The Representation Of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture In A Picture Book Entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow.

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Fitri Robiah, 2015

The Representation Of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture In A Picture Book Entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the representation of dominant culture in the picture book entitled It’sAmma’s Birthday Tomorrow by Janaki Sooriyarachi. This study aims to describe and reveal that there is a relationship between the images, the narrative and the culture that is depicted. Therefore, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method. Two main theoretical frameworks are used in this

present study. The first theoretical framework is Hall’s (1997) theory of cultural

representation that analyzes the representation of dominant culture. Furthermore, the second theoretical framework is Joyce and Gaudin’s (2011) theory of multimodal approach to the picture books which is used to investigate the illustrations and the written text in the picture book. The findings show that the culture that is represented in the picture book is the dominant culture of Sri Lanka. The dominant culture of Sri Lanka is depicted through the narrative and the images which belong to the grammar of design. The narrative includes character, setting and action. Additionally, the grammar of design covers book details and physical appearances of the main character. The conclusion asserts that the author of the picture book intentionally introduces the dominant culture of Sri Lanka through her work. In addition, this is the strategy that attempts to make Sri Lankan picture book is visible to the consumers as well as to fulfill a demand for learning further about traditional Sri Lankan lives and values.

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1Background ... 1

1.2Research Question ... 3

1.3Aim of the Study ... 3

1.4Scope of the Study ... 3

1.5Significance of the Study ... 3

1.6Research Methods ... 4

1.7Clarification of Key Terms ... 4

1.8Organization of the Paper... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 7

2.1 Children’s Literature ... 7

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2.3 Picture Books ... 9

2.3.1 Definition of a Picture Book ... 9

2.3.2 Types of Picture Books ... 10

2.4 Multimodal Approach in a Picture Book ... 13

2.4.1 Characters ... 14

2.4.2 Actions ... 14

2.4.3 Settings ... 14

2.4.4 Book Details ... 15

2.4.5 Physical Appearances ... 15

2.5 Representation ... 16

2.6 The Dominant of Sri Lankan Culture... 17

2.7 Related Previous Studies ... 18

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19

3.1 Research Design ... 19

3.2 Subject and Context of the Study ... 19

3.3 Data Collection... 20

3.4 Data Analysis ... 20

3.5 Data Presentation ... 21

3.6 Synopsis ... 25

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 27

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4.1.1 The Representation of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture from the Narrative

... 27

4.1.2 The Representation of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture from the Grammar of Design ... 33

4.2 Discussion ... 38

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 40

5.1 Conclusion... 40

5.2 Suggestions ... 41

REFERENCES ... 42

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The Representation Of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture In A Picture Book Entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday

Tomorrow

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter revolves around the introduction of the research including the

background of the study, theresearch question, the aim of the study, the scope of the

study, the significance of the study, the research methods, the clarification of key

terms and the organization of the paper.

1.1 Background

One of the primary ways to support children in developing the cultural awareness is

through the use of literature. Children’s literature can be used to explore and develop

appreciation for cultural differences (Creany, et.al, 1993) since they are made and

created specifically for children for the sake of conveying messages on many themes

of social issues such as their own culture and family, cultures around the world,

geography, history, community and so on (National Association for the Education of

Young Children, 2005). Furthermore, according to Hunt (1995) children’s literatureis

inseparable from the phenomena or issues that are related to life and behavior of

children. In order to convey a moral message to the children, children’s literature

revolves around good behaviors that can be applied in their daily lives through

particular phenomena, events and imaginative stories (Nodelman, 1996).

One of the genres on children’s literature is a picture book. Nodelman (1988)

highlights that a picture book is considered as achildren’s book simply because it

tells us about childhood experiences, for instance: enjoying birthday party, losing

tooth for the first time, camping out and telling ghost stories, getting a new pet and

dealing with family problems. Further, he says that in the picture book, the words say

what the pictures cannot reveal and the pictures show what the words cannot tell. The

verbal and the visual speak and show, andboth of them construct the new meaning

(Nodelman, 1988). The new meaning produced by visual and verbal can either

support or contradict each other (Chen, 2010). However, ideally, supported by the

combination of words and pictures,apicture book helps children to understand and

comprehendthe story easily. Thus, it enables children to obtain the message

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The Representation Of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture In A Picture Book Entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow

Moreover, a picture book can be used as a media to introduce one culture or

stereotypes. Children’s picture books can convey values, reflect a culture, and

provide children with another way of perceiving life (Stan, 1999). Understanding a

country or culture through the perspective of a literary characterwho lives in different

country can create a personal relationship with a place that is not possible through

other media (Creany, et. al, 1993). This assumption is manifested in society for the

purpose of making the interaction between children and around their society filled

with the culture values and formed their characters as well. In this way, children as

an object of educational processwhich guarantee the continuity in terms of social and

culture.

In addition to the information encountered in the children’s picture book,

compelling fictional stories also help children gain a deeper understanding of people

and cultures (Tompkins, 2001).Thus, every children’s picture book, whether it is

implicitly or explicitly contains ideology as the culture values. Furthermore, culture

is the way of life of people such as the sum of their learned behavior patterns,

attitudes and material things (Miranda, 1994). It means that culture as general

patterns can distinguish among groups of people based on their characteristics.

There are several studies which investigated the representation of culture in children’s picture book. Creany, et.al (1993), for instance, conducted the study about the representation of culture in children’s picture books. He discovered that the representation of culture in the children’s picture book is revealed through the illustration, thus, the illustration in children’s picture book gives children the opportunity to see the similarity among people as well as to appreciate the

differences. Furthermore, Roy (2008) whoinvestigated a critical discourse analysis of the representation of Asian Indian folktale in US American children’s literature found that Eurocentric imperial ideologies continue to inform the formulation of race, gender and nation in U.S children’s books, where the popular expectations about India are dictated by colonial stereotypes in approaching multiculturalism in

the US. Additionally, Kuo (2005) adopted a postcolonial critique to represent Taiwanese culture in children’s picture books. His findings suggested that Taiwanese picture books offer the child reader of the postcolonial experience and introduce

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Inspired by those studies above, this present study attempts to analyze a

picture book entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow by Janaki Sooriyarachi (2008)

using the theory of representation by Hall (1997). The reason employing Hall’s

(1997) theory is because it deals with cultural representation that occupies the

important place in the study of culture. Moreover, Joyce & Gaudin (2011) theory

about multimodal approach is also used to analyze the narrative and grammar of

design in the picture book.

1.2 Research Question

The study raises one question to be answered:

1. What kind of culture is represented in the picture book entitled It’sAmma’s

Birthday Tomorrow?

1.3 Aim of the Study

In line with the problem of the study above, this present study attempts to reveal

therepresentationof culture in a picture bookentitled It’s Amma’s Birthday

Tomorrow.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study is limited to investigate the culture which is represented in a picture book

entitled It’sAmma’s Birthday Tomorrow.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Since this study focuses on investigating the cultural representation in the picture

book entitled It’sAmma’s Birthday Tomorrow written by Janaki Sooriyachrachi, it is

expected that theoretically the study aims to increase the knowledge of literature to

children, particularly in terms of culture. Further, practically, this study can be used

for teaching about culture to children of elementary school.

1.6 Research Methods

This present study employed a descriptive qualitative method because it aimed to

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Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow by Janaki Sooriyachrachi. As suggested by Belk (2006, p. 15), a descriptive qualitative method is the method which is “interpretative and subjective”. Further, a descriptive qualitative method is a method that attempts to describe and investigate the particular phenomena and current situation (Sevilla, et.

al., 1992; Gay, et.al, 2006). Hence, the descriptive qualitative method is an

appropriate method for this present study.

The data were collected from the picture book It’s Amma’s Birthday

Tomorrow which was written by Janaki Sooriyachrachi. The data were presented in

the form of images and words which were critically analyzed using cultural

representation that proposed by Hall (1997) and multimodal approach in the picture

book by Joyce and Gaudin (2011).

1.7 Clarification of Key Terms

The followings are some of the terms used in this study that needs to be explained

and clarified to avoid misinterpretation and ambiguity:

1. Children’s literature is inseparable from the phenomena or issues that are related

to life and behavior of children. It is made and created specifically for children for

the sake of conveying messages on childhood life (Hunt, 1995). In addition, it can

be used to explore and develop appreciation for cultural differences (Creany, et.

al, 1993).

2. Picture book is one of the genres in children’s literature. In the picture book, the

words say what the pictures cannot reveal and the pictures show what the words

cannot tell. The verbal and the visual speak and show, both of them constructs the

new meaning (Nodelman, 1988).

3. Culture is the way of life of people such as the sum of their learned behavior

patterns, attitudes and material things. It is considered as general patterns which

can distinguish among groups of people based on their characteristics (Miranda,

1994).

4. Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced

and exchanged between members of a culture. It involves the use of language, of

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1.8 Organization of the Paper

The organization of the paper is divided into five chapters and they are as follows:

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter focuses on the introduction of the research including the

background of the study, the research question, the aim of the study, the scope of the

study, the significance of the study, the research methods, the clarification of key

terms and the organization of the paper.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The chapter discusses related theories of the study which are used to analyze

and interpret the data of the study. This chapter also presents some previous studies

that are related to the issue.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The chapter consists of the research design, the subject and context of the

study, the data collection, data analysis, data presentation and the synopsis of the

picture book.

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter provides the findingsbased on the research question and

discussions of the study.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Thisis the last chapter of the study. It presents the conclusion based on the

findings and discussions in the previous chapter. Additionally, it also contains the

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the research methodology used in this present

study to examine the cultural representation in a picture book entitled It’sAmma’s

Birthday Tomorrow by Janaki Sooriyachrachi. It revolves around the research

design, the subject and context of the study, the data collection, data analysis, data

presentation and the synopsis of the picture book.

3.1 Research Design

The research design of the study was a descriptive qualitative method. It

because the aim of the study was to describe and interpret the cultural

representation in a picture book entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow by

Janaki Sooriyachrachi. This is in line with Belk (2006, p. 15) who suggests a

descriptive qualitative method is the method which is “interpretative and subjective”. Further, Sevilla, et. al., (1992) and Gay, et. al, (2006) add that a descriptive qualitative method is a method that attempts to describe and

investigate the particular phenomena and current situation. Since the data in this

study were used to develop concepts and theories that help people to understand

the subject of the study, the descriptive qualitative method is an appropriate

method for this present study.

3.2 Subject and Context of the Study

A picture book entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow was the main

subject of this study. The book was written by Janaki Sooriyarachchi, a children’s

book author and illustrator. She has written and illustrated more than 195 story

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The reason for choosing the picture book was because the word Amma in It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow is something unusual. The title of the picture

book is using the English language but the word Amma is not originally from

English language. Hence, the writer is interested to analyze the intention of the

author from the use of the word Amma as the title of the picture book.

Moreover, based on the type of picture book, itbelongs to the picture story

book. The picture story book is the most common type of a picture book for

children.Ithelps children to understand and comprehend the story easily. Thus, it

enables children to obtain the message containing good lessons through the story

presented.

3.3 Data Collection

The data were collected from the picture book entitled It’s Amma’s

Birthday Tomorrow by Janaki Sooriyachrachi. The data were presented in the

form of images and words which were critically analyzed using cultural

representation that proposed by Hall (1997) and multimodal approach in the

picture book by Joyce and Gaudin (2011).

3.4 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the present study conducted the stages of

multimodal approach based onJoyce and Gaudin (2011). According to them, the

representation of culture can be depicted through the narrative and the images

which belong to the grammar of design. The representation of culture through the

narrative covers the character, setting and the action. In addition, the

representation of culture through the grammar of design includes book details and

the physical appearances of the character.Furthermore, the present study also

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3.5 Data Presentation

To accomplish the data analysis of thestudy, the presentation of the data is

[image:13.595.106.535.223.748.2]

formulatedin the form of table. The design of the table is as follows:

Table 3.1 Sample of Analysis in the Picture Book It’sAmma’s Birthday

Tomorrow that Represents Sri Lankan Culture

The representation of Sri Lankan culture through narrative

Picture 1

Non-human characters

Firefly

As can be seen in the picture 1, the use of firefly

in this story represents the folktale of traditional

Sri Lanka because Sudeshna (2008) asserts that

firefly is usually used as the metaphor to

represent the agricultural society in Sri Lanka.

Further, firefly is often times seen in natural

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also states that firefly is a popular type of insect

that is usually used in Sri Lankan children’s

picture book.

Rabbit

Rabbit is associated with the prosperity in Sri

Lanka which portrays the richness and the

soundness for the people of Sri Lanka (Miranda,

1994). Moreover, rabbit is also often used in

children picture book in order to introduce to the

children about the cuteness of the animal (Joyce

& Gaudin, 2011)

Bird

Bird is depicted in the illustration. It can be seen

in the picture 1 above. In relation to Sri Lankan

culture, the term bird is often used in the Sri

Lankan children picture book which indicates the

loyalty (Miranda, 1994). Further she asserts that

people in Sri Lanka hinterland often keep the

bird as their animal pet as well as believe that

bird is the symbol of loyalty.

Spider

The illustration of the spider in general hints

never give up because Roy (2008) emphasizes

that spider build its cobweb by their self without

helped by other spiders. Hence, in this picture

book, the spider does not represent the culture

but it can be related to the main character’s

personality who never gives up getting the

precious gift for her mother in the story. It is

different with the other animals which represent

the Sri Lankan culture but the spider represents

the characteristic of Nikini who is never gives up

getting what she wants in her life which fits with

general characteristic of Sri Lankan children in

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Picture 2

Setting

The setting in the picture book also helps to represent the culture of Sri Lanka.

Setting refers to the space in which the characters and the action are found (Joyce

& Gaudin, 2011). According to Creany, et.al,. (1993), setting is one of the

attributes of the culture because it can identify one culture or stereotype in the

illustration. For instance, in this picture book, the setting of the story is mostly in

the forest. It can be seen from the illustration that describes the trees and the grass.

The existence of the grass and the trees are portrayed though the green color.

Green color in the illustration is often related to nature and freshness (Wooten and

Cullinan, 2009). Hence, green color describes the nature in the forest as well as

contributes to the setting of the story. The illustration can be seen in the picture 2

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Picture 3

Action

Another narrative element which supports the representation of Sri Lankan culture

is the action. Based on Joyce and Gaudin (2011), a representation of certain

culture can be seen from the way the character makes a choice for actions. For

example, in this picture book, Nikini as the main character made a choice to

choose sari as the gift for her mother’s birthday. She chose sari as suggested by

her animal friends based on the text. In the text, the animal friends considered sari

as the precious gift for her mother. Therefore, from the choice of action done by

the main character in the story, it can be said that Nikini chooses sari as the

precious gift for her mother because the author of the picture book intends to

introduce the culture of Sri Lanka into the dress which called sari. Moreover, sari

is a product of culture because Sudeshna’s (2008) idea states that sari is the

traditional dress for women in Sri Lanka. Hence, in this context, sari represents

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3.6 Synopsis

The identity of the book below is written by following the steps that Joyce

and Gaudin (2011) propose in examining a picture book as follows:

Book Title : It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow

Author : Janaki Sooriyachrachi

Published : 2008, Sri Lanka

Publisher : Tikiri Publisher

Story : It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow tells about a little girl named

Nikini who really loves her mother. She lives with her mother and her

father near the forest. Instead of human characters such as Nikini and her

parents, there are non-human characters such as firefly, bird, rabbit and

spider. They become Nikini’s good friends and always help Nikini in journey to get the special gift for her mother’s birthday along the night in

the dark forest. The story began with her father who recalls Nikini about

her mother’s birthday tomorrow. He brings a big gift box for Nikini’s

mother. Nikini really loves her mother so she thinks about how to gift the

very special gift for her mother. In addition, she goes to the forest in

looking for the gift accompanied by her animal friends. She finally found

the sari to be given as the precious gift for her mother. But then, the sari

broke into the pieces by the rain. Nikini cries beneath the tree and her

mother found her crying. This story mostly tells about how hard Nikini’s

effort to get something precious for her mother. Even though, actually her

mother does not ask anything from Nikini in her birthday.

Narrator : It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow is told from the first person

narrator in the dialogue. Nikini as the main character uses the direct

speech that described to the reader about what she does, experiences and

remembers. This is often found in the text of picture book that written for

very young children. So that the intended audience or the reader of this

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context this picture book is using the third person narrator that is told by

the author of the picture book.

Characters : The main character in the picture book is Nikini. Nikini is the

main protagonist of the story. She has her own unique characteristics of a

good daughter in her age and never gives up getting what she wants in her

life. Furthermore, Nikini’s physical appearance describes the characteristic

of people in Sri Lanka that always barefooted everywhere in the story.

There are also minor characters in the story such as a firefly, bird, rabbit

and spider. They become the helpers of the main character’s goal.

Time : The story of It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow occurs over the

short frame time of a single night. It is beginning in the evening when

Nikini is in the house that recalled by her father about her mother’s

birthday tomorrow. Then, it is ending when her mother found Nikini is

crying beneath the tree in the morning because she found nothing to be

given to her mother’s birthday.

Setting : The setting of this picture book is in the forest where it becomes

the familiar location to be identified by the children. The setting is

described by the illustration of trees and the grass in the forest. It also

describes the condition of Sri Lanka hinterland which most of the district

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This is the last chapter of the present study. It consists of two parts. The first

part presents the conclusion based on the findings and discussions in the previous

chapter. The second part puts forward the suggestions for further studies.

5.1 Conclusion

The present study concerns with the representation of culture in the picture

book entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow. By using Hall’s (1997) theory of

cultural representation and Joyce and Gaudin’s (2011) multimodal approach in the

picture book, it is discovered that the culture that is represented in the picture

book is Sri Lankan culture. It is represented through the narrative and grammar of

design. In narrative, the representation of Sri Lankan culture can be seen from the

character, setting and action. Additionally, in relation to grammar of design, the

representation of Sri Lankan culture is also revealed through the book details as

well as the physical appearances of the main character which belongs to the

characteristic of people in Sri Lanka.

In terms of narrative, the culture is represented through the character

particularly the non-human characters who act as the main character’s friends

such as firefly, rabbit, bird and spider. In this context, firefly represents the

agricultural society in Sri Lanka, rabbit is associated with the prosperity of the

people in Sri Lanka, bird indicates the loyalty as believed by the people in Sri

Lanka and spider represents the characteristic of Nikini who is never gives up

getting what she wants in her life which fits with the characteristic of Sri Lankan

children in the current cartoon film entitled Little Krishna.Hence, from those

non-human characters, it can be said that the author puts the intentional meaning to

represent the culture. Furthermore, from the setting of the picture book, it

represents the geographical setting in a country which mostly depicts the forest. In

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precious gift for her mother’s birthday as an intention of the author to represent

one culture.

Besides, the grammar of design contributes in representing the culture

through the book details and the physical appearances of the main character. In

book details, the representation of culture can be seen from the title of the picture

book from the word Amma that is taken from Sinhales language which means

mother because Sinhales is the language of Sri Lanka. Further, the physical

appearances of the main character is depicted as a little girl who is always

barefoot in the story, using bracelet on her hand and the style of her hair that

reflect the characteristic of people in one country.

From all the findings above, it is suggested that the picture book entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow represents a culture. The culture which is represented in the picture book is Sri Lankan culture. The author of the picture

book intentionally introduces her culture into her work. Furthermore, this is the

strategy that attempts to make Sri Lankan picture book is visible to the consumers

as well as to fulfill a demand for learning further about traditional Sri Lankan

lives and values.

5.2 Suggestions

Since this study only discusses the representation of Sri Lankan culture in

the picture book, it will be more challenging if the further study investigates the

representation of the comparison between two cultures in the picture books. A study of the culture in children’s literature would help us understand the ways in which a picture book may be judged to be an acceptable representation of the

culture or culture it represents. So, it can make the further researcher learns and

understands many cultures around the world that underlie in the picture books.

Furthermore, by enlarging to learn so many cultures, it is expected that the further

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REFERENCES

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Belk, R. W. (2006). Handbook of Qualitative Research Method in Marketing. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.

Brown, L. & Tomlinson. (1999). Essential of Children’s Literature (3rd ed). Boston: Alyn and Bacon.

Chen, Y. M. (2010). Exploring Dialogic Engagement with Readers in Multimodal

EFL Textbook in China. Visual Communication (SSCI). Vol. 9. No. 4.

Creany, A. D. et. al. (1993). The Representation of Culture in Children’s Picture

Books. Clarion: Clarion University

Gay, L. R., et. al. (2006). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and

Application (8th ed). New Jersey: PearsonEducation.

Hall, S. (1997). Representations: Cultural Representations & Cultural Practices. London: Sage.

Henkes, K. (2004). The Art of Picture Books: Defining Picture Books. New York: Longman.

Hunt, P. (1995). An Introduction to Children’s Literature. New York: Oxford University Press.

Joyce, H., & Gaudin, J. (2011). A Multimodal Approach to Picture Books. Australia: Phoenix Education.

Kuo, C. (2005). A Post-Colonial Critique of the Representation of Taiwanese

Culture in Children’s Picture Books.Vol. 1. No. 2. Marilyn Zurmuehlen

Working Paper in Arts Education.

Miranda, C. (1994). The Art of the Picture Book:An Interpretation of Indian

Culture. The Ohio State University

National Association for the Education on Young Children, (2005). Exploring

Social Studies through Children’s Books. Young Children on the Web.

Nodelman, P. (1988). Word about Pictures: The Narrative Art of

Children’sPicture Books. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.

Nodelman, P. (1996). The Pleasures of Children’s Literature (2nd Ed). New York:

Longman.

Roy, S. (2008). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Representation of Asian Indian

Folktales in US-American Children’s Literature. New York: Purdue University Press.

Sevilla, C. G., et. al. (1992). Research Methods. Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Sipe, L. R. (2011). The Art of Picture Book. Handbook of Research on Children’s

and Young Adult Literature. 17 (2), 238-251.

Sooriyarachi, J. (2008). It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow. Sri Lanka: Tikiri Publisher

Stan, S. (1999). Going Global: World Literature for American Children. Theory

into Practice, 38 (3), 168-177

Sudeshna, M. (2008). The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils of Sri

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Tompkins, G. E. (2001). Literacy fo 21 Century: A Balanced Approach. Upper Saddle River. NJ: Merrill Prentice HallPublishers.

Wooten, A, D. & Cullinan, E, B. (2009). Children’s Literature in the Reading

The Representation Of Dominant Sri Lankan Culture In A Picture Book Entitled It’s Amma’s Birthday Tomorrow.

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 40

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 Background

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1.2 Research Question

1.4 Scope of the Study

1.6 Research Methods

1.7 Clarification of Key Terms

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

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CHAPTER III

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Subject and Context of the Study

3.3 Data Collection

3.4 Data Analysis

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Table 3.1 Sample of Analysis in the Picture Book It’sAmma’s Birthday

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CHAPTER V

5.1 Conclusion

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5.2 Suggestions

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REFERENCES

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