted and instead looking to sustainable alternatives. Retailers Tesco,
Sainsbury’s, Coop Switzerland, Coop Norway, Migros, Co-op UK and Waitrose have all committed to HFC-free refrigeration in all new stores.
Another group of retailers, Carrefour, Marks & Spencer, Delhaize, Ahold and Metro Group, is opting for the use of hybrid HFC-CO2 technology as an interim step before rolling out totally HFC-free cooling from 2015.
Other European retailers Mercator and Alpha Beta are CGF members but have not yet articulated HFC phase-out plans.
Finally UK retailers Lidl, Aldi and Iceland have yet to make a commitment to transition to HFC-free technologies.
HFC-free is cheaper in the long-run
Not only is HFC-free refrigeration more environmentally sustainable but it also makes economic sense. One challenge often cited by retailers who are considering HFC-free refrigeration is the additional costs involved. However information supplied by retailers suggests that HFC-free systems are in fact less expensive when considered over their lifetime. Carrefour estimates operational cost savings from HFC-free systems to be in the order of 15%, with hybrid systems saving about 8% over conventional systems. Given that operational costs
usually represent about 70–75% of total equipment
costs5 it would seem that HFC-free systems already make business sense.
2. HFC-free refrigeration and energy eficiency
This year’s survey responses have again demonstrated
that energy eficiency and moving away from
climate-warming HFCs go hand in hand. The properties of the actual refrigerant used are of course a vitally
important part of the equation. Many retailers report
impressive direct emissions reductions based on the transition away from HFCs given that alternatives have markedly lower global warming potential. However, system design and maintenance are just as important in terms of securing reductions in indirect
emissions (energy consumption) or ensuring that
indirect emissions remain stable with the switch to the new refrigerant. It therefore does not make sense to consider one aspect independently from the other.
Replacement of high-GWP HFCs with lower-GWP
HFCs as an interim measure is also providing tangible energy savings.
Hydrocarbons
Aldi provides a good example of the energy savings made possible by the switch to hydrocarbons. It has 5,145 hydrocarbon freezers installed across its estate, netting energy savings of 1,871,136 kilowatt hours
(kWh) per year, the equivalent of nearly 1,000 tonnes
of CO2 annually. HC-290 (otherwise known as propane) has been introduced to all new freezer cabinets installed since September 2007. Aldi estimates that, along with the use of advanced electronic controllers and variable speed compressors, the indirect CO2 -equivalent (CO2e) emissions per unit have dropped by 14% and direct emissions (refrigerant leakage) have
plummeted by 99.9% in comparison with the previous HFC systems.
Likewise, Waitrose reports that “Installing
hydrocarbon water-cooled refrigeration systems with cold air retrieval and integration to heating systems
represents a signiicant shift away from traditional
refrigeration standards. The new systems save considerably on gas, electricity and radically reduce the impact of refrigerant gas losses.”
Carbon dioxide
CO2 systems have been rolled out in approximately 1,500 supermarkets across Europe6. As well as providing energy eficiency beneits in many
applications, there is better scope for waste heat recovery with CO2 than with any other refrigerant. Recent Swiss research comparing HFC-134a and CO2 reports up to a 40% increase in heat recovered at normalized refrigeration power input7.
In Switzerland, supermarkets report improved energy
eficiency from using CO2 systems. Coop Switzerland states that “At already 135 stores CO2 is used as a refrigerant – the electricity need is reduced by 25% compared to former[ly] used refrigerants.”
Studies carried out by the Swiss consultancy LKS FroidSuisse for Coop Switzerland show that low temperature transcritical CO2 systems lead to a reduction in energy consumption per linear metre of cabinets from 4,500 kWh to 1,400 kWh8.
According to the Danish authorities, the second generation of transcritical CO2 systems use approximately 10% less energy in Northern Europe compared to similar HFC systems. In Central Europe
the igure amounts to approximately 5% less energy.
In Southern Europe, the systems have to be tailor-made due to a higher ambient temperature, and in some cases cascade systems with subcritical CO2 systems have to be used. The transcritical system is superior in most parts of Europe because they operate sub-critically most of the year9.
In the same vein, Coop Norway says “The essential point is optimising the total energy use in stores. Optimised systems [...] consume less energy and produce less heat. [...] In general, optimised CO2 systems are more energy eficient.” This view is
shared by many experts across the industry.
At Marks & Spencer, the irst major [UK] retailer to be certiied as carbon neutral10, a major rollout
Co-op estimates that improvements in energy eficiency across its
estate saved it roughly £1,000 an hour throughout 2011.
of CO2 systems is underway, combined with the interim replacement of HFC-404A with HFC-407A.
Switching to a lower GWP HFC refrigerant as an interim step has provided energy eficiency
improvements of around 10%. As the result of various measures they have introduced, Marks
& Spencer has achieved energy eficiency
improvements of 28% per square foot to 41.5 kWh/ sq ft (2006/07: 57.4 kWh/sq ft)11.i
And while Marks & Spencer states that “Current CO2 technologies do not yet provide the energy eficiency to match HFC solutions” it also notes
that “Current trials underway [in] new pump
developments and improved display case eficiency
are expected to improve the current position.”
Tesco reports that “The use of CO2 as a refrigerant has shown us energy savings on certain types of system. We use suction optimisation to maximise
energy eficiency and we ensure we loat the head pressures on the plant and use energy eficient
condenser fan motors.” On average, Tesco has found that non-HFC systems deliver energy savings of around 5% in comparison to HFC systems. This
igure is an average across the Tesco group and
includes installations in different climates.
Tesco’s Corporate Responsibility Report 2011 states that “This year, thanks to a relentless focus on refrigerant emissions as well as further progress
on energy eficiency, we have reduced our absolute
CO2e emissions in the UK by 5%.”12
Tesco’s zero-carbon stores are designed to use as little energy as possible. For example, its heating and cooling system at Ramsey, Cambridgeshire
(built 2009) uses 66% less energy than a typical
store of a similar size.13
This highlights the importance of adopting a holistic approach to refrigeration, which prioritises good system and component design. Knowledge
sharing is also a key part of the equation.
Co-op estimates that improvements in energy
eficiency across its estate saved it roughly £1,000
an hour throughout 2011.
“
It is important not to think the same way as before. If you make the
system the same way as a conventional system you are bound to fail…
we always need to think one step ahead to think where we want to go.
”
Pega Hrnjak, Res. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1
Doors on fridges
Across the board, there appears to be an understanding that relatively cheap and simple measures such as the placing of doors on freezer cabinets can have a huge impact on CO2e emissions from energy consumption. In fact doors on freezers have become pretty much standard across the industry, both in the UK and European supermarkets.
What is less well recognised are the beneits of
installing doors on fridges, with some retailers raising concerns about the impact on sales.
However, two major UK retailers, the Co-operative Group and Tesco, have been busy disproving these claims. Coop recently announced changes to its doors on fridges policy with a commitment to roll out doors to over 2,000 of its convenience stores as they replace the refrigeration systems. It plans to deliver 200 of
these in 2012 with a batch of pilot stores (5–25) in
their larger format stores and a limited programme of
door retroits in 700–900 stores. The doors are sliding,
which minimises air changes and all use LED lighting, saving further energy. Coop is also piloting reducing the overall store light level to further improve the appearance of the doors and save extra energy. They
report that doors are having a signiicant impact on store heating and air conditioning requirements. In
addition to this, the majority of their freezer doors supplied in 2012 will be unheated.
Coop reports an impressive range of beneits
associated with doors on fridges. Their own market research has shown that doors have absolutely no negative impact on purchasing behaviour. On the contrary, customers perceive that the produce is fresher, cleaner and more appealing. Unintended
positive consequences also include a reduction in shoplifting and less frequent maintenance. In addition to this, itting doors has led to impressive energy savings. Combined measures (including doors, the use of hydrocarbons, LED lighting and heat recovery) have
led to a 90% drop in natural gas usage, 40% energy savings, approximately 80% carbon savings, and increased sales.
Similarly, all new Tesco Express stores are also itted with doors on chillers (except within the fruit and vegetable sections). Most of Tesco’s new Metro stores
i 1 foot = 0.3048 metres
also have doors itted on cabinets and the retailer plans to carry out a number of retroits in its existing Express stores. Doors are also itted to Tesco’s Zero
Carbon Superstores.
At Ahold Europe, new-generation refrigerators and
freezers are itted with doors, LED lighting and
low-energy fans. These reduce energy usage by approximately 20%. Additionally, Ahold estimates that putting doors on fridges saves about 20% energy per metre of cooling cabinets, which represents about 3% of a store’s total electricity consumption.
French retailers’ commitment:
In January 2012, the association of French retailers
(Fédération des Entreprises du Commerce et de la Distribution – FCD) made a groundbreaking
commitment15 to roll out doors on fridges to all store formats – hypermarkets, supermarkets and convenience stores. The move will affect 75% of
French supermarkets’ 700 km of chillers by 2020. It is estimated that energy consumption will “drop
signiicantly” – by up to 50% according to one study16. Refrigeration systems represent around 50% of energy consumed by French supermarkets. By 2020, the move will represent annual energy savings of 2.2
terawatt hours, which is equivalent to the annual
energy consumption of Lyon, France’s second largest
city after Paris. Another aspect highlighted at the
time of the announcement was the improvement in customer comfort – no need to put on your woolly hat when you pop in to buy a baguette! As Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, France’s former Environment Minister pointed out at the time of the French retailers’ announcement “It’s common sense. Do you leave your fridge door open at home? That’s what’s happening in supermarkets.”17 The agreement has been signed by Auchan, Carrefour, Casino, Cora, Francap, Monoprix, Simply Market and Système U and some retailers in the UK already seem to be eyeing a similar move.
3. Leakage
Why does it matter?
It is well documented that commercial refrigeration systems typically suffer high leakage rates (in the region of 15%), much higher than those in other sectors.18 In addition many systems have extremely large refrigerant charges – up to 3,000 kg in
hypermarkets19. This means that the carbon footprint from direct emissions in supermarket refrigeration systems is often greater than that associated with
energy used by those systems. In our irst survey of
UK supermarkets in 2009, EIA found that the CO2 impact of direct emissions was 1.65 times higher than that of indirect emissionsii associated with refrigeration. Following a signiicant shift to HFC-free
refrigeration and improved containment, UK retailers’ direct emissions are now half of their indirect emissionsiii.
However the information supplied by European
retailers outside the UK shows that direct (refrigerant) emissions in 2011 are still higher than indirect emissions by refrigeration systems, on average 1.26 times higheriv. The enormous leakage from HFC-based systems in Europe can mean that even if the systems
had no energy-related emissions, their carbon footprint would still be larger than that of a typical HFC-free
system.
This information shows just how signiicant the
leakage impact is. Carrefour, the world’s second largest retailer has revealed that leakage from refrigeration accounts for 41% of its carbon footprint, resulting in annual direct CO2e emissions of 395,616 tonnes. Not only is this having a signiicant
detrimental impact on the climate but it is also costing
the retailer in the order of €9 million each year to top
up the leaky systems.
Ongoing excessive leakage rates from European retailers in 2011, four years after the implementation
of containment measures embodied in the F-gas
regulation, shows clearly that the Regulation in its current form is simply not working.
Retailers go beyond F-gas regulations.
The responses from the retailers for this year’s
survey show clear commitment from many to cut HFC emissions, with several going signiicantly beyond
current regulatory requirements.
Many retailers track and manage their refrigerant use through central databases. For example, Metro
© Emma Clark / EIA
Group has introduced electronic logbooks to optimise
refrigerant loss monitoring, while the current F-gas
regulation merely requires paper logbooks. Analysis of electronically collated data enables a much more precise understanding of refrigerant loss and usage and thus enables targeting of problem stores.
Several UK retailers have also recognised the importance of external auditors to help reduce leakage rates. For example Waitrose employ independent engineers to carry out leak detection using mobile systems. These ‘secret sniffers’ were tasked to identify the potential for future leaks as well as current leaks in stores. As a result the number of leaks per store visited has dropped from
1.4 to 0.4 since 2010. The Co-operative Group also
employs a team of outside auditors to ensure that their maintenance team is meeting its targets.
Engaging with contractors to explain the vital importance of leakage reduction in reducing a retailer’s carbon footprint can also help. For example Ahold holds a monthly meeting with its refrigeration partners on measures to be taken to reduce leakage.
4. Regulating the use of HFCs
Supermarkets and the F-Gas Regulation
The use of HFCs is regulated in Europe by the
F-Gas Regulation (EU Regulation No 842/2006 on
certain luorinated greenhouse gases). Introduced in
2006 it relies predominantly on measures aimed at
containing and recovering HFCs. However, ive years
on, experience has shown that this approach is both ineffective and expensive and that it will continue to fail unless comprehensively revised.
As part of an ongoing review of the Regulation, the European Commission recently published an independent study demonstrating that in the best case
scenario of full implementation, the F-Gas Regulation will only serve to stabilise EU HFC emissions from
commercial refrigeration at around 20 million tonnes of CO2e per annum between 2020 and 205020.
The study highlights key sectors where use bans and placing on the market restrictions can be most effective. Findings from the commercial refrigeration
sector show that new HFC-based equipment could
be prohibited from being placed on the market in 2020.21 These measures would prevent cumulative emissions of 559 million tonnes of CO2e by 2050,22 equating to just under the UK’s annual greenhouse gas emissions.23
ii Supermarkets included in this igure: Tesco, Asda, Marks & Spencer
iii Supermarkets included in this igure Marks & Spencer, Waitrose, Coop UK, Iceland, Lidl UK, ALDI
iv Supermarkets included in this igure Delhaize Belgium, Alfa Beta, Mega Image, Metro Group, Migros
The F-Gas Regulation already contains the framework for tackling HFC emissions through use bans and placing-on-the market prohibitions. EIA and a large coalition of European NGOs are calling for all new
HFC-equipment in the commercial refrigeration sector
to be banned by 2020.
Other European legislation
Several European countries including Denmark, Switzerland, Norway and Sweden, already have national legislation in place to prohibit or restrict
the use of HFCs and/or promote the uptake of
alternatives. These have resulted in the widespread development and uptake of HFC-free technologies in those countries.
The case of Denmark
In a pioneering move in 1996, Denmark’s Minister for the Environment, Svend Auken, announced plans to phase out HFCs in Denmark24. Denmark now has a ban on all HFC uses except for applications with a refrigerant charge between 150g and 10kg and a tax on F-gases. The gases with the greatest impact on climate are subject to the highest tax level25. For the most frequently used F-gas refrigerant (HFC-134a), the tax amounts to DKK 195 (app. 26 Euro) per kg.
As a result of these measures, natural refrigerants
are now standard in all new refrigeration equipment
above a certain capacity.26 In fact, as Shecco, a market research and public affairs consultancy for the natural refrigeration industry, reports: “With its tax and restrictions on HFCs, Denmark has a higher penetration rate of CO2 systems than any other country in the world.”27
A recent paper notes that in Denmark “CO2 (transcritical) is now standard in supermarket
refrigeration, ammonia is standard in big chillers and in industrial refrigeration systems, hydrocarbons are standard in medium-sized chillers and hydrocarbons
(R290 and R600a) are standard in commercial
stand-alone units. [...] The consumption of F-gases has been
reduced by almost 2/3.” 28
5. Innovation
Marks & Spencer’s Sustainable Learning Store and
‘whole life costing model’
In September 2011, Marks & Spencer opened a new Sustainable Learning Store at Stratford City near the site of the London 2012 Olympic Games. The store features hydrocarbon refrigeration, sunpipes to
maximise natural light and a living roof. Stratford City store obtains 99% of its heating and cooling energy from a central combined cooling heat
and power supply. No waste was sent to landill
during its construction and it has been awarded an
‘Excellent’ BREEAM rating.
Marks & Spencer will be opening its largest Sustainable Learning Store to date at Cheshire Oaks later in 2012. The retailer has also put in
place ‘green’ tariff electricity contracts for all the
electricity they buy directly from April 2012. These contracts include 15% of electricity from small-scale generators, including a new Archimedes screw water wheel installed on the Thames at the Mapledurham Estate.
The company has also adopted a novel approach to
costing with its ‘whole life costing model’ focusing
both on the store as a whole and on individual components such as refrigeration and lighting. These enable the retailer to make more informed decisions about the operational running costs of
designs and speciications.
Coop UK’s new HQ – 1 Angel Square
Billed as one of the most sustainable buildings in
Europe, Co-operative Group’s new headquarters, which is nearing the inal stages of construction,
will be one of the largest buildings in Europe to have the BREEAMv “outstanding” rating. The use of natural refrigerants is one of three principle drivers which have guided construction and Co-op is
currently working with the BRE (Building Research Establishment) on ways of applying the standard to
the rest of their estate.
Cooling requirements will be met using a
combination of the following, with the main focus on free cooling and the hydrocarbon chillers for back up:
• Free cooling recovery
• Subterranean earth cooling recovery
• 746kW absorption chillers directly matched to
two 746kW pure plant oil (PPO) combined heat and power (CHP) units
• Hydrocarbon (propane – R-290) chillers
providing 3.2MW of cooling
Coop uses pure plant oil for the absorption chillers made from rapeseed grown on their own estate. It plans to use the surplus heat generated to supply surrounding buildings as part of a district heating system.
v BREEAM is an environmental assessment method and rating system for buildings. A BREEAM assessment uses recognised measures of performance, which are set against established benchmarks, to evaluate a building’s speciication, design, construction and use http://www.breeam.org/index.jsp
With the new HQ designed to house 3,000 Coop employees, IT-related energy use and cooling is a major consideration. In order to keep energy consumption to a minimum, most of the processing power will be located in two rooms in the building’s
basement. Computers within the main ofice building
will simply have a small box running on the main
system rather than the usual ‘tower’. The basement
rooms will be cooled contain three circuit coolers running off the absorption chiller.
Waitrose’s Energy Centres
29In March 2012, Waitrose unveiled its irst Energy Centre at its store in East Cowes, making it the irst
UK supermarket to receive most of its heating, cooling and power from sustainably-sourced local woodchip.
© Jon Bradley
“
We see no negative impact for the use of natural refrigerants. Waitrose and
our supply chain continue to embrace natural refrigerants and do not feel
that there are any blocks to moving forward.
”
WaitroseWaitrose estimates that the Energy Centre will allow the shop to cut its carbon emissions by over 750 tonnes CO2e per year. There will also be capacity in the future to heat local homes and community facilities.
Other features of the East Cowes store include propane-based refrigeration technology which reduces energy usage by 20% and a cold air-retrieval system instead of air-conditioning.
While Waitrose already sources around 97% of its
electricity from ‘on-grid’ renewable sources, it plans to
install up to 150 of its own renewable energy centres
or equivalent means of generating renewable energy by 2020/21.
What the future holds
This year’s Chilling Facts survey has shown a wave of climate-friendly supermarket refrigeration spreading across Europe. To date Europe is leading the way in pioneering HFC-free refrigeration. Challenges in southern and eastern Europe remain, with relatively low participation in the survey and a lack of willingness to commit to going HFC-free. However progress made over the past few years is evidence that challenges can be met if retailers are willing to rise to them.
The retail industry is a globalised industry and corporate social responsibility should not end in Europe. With sluggish growth in Europe many retailers
are basing their expansion plans on Asian markets such as China and Thailand where growth is currently at 7 and 10% respectively30. Three of the world’s four leading retailers are located in Europe – Tesco,
Carrefour and Metro – wielding considerable inluence
on the world stage. Carrefour holds an 8.1% market share in China’s retail market31, while Tesco has announced plans to double its number of hypermarkets in China to 200 by 201532.
EIA believes that commitments retailers make at home should be carried through entire estates across the globe. In many respects European retailers will set the pace for change in the rest of the world.
Conclusion
Recommendations
• Retailers must immediately commit to going HFC-free in all new
stores and refurbishments with the aim of achieving an industry-wide
phase out of HFCs by 2020
• The European Union should ban the use of HFCs in all new
commercial refrigeration equipment by 2020
• Retailers should pay more attention to the development of HFC-free
cooling in transport refrigeration and air-conditioning
• Retailers should agree to it doors on all chilled food as standard
Glossary
1 Consumer Goods Forum Board Resolution on Sustainable Refrigeration, 2010,
http://sustainability.mycgforum.com/images/sustainability-pic/Board_Resolutions_on_ Deforestation_and_Refrigeration.pdf
2 “Roll out and Experience of Natural Refrigerants based technology at Carrefour”, presentation by Jean-Michel Fleury at ATMOSphere 2011 http://www.atmo.org/
presentations/iles/85_Carrefour-the-rollout-and-experience-of-natural-refrigerants.pdf
3 Shecco (2012) “2012: Natural Refrigerants: Market Growth for Europe”
4 “Consumer Goods Industry Announces Initiatives on Climate Protection”, 29th November 2010 http://www.theconsumergoodsforum.com/piles/press_release/Press_Release_
2010/2010-11-29-ClimateProtection.pdf
5 Information supplied by Co-op Norway
6 Shecco (2012) “2012: Natural Refrigerants: Market Growth for Europe”, p.6
http://www.shecco.com/iles/the_guide_2012-case_studies.pdf
7 Shecco (2012) “2012: Natural Refrigerants: Market Growth for Europe”, p.7
http://www.shecco.com/iles/the_guide_2012-case_studies.pdf
8 “Etude: Site commercial à haute eficacité énergétique”, Convention ADEME, March 2008, p.90 http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/doc?id=74654&view=standard
9 Matthiesen, 2010, cited in “Experience from the Danish Regulation of F-gases and implications for the refrigeration industry”, Mikkel Sørensen and Per-Hendrik Pedersen, p.4, 2012
10 “M&S achieves Plan A refrigeration target early”, RAC Magazine, 26th June 2012
http://www.racplus.com/news/ms-achieves-plan-a-refrigeration-target-early/8632195. article?blocktitle=Latest-News&contentID=2331
11 M&S: How we do Business Report 2012, p.8, p.25
12 Tesco Corporate Responsibility Report 2011, p. 22 http://www.tescoplc.com/media/60113/ tesco_cr_report_2011_inal.pdf
13 Tesco Corporate Responsibility Report 2011, p. 26 http://www.tescoplc.com/media/60113/ tesco_cr_report_2011_inal.pdf
14 Comments from Professor Pega Hrnjak at Gustav Lorentsen 2012 http://www.r744.com/
news/view/3291
15 “Fermeture des Meubles Frigoriiques pour 2020”, Fédération des Entreprises du Commerce et de la Distribution”, 16th January 2012 http://www.fcd.asso.fr/actualites/article/id/18
16 “Etude: Site commercial à haute eficacité énergétique”, Convention ADEME, March 2008
http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/doc?id=74654&view=standard
Sources
Term Description
Global Warming Potential Ammonia A climate-friendly refrigerant used in some commercial refrigeration systems. 0
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
A greenhouse gas used as the base measurement to compare the impact of other gases in terms of their global warming potential. It is also a climate-friendly alternative to HFCs.
1
CFCs
Chloroluorocarbons
One of a family of synthetic chemicals that were widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, as aerosol propellants and for foam packaging, but were found to destroy the ozone layer – and so targets have been set to eliminate their use.
Up to 10,890
Climate-friendly refrigerants EIA has used this term to refer to a group naturally occurring substances, such as ammonia, CO2 and
hydrocarbons, which are also known as natural refrigerants. They are used as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as HFCs, and CFCs.
Up to 5
CSR report Corporate Social Responsibility report. n/a
Global Warming Potential How much effect a gas has compared to CO2 in terms of its impact on global warming. n/a
HCFCs
Hydrochloroluorocarbons HCFCs are the class of refrigerant used prior to HFCs (see below); they have a high climate change impact and contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer. The use of ‘virgin’ HCFCs was banned in Europe from January 2010, but recycled HCFCs are still available and are used by some companies in old equipment.
Up to 2,310
Hydrocarbon A climate-friendly refrigerant which has been used to replace CFCs in domestic refrigeration. Up to 5
HFCs
Hydroluorocarbons HFCs are a group of highly potent greenhouse gases commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning. They are many thousands of times worse than CO2 in terms of their impact. Worldwide, they are the fastest growing
source of greenhouse gas emissions.
53 – 14,760
ODS
Ozone Depleting Substances
These are any gases that play a part in depleting the ozone layer. The main culprits are CFCs but also HCFCs and some brominated substances, which are used as a fumigant, for example in strawberry growing.
Up to 10,890
17 “Distribution: Des portes au rayon frais”, Le Figaro, 16th January 2012
http://www.leigaro.fr/lash-eco/2012/01/16/97002-20120116FILWWW00512-distribution-des-portes-au-rayon-frais.php
18 Schwarz et al (2011) Preparatory Study for a Review of Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain luorinated greenhouse gases. Annex VI p 283
19 Kaufield and EIA (2012) “Availability of low GWP alternatives to HFCs”
20 Öko-Recherche et al, Preparatory Study for a Review of Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases, Final Report (September 2011) [hereinafter “Öko-Recherche Study”.Executive Summary PX
21 Öko-Recherche, Study, pp. 262-264, 292 (market penetration of alternatives is close to or over 100%).
22 See generally Öko-Recherche Study, Annex V, pp. 245-247 and Annex VI, pp. 280-289 (igure derived from data provided by Öko-Recherche).
23 Data obtained from UNFCCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data
24 Alternative Refrigerants on the way in, Danish Environment, Internet Edition, June 1998
http://www.statensnet.dk/pligtarkiv/fremvis.pl?vaerkid=534&reprid=0&ilid=388&iarkiv=1
25 Shecco (2012), “2012: Natural Refrigerants Market Growth for Europe”, p.52
http://www.shecco.com/iles/the_guide_2012-case_studies.pdf
26 Mikkel Sørensen and Per-Hendrik Pedersen, “Experience from the Danish Regulation of F-gases and implications for the refrigeration industry”, 2012, p.1
27 Shecoo (2012), “2012: Natural Refrigerants Market Growth for Europe”, p.6
http://www.shecco.com/iles/the_guide_2012-case_studies.pdf
28 Mikkel Sørensen and Per-Hendrik Pedersen, “Experience from the Danish Regulation of F-gases and implications for the refrigeration industry”, 2012, p.1
29 “Isle of Wight MP Andrew Turner launches irst Waitrose Energy Centre”, 25th March 2012 http://www.waitrose.presscentre.com/Press-Releases/Isle-of-Wight-MP-Andrew-Turner-launches-irst-Waitrose-Energy-Centre-8d0.aspx
30 www.kpmg.com “Grocery Retailing in Asia Paciic” https://www.kpmg.com/global/en/
whatwedo/industries/retail/pages/grocery-retailing-in-asia-paciic.aspx
31 Reuters June 27 2011 “China hypermarket Operator Sun Art surges 41 pct on debut”
32 Price Waterhouse Coopers (2012), “2012 Outlook for the Retailer and Consumer Products Sector in Asia”
Acknowledgements
Environmental Investigation Agency 01
EIA would like to thank Julia Hailes and Nicholas Cox for their ongoing and valuable contribution to the Chilling Facts campaign.
Design & layout: Catherine Quine.
www.quine.im
Environmental Investigation Agency – Upper Street,
London N1 ONY, UK Tel: +(0)0 75 790 Fax: +(0)0 75 791 ukinfo@eia-international.org PO Box 5,
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