Designing angle bowl of Turbine for Micro-hydro at Tropical Area.

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PROCED I N G CON FEREN CE I N TERN ATI ON AL CON DI TI ON

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SEPTEMBER 23 -27 , 2012 . At , GRAND BALI BEACH HOTEL, SANUR, BALI , I NDONESI A.

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International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis 2012

September 23-27, 2012

Grand Bali Beach Hotel, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Website: http://www.cmd2012.org, E-mail: secretary@cmd2012.org, Phone: (62)-22-2502260, Fax: (62)-22-2534222

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School of El ect rical Engineering and Inf ormat ics, Inst it ut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Depart ment of Elect rical Engineering Udayana Universit y, Denpasar, Indonesia

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Designing angle bowl of Turbine for Micro-hydro at

the river shrinks in the dry season. The Excess water can be used to turn turbines. Turbine which is used to turn the generator will produce electric energy. To generate electrical energy in a long time with the condition of the changing seasons, an efficient turbine is required beside the water level, pressure and diameter of the turbine should be considered. In this paper we discus the turbine bowl angle settings to get the maximum volume of water to produce maximum torque of the turbine. With level of water 17 meter, the transmission pulley 4 step, produce rotation of turbine 23-25 rpm, rotation rate of the the generator is 1500 rpm. By using the Matlab simulation, volume turbine bowl will maximum at 5.574 cm3 calculated by angle theta 11 degrees and alpha 9 degrees. Thus, these conditions produce the greatest tropical climates that are potential to build micro-hydro power systems. Indonesia is a country located in Southeast Asia and consists of about 17,000 islands with a land area of 1,922,570 km and waters of 3,257,483 km. Indonesia lies between latitudes 6oN- 11oS and longitudes 95oE- 141oE along the equator line causes Indonesia has two seasons: rainy and dry seasons. Water will overflow in the wet season and shrink during the dry season. A larger amount of water can be harnessed to generate electrical energy economically. By contrast, it will be suspended during the dry season, because there is not enough water to turn turbines. The electrical energy generated from water power is one of renewable energy sources that it environmentally friendly.

B. Social policy

Three phases have to be considered in micro hydro investment [1]. They are: (1) technology phase is include the

development and sustainability of the technology; (2) social phase where the goal is mostly to meet the needs of health, roads and lighting; and (3) financial phase in which emphases more on financial sustainability of the investment value. Success and failure of a micro-hydro program are influenced by many factors, such as politic, economic, community, nature and policy[1]. Micro-hydro is an attractive option because it is located in remote/isolated areas and scattered energy supply. Small energy sources that are combined with low buying power community and difficulty of access to transportation is a promising social program. Renewable energy sources allow an area that has the potential of natural renewable resources to be self-sufficiency in energy [2]. Harnessing renewable energy sources is a key to address the extent of the impact of climate change. The fact that energy sources are vulnerable to climate change, which make investors less interested in this field [3]. Japan as a developed country, for instance, has some of its own energy supply and imports most of its energy to meet their needs. It is not surprising that after the oil crisis occurred, research on renewable energy has been conducted intensively [4].

Research on micro-hydro is urgent to be developed. Findings on study conducted by British consulting rm and Lon don economic for the World Bank in March 2000 that related to micro-hydro development on five countries: Srilanka, Peru, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Mozambique reveals that micro-hydro technology is developing and perceived benefits for over 30 years[1]. It indicates that micro-hydro system is a very profitable compared with other energy sources due to its cost effectiveness and efficiency, and the possibility to reach remote areas. It is proved that micro-hydro is not only utilized as a electric power source but used also as a mechanical power supply [1]. However, the main purpose of power supply is to be financially constrained. The installation of the micro-hydro needs initially a big investment although the cost of maintenance is relatively low.

K-1 2012 IEEE International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis

23-27 September 2012, Bali, Indonesia

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Micro-hydro plays an important role in developing the rural economy and energy sources. China[5], for example, micro-hydro is used for lighting, household energy, agricultural processing. in India, micro-hydro is used to generate mechanical power to grind the nuts [6]. while in India, run of river improved the availability of low cost electricity[6]. Micro-hydro can also be built using recycled water from daily household activities, such as shower[7] and known as a renewable energy source. Micro-hydro power plant in a small scale can use the model of "run-of-river" that can be built without the dam and is one of the most efficient technology and environmentally friendly electricity have to be considered for rural areas [8,9]. It is suggested that the micro-hydro is very important to continue to be developed because of the limitations of the current world energy and global climate change impacts.

II. LETERATURE REVIEW

A. Overview of small turbines

Previous research on turbine was intended to design micro-hydro turbines to produce electricity in rural area [8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17]. However, up to this paper was written, no one has discussed the design turbines that are specifically operated for the tropics. In this present study, the researcher uses a micro-hydro plant in the village of Gambuk, Pupuan, Tabanan, Bali-Indonesia as the initial data. A video file of the micro-hydro turbine system can be viewed at

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdyVX_1RQGs&feature=rel mfu. The micro-hydro currently already generates electrical

energy of approximately 1000 VA 5000 VA capacity [18, 19]. However, because the turbine used is not efficient, the micro-hydro cannot operate all year round. This study, therefore, is filled with water in it, and assuming that the bottle floats or is parallel to the surface of the water. The distance from initial point (when the bottle is removed) and end point (when the bottle is taken) is 7 meters, adjusted to the location of the flow water. Bottles travel time is measured using a stop watch as shown in Figure 1. Measurement was carried out for 22 times, so the average travel time is 21.07 seconds. Hence, the water flow velocity (flow) is 0.332197248 m / s.

Figure 1. Point of measurement location

C. Cross-sectional area of water turbine rotates clockwise. Scenario of filling water in bowls of the turbine is done on the right side. Turbine bowls shaped triangular, with straight sides = 15 cm, flat side = 13 cm and the hypotenuse = 20 cm. Volume is calculated on the condition of the turbine bowl that is full = 2437.5 cm3 or equal to 2.43

Figure 2: Power is lost at each stage[16]

Calculate the net head. If 25% of the head is lost as friction in the pipe the head is 0.75 x 17 = 12,75 m. Power net = 12,75 x 39,53 liet/sc x 9,81 = 12.75 m x 39.53 liter/sc x 9,81 m/sc = 4.944,31 watt

Calculate the mechanical power if the turbine is 65% efficency the mechanical power produced will be :

Power mechanical = 65% x 4.944,31 Watt = 3.213,8 watt

Calculate the useful electrical power, if the generator is 80% efficency, then the electrical power available for lighting and other purposes is : Electrical Power = 80% x 3.2138 watt = 2,571 watt.

Figure 3. Filling water turbine design

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B. Modeling of the turbine bowl

In this study, the authors develop a mathematical model for turbine bowl as illustrated in Figure 4. Triangle ABC will be turned based on the angle α which is a rotation angle of the rotary axis turbines. At the point B on the corner of the triangle

ABC, the researchers will adjust the angle θ with the purpose

of the point C will move closer to the point D. Due to changes in the angle θ, the length of the line BC will change. If it is drawn a straight line from the point D to the turbine axis point, it will be shaped up ABDE. ABDE is a new formed where

point B is driven by θ. Value of θ will be sought in this study,

so the area of ABDE is maximum.

C. Mathematical model of the turbine bowl

A mathematical model of the turbine bowl is generated from

Figure 4. Model of bowl turbine

A

Figure 5. Mathematical model of bowl turbine

Triangle ABC is the area of the turbine bowl prior to

adjustment of the angle α and the angle θ. When the condition of α and θ is equal to 0, the area of triangle ABC is equal to

the initial conditions. When the line PC is rotated as α, it will form the line PD and establish a new area of ABDE. This new area is calculated by summing the area of triangle ABC with an area of trapezoid ACDE up and reducing the area of the triangle areas BCH and CDH. The areas used can be computed as follows.

 Triangle BCD: the angle δ at the point D is calculated by using the formula = 180 - ε - θ.

 Triangle CDH: the formula of angle φ = 180-90 - δ. Due to the nature of the two straight lines which intersect to form two pairs of opposite angles, the angle

ω is calculated using the formula = 180 - φ. So, the area of the triangle CDH = 0.5 x HC x DC.

 Triangle BCH and CHI: to calculate the length of the HC which is the base of the triangle CDH: CH = length

(DC / sin φ) x sin δ, while the length of IH is calculated by the formula IH = CH x sin β of the right -angled triangle CHI. IH is the height of the triangle BCH. So, the area of BCH formula = 0.5 x BC x IH.

 Further, calculations of the length of DC, AE, AC and

ED: by calculating the deviation of angle α and PC line

segment which is the radius of the turbine, the length of the DC = PC tan α, and length of AE = PA tan α. Because the form is circular, then the length of AC and ED is equal to the length of DC and AE. Thus, the

Figure 6. Area of turbine bowl theta = 0 (▲-CDH ∆-ACDE ■-BCH ○-ABC □-ABDE)

Figure 7. Area of turbine bowl theta = 9 (▲-CDH ∆-ACDE ■-BCH ○-ABC □-ABDE)

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Figure 8. Average volume of turbine bowl

Average volume of the turbine bowl is as shown in Figure 8, the volume maximum of water at theta 11 degrees.

Volume of water before the adjustment is 2.4375 liters. After we do adjusment with theta 11 degrees obtained the largest volume of 5.5749 liter. There is a significant increase of nearly 200%. With the formula is water density ρ = m / v, where ρ = density (kg/m3), m = mass (kg or g), v = volume (m3 or cm3) with the density of water = 1 g/Cm3 or = 1000 kg/m3, therefore if the volume of water increases, the mass of water is increase too.

Relationship mass of water with moment of inertia is I = 1/2m (R12 + R22). When the mass of water is double, then the same is with moment inertia. Therefore we concluded that the Micro hydro in Dusun Gambuk Pupuan Tabanan Bali [19], [20] now only produces power of 700 watts, then by the adjustments angel of bowl turbine with theta angle of 11 degrees, then the power generated double.

IV. CONCLUSION

The simulation demonstrated that the water bowl can be filled up with water at 5.574 cm3 when the theta angle 11 degrees. With the movement of the alpha angle until 9-degree, the volume of water in the bowl is a maximum and the Micro hydro at Dusun Gambuk can produce electricity double before now about 1400 Watt.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Authors convey gratitude to the Ministry of Culture and Education, Indonesia, that has provided scholarships through the program BPPS and National Strategic Research fund in 2010.

REFERENCES

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[16] Phillip Maher, Nigel Smith,"Pico Hydro for Village Power" A Practical Manual for schemes up to 5 Kw in Hilly Areas, editon 2.0 May 2001. [17] A.A. Williams, R. Simpson, "Pico hydro Reducing technical risks for

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[18] Celso Penche, Dr Ingeniero de Minas, "Layman's Guidebook on how to develop a small hydro site", European Small Hydropower Association, Directorate General for Energy (DG XVII), Brusel-Belgia,Juni 1998. [19] Lie Jasa, Putu Ardana, I Nyoman Setiawan, "Usaha Mengatasi Krisis

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