GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
LECTURE I :
Intestinal Ca2+-binding protein!
INTRODUCTION
• Poverty/kemiskinan
• Unemployment/tdk punya pekerjaan
• Environmental Degradation/lingkungan yang berdegradasi
• Catastrophes (Flood & Drought)/bencana alam, musim kemarau
• Diseases (Avian Flu)/penyakit
• Food Shortage/Starvation (Kwashiorkor) /kekurangan makanan, mati kelaparan
Do you want to solve/memecahkan problems of life ?,
at what level ?
HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS ?
• It is important first to understand living systems (how the system works)
– the chemical elements
which make up plant body
– the function of each element in the life process
– the interaction between elements in the life process
• A better understanding of living systems would
help to identify a problem in the life process,
and to initiate a way to solve the problem
THE BUILDING ELEMENTS OF LIFE
• Plant Level
– Leaves, Stems/batang & Roots
• Organ Level
– Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Nucleus etc.
• Molecular Level
– Enzymes, Carbohydrates, Energy
Molecules, etc
What is Plant Biochemsitry/biokimia ?
• Definition.
– Biochemistry is the study of the process of plant life on a chemical/kimia level
– Plant Biochemistry, or the chemistry of living plants, is the study of molecular basis/dasar of plant life or the study of the way in which
chemical components are synthesized/berkumpul and utilized/digunakan by plants in the life
process (growth & development/berkembang).
ABSTRACT
The core/inti of biochemistry is the
conversion/perubahan of substrates to be
products through/selesai biochemical reactions which catalyzed by enzymes in most
cases/kotak2.
Therefore/oleh karena itu, the course/rangkaian of plant biochemistry is started with the
discussion/pembicaraan of enzymes which is then followed by carbohydrate metabolism, energy
molecule metabolism, nitrogen metabolism (amino acids), lipid metabolism, nucleic
acid/asam nukleosida metabolism, protein
synthesis.
Objectives and Competency
• Objectives /tujuan
– The main objectives of this course is to
consolidate/menggabungkan the knowledge of
students on the basic molecules of plant life, and to increase/tambahan their understanding on the
metabolism of the basic molecules.
• Competency/kemampuan
– Students taking this course would be competent in describing the life of plants from the standpoint/sudut of biochemistry which competency could be used to initiate/memulai ways to improve/memperbaiki the growth of plants or to solve problems in plant growth.
The Core/inti of Plant Biochemsitry
1. Isolation/pengasingan and Identification – Biochemistry is firstly
concerned/memperhatikan with the isolation and identification of all
different substances which make up plant and animal organisms
– A living organism is composed/susunan of more than just fats/lemak,
carbohydrates and protein. Hundreds of other substances are
necessary/kebutuhan to the
proper/tepat functioning of the organisms
2. Chemical Changes
– Secondly, biochemistry is
concerned/memperhatikan with all chemical changes which take place in the cells to
provide/menyediakan for
energy, growth, reproduction, and aging.
– Protoplasm is an aqueous/encer solution of certain/pasti
substances with other colloidally/koloid
dispersed/mengedarkan
substances
BASIC PRINCIPLE
Living organisms, whether/tahukah they are plants, animals or microbes, are made up basically of the same
chemical components
Biochemical Reactions
SUBSTRACT(S) + ENZYME
PRODUCT(S)
Breakthroughs/pemecahan in Biochemistry
1. Discovery/penemuan of the role/peran of enzymes as catalysts
2. Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules
Two notable/khusus breakthroughs in the history of biochemistry
Flow/arus of information: from nucleic acids to proteins
DNA RNA Protein
COURSE/bagian SUBJECTS
1. ENZYME
2. CARBOHYDRATE 3. METABOLIC
ENERGY
4. NITROGEN
5. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION
6. LIPID
7. NUCLEIC ACID
8. PROTEIN
REFERENCES
1. Conn, E.E. & Stumpf, P.K., 1976. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Goodwin, T.W. & Mercer, E.I., Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
3. Stryer, L., 1975. Biochemistry. W.H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco
4. Wood, W.B., Wilson, J.H., Benbow, R.M., &
Hood, L. E., 1981. Biochemistry A Problems Approach.
5. Wood, J.H, Keehan, C.W., Bull, W.E. and Bowman, N.S., 1963. Fundamentals of
College Chemistry. A Harper International edition, Harper & Row, NY, Evanston &
London and John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo
Examples of Plant
Biochemistry
What is Cloning?
• Cloning is to make a genetically
identical organism through non-sexual means.
• Cloning of African violets :
• Take a leaf from a plant
• Immerse/celupkan the
stalk/tangkai in water
What is Cloning?
• Roots start to form after a week
• Pot/ the plant
• A new plant
is produced
How Dolly was cloned?
• Removed : dihilangkan
• Enucleated :
• Udder : ambing
• Fused : digabungkan
• Implant : penanaman
• Surrogate : ibu pengganti
• Lamb : anak domba
Sel telur dengan inti dari induk yang berkembang menjadi anak domba yang sama dengan
induknya
indukSel Sel telur
ADENIUM OBESUM ' CHERRY'
Grafted/cangkokan Desert Rose
Family : Apocynaceae Origin : East Africa
Size : 5' Light
Requirements/syarat : Full Sun/Light
Shade/tempat
Water Requirements : Keep Dry
Min. Temp. : 35°
Flower : Year
Round/sepanjang tahun
A C
OH B OH
OH
2 1
3
5 6
4
O+
ANTHOCYANIDIN
ANTHOCYANIDIN Substituents Color Pelargonidin 4’-OH Orange-red Cyanidin 3’-OH,4’-OH Purplish red Delphinidin 3’-OH,4’-OH,5’-OH Bluish purple Peonidin 3’-OCH3,4’-OH Rosy red
Petunidin 3’-O CH3,4’-OH,5’-
O CH3 Purple
Sex & Genetics
The traits/sifat inherited/mewarisi from both parents are determined/menentukan by genes in DNA
Genetic Inheritance & DNA
Short segment/ruas of a DNA molecule
• Two polynucleotides
associate/sekutu to form a double helix
• Genetic information is carried/diangkat by the sequence/rangkaian of base/dasar
pairs/pasangan
Penyakit encok (gout) yang
mengakibatkan radang pada persendian adalah akibat akumulasi asam urat
• Radang sendi dipicu oleh presipitasi
kristal urat natrium (sodium urate
crystals)
• Penyakit Ginjal
dapat juga terjadi karena deposisi kristal urat dalam organ tersebut
Gugur daun
• Perusakan dinding sel pada lapisan absisi oleh aktivitas enzim Cellulase dan Polygalacturonase
• Sintesis kedua enzim tersebut terhambat jika kadar hormon tumbuh auxin cukup tinggi
Auxin
Ethylene
Cellulase/Polygalacturonase
• Transpor auxin dari tempat pembentukan pada
bagian ujung daun ke lapisan absisi dihambat
oleh hormon ethylene
THE NARCOTIC/obat bius ANALGESICS
• Narcotics block the transmission of the nerve/urat syaraf signal across/jarak
lintas nerve gaps/celah, [the minor/kecil analgesics blocked prostaglandin
synthesis]
• The more important ones:
– Morphine, codeine,
– oxycodone (PERCODAN), hydromorphone (DILAUDID), methadone, + heroin [ = not legal]
– meperidine (DEMEROL), pentazocine (TALWIN),
– fentanyl (SUBLIMAZE), buprenorphine (BUPRENEX)
• Morphine:
– Opium/candu [est. ~ 10,000 tons]
extracted from the poppy/bunga madat Papaver somniferum, Afghanistan
spring/musim semi 06 6100 tons alone.
Morphine goes to receptors (opiate
receptors) which control passage/penerima of Ca2+ and K + through/terusan channels, which in turn/giliran control acetylcholine (nerve/syaraf transmitter) flow/aliran
across/jarak lintas synapses.
DEPRESSES/tekanan
RESPIRATORY/pernapasan SYSTEM - usual overdose effect; some euphoria - plus is addictive/bahan tambahan
Cyanide/sianida Poisoning/racun
• Disrupts/mengganggu metabolism by
inhibiting/menghalangi metal/logam containing/berisi enzymes, most notably/khususnya, cytochrome oxidase.
• Cytochrome A3 catalyzes O2 H2O
• Blocks ability/kemampuan of mitochondria to use O2
• O2 saturation/penjenuhan may be normal
• Poisoning can occur/terjadi through/terusan percutaneous absorption and inhalation/pernapasan.
• Degree/sedikit demi sedikit of symptoms/gejala depends/bergantung on severity/kekerasan of exposure./pencahayaan
Cyanide Poisoning
• Antidote/penangkal racun
– Nitrites and Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Nitrite
CYTOCHROME
Oxyhemoglobin Methemoglobin OXIDASE
CN Rhodanase Cyano-methemoglobin
Sodium Thiosulfate
Thiocyanate Kidneys
What is Biodiesel?
• Alternative fuel/bahan bakar for diesel engines
• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
• Meets health effect testing (CAA)
• Lower emissions/pengeluaran, High flash point (>300F), Safer
• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
Fatty Acid Alcohol Glycerin
Vegetable Oil
Biodiesel
FA FA FA FA
Biodiesel Samples
Chemistry of Triglycerides
• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).
• What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids:
Transesterification
While/walaupun actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction looks like this:
CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH
| | CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OORx + CHOH
| |
CH2OOR3 CH2OH Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved
determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)
Individual step of Transesterification
First step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na) joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH from water (from
methoxide formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.
H O H
| | |
HCOR1 H HCO H O
| | | | | HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH | | | |
HCOR3 H HCOR3 H | | | |
H O H O
Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH
