CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Speaking
1. Definition of Speaking
Speaking is one of the most crucial aspects of English skills that students should acquire. According to Thronburry (2005:8) states speaking is one skill that has to be mastered by the student is learning English. According Gottlieb (2004)”Speaking generally involves two ways communication with interactive role switching between the speaker, who conveys a message, and the listener, who interpret responds to it.” Then, Fulcher (2003: 23) said that
“speaking is the verbal use of language and the purpose is to communicate with others. And Nunan (2003: 48) states that speaking skill is the productive oral skill, and consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning.
Speaking is speech production that becomes a part of daily activities which involve interaction. Speaking is an ability to orally express opinions, thoughts, facts, and feeling to other people, animals and even to oneself. And speaking is tools of communication with people to share an information or something that can make understand each other. And Speaking is not just like how to communicate with others but speaking also includes the vocabulary skill, grammar skill, Pronunciation and it can be good for students to drill their Speaking Skill, students learned how to organize what they want to talk and the grammatical that correctly to speaking in the past or present. They
also learned how to express an opinion of what they want to speak with other people in the world to get more Information. To improve they are speaking English skill is should have more motivation that students want to speak English fluently like a native speaker, if students focus on what they want and increase the vocabulary and grammatical correctness it easy for students to speak English. And pronunciation is important for speaking skills because if you correct in pronunciation natives will understand what you are speaking.
To make students fluently in speaking English, so the Teacher more practice speaking in a class when learning English, or the teacher can make an interactive class for students to drill the speaking skill and Teacher also give motivation for students to speak English.
To make it easier for students to speak English, they need to be able to pronounce English words, phonemes correctly, stress and intonation patterns and speech in connected speech. But is not only that, as a native language speaker, especially English as a second language should be able to speak in a range of different genres and situations to give the natural conversation when speaking English with others. Speaking is one of skill that students have in their English skill because in era the globalization speaking skills will be needed in any institution even in the working area.
It can be concluded, Speaking is the ability to arrange words that are put together in a sentence that can provide information to the interlocutor and produce the essence of a conversation. So Speaking is not only to communicate, but Speaking is a tool to understand the language and get
information from a speaker. We can get the point of the speaking is understand what are people say and others can understand too.
2. Types of Speaking
There are two types of speaking that are Monologue, and Dialogue.
The monologue uses when formal or informal events are only conducted by one speaker monologue also commonly called speaking planned such as lectures and wedding speech. And Dialogue is a conversation consisting of two or more interacting with each other it is commonly called speaking unplanned such as conversational spontaneously.
Brown (2000:251) also stated that generally there are two types of spoken language, as follows:
a. Monologue
A monologue is someone who talks using only one side without any interaction for a long time as in speeches, lectures, readings, news broadcasts, the listener has to process speech without interruption.
b. Dialogue
Dialogue, namely the interaction between two or more people who are usually used by each other in discussion forums. Usually, during a dialogue, there is an exchange of information or knowledge between the two speakers.
3. Criteria of Good Speaking
Speaking is a complex skill requiring the simultaneous use a number of different abilities, which often develop at the different rates.
Either four or five components are generally recognized in analysing the speech processes are pronounciation, grammar, fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary (Brown, 2004: 157). Those component are:
a. Pronunciation
Pronunciation (Including the segmental features: vowels and consonants and the stress and intonation patterns). If students want to be able to speak fluently in English, they need to be able pronounce phonemes correctly, use appropriate stress and intonation patterns and speak in connected speech. The speaker must be able to articulate the words, and create the physical sounds that carry meaning. At the level of word pronunciation, second language learners regularly have problems distinguishing between sounds in the new language that do not exist in languages they already know.
b. Grammar
It is obvious that in order be able to speak foreign language, it is necessary to know a certain amount of grammar because grammar is a system of language to make new sentences. Therefore, grammar is very important in speaking because if the speaker does not master grammar structure, he cannot speak English well.
c. Vocabulary
Vocabulary is a basic element in language. Vocabulary is single word, set phrases, variable phrases, phrasal verbs and idioms. It is clear that limited vocabulary mastery makes conversation almost impossible.
d. Fluency
In simple terms, fluency is the ability to talk freely without too much stopping or hesitating. When speaking fluently students should be able to get the message across with whatever resources and abilities they have got, regardless of grammatical and other mistakes.
e. Comprehension
The last speaking element is comprehension. Comprehension is discussed by both speakers because comprehension can make people getting the information they want. Comprehension is defined as the ability to understand something by a reasonable comprehension of the subject or as the knowledge of what a situation is really like.
In speaking English has criteria that students must have to make it easier to speak or exchange ideas with foreign-language speakers, especially with English speakers, these criteria include pronunciation, vocabulary, fluency, and accuracy. From those criteria students have to mastery.
4. Assessing Speaking
For assessing speaking there is a lot of technique that commonly use according from Brown, and teacher can use this technique to use the students‟ speaking ability such as interview, role play, discussion and conversation and the last is Game.
According to Brown (2003, p.167-176) suggest here are several speaking assessments to see the extent to which students' ability to master
English and can express it verbally for interactive speaking (interpersonal and transactional):
a. Interview
The first thing that comes to mind when discussing assessments in speaking English is an oral interview. An interview is where two people sit down facing each other to get more accurate information and interview in length from perhaps five to forty-five minutes, depending on their purpose and context.
b. Role Play
Role Play is a popular activity in communicative language teaching in education. As an assessment device, role play can give the opportunity to test takers to know the ability of students' speaking skills but sometimes that might otherwise be difficult to elicit.
c. Discussion and conversation
As a formal assessment device, discussion, and conversation is difficult to specify and more difficult to score for students' speaking ability. But as an informal technique, they offer the level of authenticity and spontaneity that other assessment techniques may not provide.
d. Games
This technique it is known in educational tool for assess any other aspect, and it is suitable for assessing speaking in classroom for students.
In this reseach, the students are scored based on five components of speaking assessment by using the scale rating scores of Brown (2004:
172).
Table 2.1 Speaking Assesment
No Criteria Score Comments
1 Pronunciation
1
Error in pronunciation are error frequent but can be understood by a native speaker used to dealing with foreigners attempting to speak his language.
2 Accent is intelligible though often quite faulty 3
Errors never interfere with understanding and rarely disturb the native speaker. Accent may be obviously foreign
4 Error in pronunciation are quite rare
5 Equivalent to and fully accepted by educated native speaker
2 Grammar
1
Errors in grammar are frequent, but speaker can be understood by a native speaker used to dealing with foreigners attempting to speak his language
2
Can usually handle elementary constructions quite accurately but does not have thorough or confident control of the grammar
3 Control of the grammar is good. Able to speak the language with sufficient structural.
4
Able to use the language accurately on all levels normally pertinent to professional needs. Errors in grammar are quite rare.
5 Equivalent to that of an educated native speaker..
3 Vocabulary
1 Speaking vocabulary inadequate to express anything but the most elementary needs.
2 Has speaking vocabulary sufficient to express himself simply with some circumlocutions.
3
Able to speak the language with sufficient
vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversations on practical, social, and professional topics. Vocabulary is broad enough that he rarely has to grope for a word
4
Can understand and participate in any conversation within the range of his/her experience with a high degree of percision of vocabulary
5
Speech on all levels is fully accepted by educated ntive speakers in all its features including breadth of vocabulary and idioms, cooloquialisms, and pertinent cultural references
4 Fluency
1 No specific fluency description. Refer to other four language areas for implied level of fluency
2
Can handle with confidence but not with facility most social situations, including introductions and casual conversations about current events, as well as work, family, and autobiographical information.
3 Can discuss particular interests of competence with reasonable ease. Rarely has to grope for words.
4
Able to use the language fluently on all levels normally pertinent to professional needs. Can participate in any conversation within the range of this experience with a high degree of fluency 5 Has complete fluency in the language such that his
speech fully accepted by educated native speakers
5 Comprehension
1
Within the scope of his very limited language experience, can understand simple questions and statements if delivered with slowed speech repetition, or paraphrase
2
Can get the gist of most conversations of non technica subjects (i.e, topics that require no specialized knowledge)
3 Comprehension is quite complete at a normal rate of speech
4 Can understand any conversation within the range of his experience
5 Equivalent to that of an educated native speaker
A. English Club Program
Definition of English Club Program
English Club is a group of people members who meet regularly to practice speaking, listening, reading and writing in English and a series of regularly scheduled meeting where club member practice English and help the community to solve problems. (Kathleen 2015:11)
In English Club, the students get a chance to practice many different skills in a setting that is more like real life. The activities in the English club also can help the students improve the students‟ ability in English. Students could exchange their knowledge among their friend. It also might be a place to share students‟ difficulties in practicing speaking and to look forward how to solve their problem. In addition, English club aimed at helping its members to improve their conversation and impersonal skills in a relaxed comfortable atmosphere.
There are some activity which is always practicing by the participants in English Club Program:
a. Conversation
Conversation is the spoken exchange of ideas, observation, opinions, or feeling between people. Richard (1990) states that conversation also reflects the rules and procedures that govern face to face encounters, as well as constrains that derive from the use of spoken language. This is seen in the nature of turn, the role of topics, how speaker
repair trouble sports, as well as the syntax and register of conversational discourse.
b. Language games
Games are used frequently in the communicative teaching and the students find them enjoyable. It can give the students valuable communicative practice. Jhonson and Marrow (1981:34) stated that there are three features of communication gap, choice and feedback. An information gap exist because the speaker does not know that her classmate going to do. The speaker has choice as to what she would predict it. The speaker receives feedback from the members of her group.
c. Storytelling
Storytelling is the act of sharing a tale or series of events. Students can briefly summarize a tale or story that heard from somebody beforehand, or they may create their owns stories is to tell their classmate.
Storytelling fosters creative thingking, it also helps Students express ideas in the format of beginning, development, and ending, including the characters and setting a story has to have. They also can tell riddles or joke in their story.
d. Sing a song
Song can be used as materials for discussion. In addition, Richards in Fauziaty (2008:110) suggests that song can be used as useful and in the learning of vocabulary, pronunciation, structures and sentence pattern. In
addition, song can be used to teach aspect of culture, especially of target language speakers.
1) The Advantage and Disadvantage of joining the English Club The advantages of joining the English Club program, here are:
a) The English Club members more enjoy followship and companionship b) The students receive moral and emotional support for theirs views.
c) Speaking will have acces to get information d) Get same turning to speak
e) More being pleasant and suitable than regular class (English Course) f) When interlocutor speaking.
The Disadvantages of joining the English Club Program:
a) When members of English Club speak up. Sometime some of members do not give attention to the speaker
b) Sometimes the students are not enthusiasm what materials/topic teacher given; some of student are bored and loaf to speak up.
e. Extracurricular 2) Definition of Extracurricular
Extracurricular is one of non-formal education. English club is a non regular activity which is a part of extracurricular activities. According to Mulyasa (2007:
81) Stated that an extracurricular program is a certain program held outside the school regular time for supporting and improving students‟ competence.
From the statement about it can be conclude that extracurricular is formal learning activities and is a container for channeling student talent. Extracurricular activities which is as a set of learning experience that have value of benefit for the establishment student personality. Extracurricular activities have function for students as follows:
a) Developments, extracurricular activities have function to develop their ability and creativity with their potential, talent and interests.
b) Social, have function to develop Students ability and Social responsible.
c) Recreative, serves to develop an atmosphere or relaxed, uplifting, and fun for the learners which support the process of development.
d) Preparation of career have function to develop the Students career readliness.
3) Extracurricular learning
English club program is a proponent program learning outside of curriculum. This also become a place to develop their interest and talent. Yudha (1999:6) states that extracurricular is activity outside regular school lesson conducted in the school or outside of school with the purpose to expand the knowledge of students, getting to know the contact between subject, talent and interest.
The implementation of extracurricular activities is a program that provide by the school to develop about knowledge, interest, talent, personality, and
independence of student through activities were conducted outside of the lesson with exact conditions which prevailed as school trustess.
f. Previous Study
Related to this research there was previous study on Enrolling English club has influence to students‟ speaking skill. As similar research that conducted by Nurhayati (2019), Cahyarani (2015), and wahyuni, et. al (2019).
The first previous study conducted by Nurhayati entitled The Implementation of English Club Program in teaching speaking at MAN 1 Sragen in the academic year 2018/2019. The participant of the research are 30 student of MAN 1 Sragen who join English Club Program. After four meeting the researcher found problem and solution that faced by teacher and student in speaking class.
The fisrt problem the student had low self confidence and it could be solve by having and giving motivation for practice English can be more enjoying. The second problem is the student the lack theme to be spoken and it can be solve by grouping the student it was expected that the student can exchange their idea each others. The third problem is low participat student attandent. It can be solve by giving motivation and creating fun material. The last problem is the student often use mother tangue is speaking performance it could be solve by reminding the student to speak the target language
The second previous study is conducted by cahyarani (2015) with entitled The Implementation of English Club as an Extracullicullar program at SMPN 3 Malang. This reseach focus on how the implementation of English Club as an extracullicullar program and the result show that the main activity of the English
club was storystelling and the media used were movie video and some properties at story telling performance can improve their speaking skill through the activity.
The last wahyuni et al (2019) in journal entitled Improving Speaking Skill Through Speaking Club Viewed from students‟ perceptions. The participant of this study was 10 students who join English speaking club in UIN sunan ample Surabaya. The result of this reseach indicated that most of the student who join speaking club have good speaking improvement and their speaking such as an improvement of pronounciation, vocabulary, and fluency in their speaking.
E. Framework of Thinking
Speaking is one of the skills that have to be mastered by students in learning English. Speaking is the process of an activity on the part of one individual to make oneself understood by another and an activity from one part to another part to understand what first rises in mind. However, speaking is an important skill for the students to improve their ability to communicate orally by presenting their ideas in real life.
English Club is a media to facilitate students in practicing, increase and build about students‟ motivation to learn and practice speaking. Students could exchange, share their knowledge and get new vocabulary and information among their friends. Students can share their difficulties in speaking practice and look forward to how to understand and solve their problems.
Finally, the main goals and expectations about English Club are as a media to improve students‟ speaking ability with a high self-confidence in speaking practice even though they still make some mistakes about grammatical rules.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENROLLING ENGLISH CLUB PROGRAM TOWARD STUDENTS‟ SPEAKING SKILL
SPEAKING
Pronunciation
Grammar
Vocabulary
Fluency
Comprehension
ENGLISH CLUB
There is a influence of English Club Program toward Student‟s Speaking Skill at Subang English Club.
Figure 2.1 Framework of Thinking F. Hypothesis
The hypothesis of the research is formulated as follows:
H0 = “There is no significant influence of students‟ speaking skill by enrolling English Club Program”
Ha = “There is significant influence of students‟ speaking skill by enrolling English Club Program.
