Najamuddin, S.Pd., M. Hum
ENGLISH FOR
INTERMEDIATE CLASS
CV.Alfa Press
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ENGLISH FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASS
Judul : English For Intermediate Class Penulis : Najamuddin, S.Pd., M. Hum
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Cetakan Pertama : 02 Desember 2022 ISBN : 978-623-09-1058-6
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Awal i
Daftar Isi ii
Kata Pengantar iii
BAB I
Adjective (Kata Sifat) 1
A. Proper adjective 1
B. Descriptive adjective 2
C. Quantitative adjective 3
D. Numeral Adjective 4
E. Demonstrative Adjective. 5
F. Distribute Adjective. 13
BAB II
Present Tense 17
A. Present Simple and Present Continuous 17
B. Present Perpect Tense. 22
C. Present Perfect Progressive Tense.
BAB III
Past Tense. 35
A. Past Tense 35
B. Past Continuous Tense. 49
C. Past Perfect Tense 50
D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 51
BAB IV
Simple Future Tense 57
A. Simple Future Tense 57
B. Future Continuous Tense 59
C. Future Perfect Tense 62
D. Simple Past Future Tense. 64
E. Past Future Continuous Tense 65
F. Past Future Perfect Tense 70
G. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense 71
Daftar Pustaka 76
KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillahirobbilalamin, Segala Puji bagi Allah, Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, atas karunia-Nya sehingga Buku Bahasa Inggris Dasar ini bisa kami terbitkan sebagai buku panduan bagi mahasiswa dengan empat kompetensi yaitu listening, reading, writing, dan speaking.
Setelah mempelajari buku ajar ini, Mahasiswa diharapkan dapat mengaplikasikan bahasa Inggris secara aktif maupun pasif dengan tenses dan grammar yang tepat. Penulis menyadari bahwa isi dan penulisan buku ajar ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, masukan dari pembaca sangat kami harapkan demi sempurnanya buku berikutnya
Mataram 02 Desember 2022
Penulis
Adjective (Kata Sifat)
Adjective yaitu kata sifat untuk memberi sifat pada noun (kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti) yang dapat berupa orang, tempat, hewan, benda. Beberapa jenis adjective dalam kalimat Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan sebagai berikut:
A. Proper adjective
Proper adjective menggambarkan suatu benda dengan suatu nama diri. Dan termasuk dalam lingkungan nama diri (proper name). Pada adjective jenis ini, dapat diawali dengan menggunakan huruf kapital.
Contoh:
• The Indonesian language.
• The Sasaknese cuisine.
• The Australian desert.
• The American flag.
B. Descriptive adjective
Descriptive adjective menggambarkan suatu sifat dan keadaan orang, benda, hewan.
Contoh:
• A smart boy = anak yang pandai
• A pretty woman = seorang wanita yang cantik
• A new book = sebuah buku baru
• A brave man = sorang lelaki yang berani
• A beautiful place = suatu tempat yang indah
• A round road = suatu jalan bundar
• A wild buffalo = seekor kerbau liar
• A tame cat = seekor kucing jinak
• Lazy = malas
• Fat = gemuk
• Thin = kurus
• Good = baik
• Bad = buruk
• Short = pendek
• Long = panjang
• Cheerful = gembira
• Forgetful = pelupa
• Peaceful = tenang, damai
C. Quantitative adjective
Quantitative adjective menggambarkan beberapa banyak (how much) pada benda yang dimaksud. Kata yang termasuk dalam quantitative adjective antara lain:
Little = sedikit Much = banyak
No any = taka da sesuatu pun Some = sejumlah tertentu Enough = cukup
Any = sejumlah sedikit Whole = seluruh Sufficient = cukup Half = setengah Contoh:
• My wife drinks too much coffee.
• Anton ate a little cake.
• Uncle brought too much water.
• My brother thought that Andi will eat that whole food alone.
• Could you cut this mango in half, please?
D. Numeral Adjective
Numeral adjective menjelaskan tentang jumlah dalam bentuk angka. Dapat digunakan untuk menghitung urutan dalam sebuah kondisi.
Numeral adjective dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu:
a. Difinite Numerals (bilangan tertentu) adalah kata sifat angka pasti, seperti: one, two, three, four,dst. Ini disebut dengan bilangan pokok atau cardinals. Sedangkan ordinals menerangkan posisi atau tempat suatu benda, seperti: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, dst.
Selanjutnya, ada juga bagian dari numerals adjective yaitu multiplicatves yang menunjukkan suatu benda dengan
jumlah yang diulangi atau perlipatgandaan, contohnya:
only one, a pair of, a dozen of, double, treble, fourfold, dst.
Contohnya:
• There are six persons in the meeting.
• Ahmad is going to sell his three chickens in the market.
• Yusuf is her second brother.
• He was the first man get big fish in the fishing competition.
• Rina brought a dozen of bottles yesterday.
• He bought a pair of shoes two days ago.
b. Indefinite Numerals (bilangan tak tertentu) adalah untuk menujukkan jumlah benda yang tak begitu tepat tetapi dapat dihitung atau perkirakan, contohnya: all (semua), many (banyak), lots of (banyak), a few (beberapa), several (beberapa), some (beberapa), enough (cukup), any (beberapa), few (sedikit), certain (tertentu), one (satu).
Contoh:
• They ate all the foot in the party.
• Many students did not attend discussion in the class.
• She takes any book from the library.
• Few persons are rich in that place.
• Several men came for meeting.
• No women are present.
Yang penting diperhatikan bahwa definite numerals dapat menjadi indefinite numerals dengan meletakkan some atau about dalam suatu kalimat.
• Six persons in the meeting. (definite numerals).
• Three persons are rich in that place. (definite numerals).
Selanjutnya dapat menjadi indefinite numerals:
• Some ix persons in the meeting. (indefinite numerals).
• About three persons are rich in that place.
(indefinite numerals).
E. Demonstrative Adjective.
Demonstrative adjective adalah digunakan untuk menujukkan pada suau hal atau menerangkan keadaan orang, barang, atau binatang tersebut berada.
Demonstrative adjective dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu:
1) Definite Demonstrative yaitu menunjukkan suatu benda yaitu secara tepat, seperti „the‟ yang memiliki fungsi mengarah pada kata benda tunggal (singular) atau jamak (plural). Atau sering disebut kata sandang tertentu (definite article).
misalnya:
• The car is small but nice.
• The house has beautiful garden.
• The book is very heavy.
Penggunaan definite demonstrative adjective seperti this (ini) yang memiliki fungsi menunjukkan kata benda tunggal (singular) yang posisinya dapat dijangkau.Dan pada these dipakai dalam pengertian kepunyaan.
misalnya:
• This motor bike has an interesting color.
• This house has beautiful garden.
• This novel has good atmosphere if you read.
• These hand bring all the things to his house.
• These cats are his pet.
Penggunaan that adalah menunjukkan jarak yang jauh dan bersifat tunggal (singular).
Contohnya:
• That boy enter the classroom is my brother.
• That is a big horse.
• What is that?
• Look at that bird !
Penggunaan those adalah menunjukkan jarak yang jauh dan bersifat jamak (plural).
• Those boys enter the classroom is my brother.
• What are those?
• Those birds flying in the river are tropical birds.
Penggunaan such (yang seperti itu/itu) dipakai untuk menunjukkan kata benda tunggal (singular nouns) atau kata benda jamak (plural nouns) yang sudah diujarkan sebelumnya atau suatu benda yang baru saja sedang disebutkan.
Contoh:
• He never happy such rush time . (Aku tak pernah suka waktu sibuk seperti itu).
• No time such as that should not be discussed.
(tidak ada waktu seperti itu tak perlu dibahas).
Catatan:
Selain itu, Such digunakan pada Indefinite Demonstrative Adjective. Kata ini tidak mengarah pada suatu yang disebutkan sebelumnya. Dan situasinya tidak begitu jelas.
Contoh:
• Father visited at my friend‟s place on such a week (some day or other), and my friend give such opinion (some answer or other) to his questions.
Ayah datang ke rumah temanku suatu hari, dan temanku memberikan jawaban atas sejumlah pertanyaannya).
The other (yang lain).
Kata ini mengacu pada kata benda tunggal atau kata benda jamak lain (yang kedua) selain yang telah ditunjuk sebelumnya.
Contoh:
• Andi is my cousin and the other is my friends.
(Andi
adalah sepupuku dan yang lainnya temantemanku).
• Where are the other family, we want to discuss that
problem ? (Di mana keluarga yang lain, kita mau membicarakan masalah tersebut?
The same (yang sama).
Kata ini menunjukkan kata benda tunggal (singular nouns) atau kata benda jamak (plural nouns) yang sama dibicarakan dengan sebelumnya.
Contoh:
• She need the same place with my family. (saya ingin
tempat yang sama dengan keluarga).
• I and my sister bought the same T-shirt two days ago. (saya dan Ayah membeli baju kaos yang sama dua hari yang lalu).
Catatan:
Dalam memberikan suatu penegasan pada the same, selanjutnya dapat menggunakan self-same atau very same, dan dapat digunakan pada bentuk singular nouns atau plural nouns.
Contoh:
• She doesn‟t want the very same (self-same) car with other passanger
(Dia tak ingin mobil yang sama dengan penumpang lainnya).
2) Indefinite Demonstratives.
a. A, an (seorang, sebuah, sebutir, seekor).Penggunaan kata ini, sebagai berikut:Kata sandang A/an memiliki arti satu. Pemakaian kata sandang ini digunakan bersamaan dengan singular nouns yang mempunyai fungsi menunjukkan tak tentu atau dengan istilah Indefinite Article. “A” diletakkan di depan kata benda berawalhuruf konsonan dan huruf hidup yang bunyinya seperti huruf konsonan, sedangkan “an”
diletakkan didepan kata benda yang diawali degan huruf vokal yang bunyinya seperti huruf hidup.
Contoh:
• Maria want to buy a new motor bike.
(Maria mau membeli sepeda motor baru).
• An apple is good for health.
(Buah apel baik untuk kesehatan).
• She has been waiting you for an hour.
(Dia telah menunggumu selama satu jam).
b. One (seseorang, suatu, dan sebagaiannya).
Penggunaan indefinite demonstrative “one” dalam kalimat dapat digunakan untuk kata ini penunjuk tak tentu (indefinite demonstrative).
Contoh:
• Andi will bring his friends one day to his house.
(Andi akan membawa teman-teman suatu hari nanti ke rumahnya)
• One Rafi came to visit family gathering.
(“Yang namanya” Rafi mau datang berkunjung dalam acara berkumpul bersama keluarga).
• Uncle came one night to my house.
(Paman datang suatu malam ke rumah saya).
c. Any (seseorang, suatu, dan sebagaiannya).
Any memilki sifat yang lebih menekankan bila dibandingkan a dan an. Dan dapat juga digunakan pada singular (tunggal) dan plural (jamak).
Contoh:
Any boy come to the carnival.
• I may rent any car for traveling.
• She may visit any time she likes.
d. Some (suatu atau beberapa).
Penggunaan some pada benda tertentu yang bersifat khusus dan terkadang membuat suatu bilangan tentu menjadi tak tentu.
Contoh:
• Andi brings me some mangoes.
(Andi membawa beberapa mangga).
• Some person come to the hill this afternoon.
(Seseorang dating ke bukit tersebut sore ini)
• Uncle shows some difficult English words to me.
F. Distribute Adjective.
a. Another (yang lain).
Another menujukkan sesuatu yang lain dan telah disebutkan sebelumnya pada kata benda tunggal (singular).
Contoh:
• Father has send another letter for his friend.
• Another boat will come for bring passenger.
• My brother has brought another mini car.
b. Other (yang lain).
Other menujukkan sesuatu yang lain dan telah disebutkan sebelumnya pada kata benda jamak (plural). Dan sering digunakan pada kalimat berita (affirmative)
Contoh:
• I have eaten other food.
(Saya sudah makan santapan lainnya)
• Maria has gone to other place.
(Dia sudah pergi ke tempat lainnya).
c. Any other.
Any other dipakai pada kalimat negative dan kata benda dalam bentuk (jamak) dan tunggal (singular).
Contoh:
• I have not eaten any other food today.
(Saya tidak makan apapun hari ini).
• My brother hasn‟t seen any other person yesterday.
(Saudaraku tidak melihat seorangpun kemarin).
Write your examples !
BAB II Present Tense
A. Present Simple and Present Continuous
Kita dapat menggunakan kalimat Simple Present untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu secara teratur atau kebiasaan. Dan Present Continuous untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang sedang berlangsung.
She plays football every week.
I am singing jazz now.
Lisa eats rice every day.
Julian is eating banana now.
How to use them
Simple Present, dapat ditambah s or es for he, she and it.
Untuk kalimat negative menggunakan don't untuk kata ganti orang I, you, we and they, dan doesn't untuk kata ganti orang he, she and it.
I watch movie every day. I do not watch the advanture movie.
Mother makes dinne every evening. He doesn't make other meal.
Present Continuous, menggunakan am, is or are and ing.
Dan kalimat negative, menggunakan not.
I am going to the garden now. I am not going to school.
She's studying music now. She is not studying culture.
Simple Present khususnya pada pertanyaan menggunakan do untuk I, you, we, they dan does untuk he, she,and it.
Present Continuous question.
What time do you take bath every morning?
Does Andi ride the motorbike to school every day?
Are you doing your test right now?
What is Rudi doing today?
Notes:
Present continuous tense biasanya digunakan untuk menerangkan waktu (adverbs of time): now, at the moment, today, this morning, evening, afternoon, dst.
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu tindakan pada waktu yang sedang
berlangsung. Dapat juga berupa suatu rencana yang akan dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang. Sesuatu yang perlu diperhatikan dalam perbedaan antarasimple present and present continuous tenses. The simple present tense merupakan suatu ungkapan atau tindakan secara rutinitas dilakukan. Contohnya: tentang pekerjaaan, hobby, kebiasaan, dst.
Dalam kalimat, Presents Continuous Tense menggunakan pola:
Subjek + be + verb (-ing) + … (positive) Subjek +be + not + verb (-ing) + … (negative) Be + subjek + verb (-ing) + …? (interrogative)
In sentences, Present Tense use this forms:
Subject + Verb + Object or Subject + To be (is, am. are) + adverb
Subject: I, You, They, We, He, She, It
You, I, They, We : Subject + Verb + Object.
She, he, It : Subject + Verb-s/Verb-es + Object.
For subject He, She, It, every Verb or Verb which add -s or -es.
example Verb which add -s or -es Untuk He, She, It.
Bacalah kalimat dibawah ini dan jawablah dengan benar dengan memilih jawabannya.
I my uncle every Saturday.
a. do call b. call c. am calling
Julian a lot in the morning.
a. is read b. is reading c. reads
Students to the tutor right now!
a. don't listen b. aren't listening c. not listen
Perhatikan !
Penggunaan Simple Present Tense mengungkapkan suatu kebiasaan dalam watu sekarang dan Simple Present Continuous mengungkapkan sesuatu aktivitas yang sedang terjadi. Simple Present: ditambah „s‟ atau „es‟ for he/she/it
khususnya pada verb. Kalimat negative ditambah don‟t atau doesn‟t. Present Continuous: verb „to be‟ and „-ing‟
ditambah „not‟ dalam kalimat negative.
My mom makes lunch everyday.
Ria does not make b‟fast everyday.
They are studying culture now
you are not studying culture now.
Latihan ! buatlah beberapa contoh sesuai penjelasan diatas.
B. Present Perpect Tense.
a. Present Perpect Tense menjelaskan suatu peristiwa atau tindakan yang telah terjadi pada waktu sekarang namun tidak menjelaskan waktunya kapan tepatnya.
Examples:
Rudi has sent a cabinet to his brother in Bali.
We have never seen train in this town.
I have done the home work.
She has gone to other island.
Julian has written the letter for her friend.
b. Talk about events or actions that occur repeatedly before present time.
Examples:
Andi has gone two times for the last four months.
We have played football at last two times.
She has eaten this food at last this week.
c. Talk about events or actions that started in the past and still in the present.
Examples:
Rudi has liked football since he was still in elementary school.
His karate has really improved since he moved to japan.
Adverbs that are usually used in the Present Perfect Tense, such as:
Already = sudah, telah
Never = tidak pernah.
Ever = pernah.
Recently = baru-baru ini.
Yet = sebelum (dalam kalimat negaive)
For times = selama beberapa waktu.
Up to the present = samapai sekarang.
Up to now = hingga kini.
So far = sampai kini.
Lately = belakangan ini.
Since = sejak Notes:
Verbs use in Verb3. Present Perpect Tense use in positive, negative, and interrogative sentence.
Sentence pattern:
The present perfect tense is divided into two, namely verbal and nominal.
a) Verbal
1. Positive Pattern.
Subject + have/has + Verb 3.
They have finished their test.
Andi has bought a story book.
She has gone from this town.
S + have/has + been + Verb-ing 2. Negative Pattern.
Subject + have/has + not + Verb 3.
They have not finished their test.
Andi has not bought a story book.
She has not gone from this town.
3. Interogative Pattern.
Have/has + subject + Verb3 + ?
Have they finished their test ?
Has Andi bought a story book ?
Has she gone from this town ?
So, we can answer with this: “Yes, I have” or “No, I haven‟t”.
b) Nominal.
1. Positive Pattern.
S + have/has + not + been + Verb- ing
Have/has + S + been + Verb-ing
They have been playing basketball for two years.
I have been looking sunset here for half hour
Rudi has been fishing in the lake since nine o‟clock this morning.
2. Negative Pattern.
They have not been playing basketball for two years.
I have not been looking sunset here for half hour.
Rudi has not been fishing in the lake since nine o‟clock this morning.
3. Interogative Pattern.
Have They been playing basketball for two years?
Have I been looking sunset here for half hour?
Has Rudi been fishing in the lake since nine o‟clock this morning?
Write your own examples !
C. Present Perfect Progressive Tense.
a. Present Perfect Progressive Tense digunakan pada suatu kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lalu namun masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Example:
We have been working for seven hours.
I have been waiting you for two hours
She has been here since 2019.
He has been watching movie since nine o‟clock this afternoon.
b. Digunakan juga untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa masa lalu tanpa menyebutkan waktunya dan masih berlangsung sampai kini.
Example:
My room is still renovation, so I have been staying for while in my brother‟s room.
Her bike is in garage, so she has been going to school by public transportation.
Catatan:
Kata kerja yang digunakan pada Present Perfect Progressive Tense adalah Verb +ing.
Pola yang digunakan dalam kalimat positive, negative dan introgative.
Subject + has/have + been + verg- ing
Subject + has/have + not +been + verg- ing
Has/Have + Subject + been + verg- ing ?
Pola Positive:
They have been swimming in the pool for two hours.
Pola Negative:
They have not been swimming in the pool for two hours.
Pola Introgative:
Have they been swimming in the pool for two hours ?
Write your own examples !
Subject + Verb2 BAB III Past Tense.
A. Past Tense
Simple past tense adalah bentuk kalimat atau kejadian di masa lalu dan kejadiannya berakhir di masa lalu atau lampau. Past tense dibicarakankan saat sekarang tentang kejadian di masa lalu.
Pola
Pada pola di atas menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang terjadi di waktu lampau dan berakhir pada saat tertentu di saat lampau juga.
Examples:
She went to Bali four days ago.
I bought this book a month ago.
Andi brought the big bag yesterday.
Pola
Subject + to be (was/were) + Examples:
Pola
She did not go to Bali four days ago.
I did not buy this book a month ago.
Andi did not bring the big bag yesterday.
Did she go to Bali four days ago?
Did I buy this book a month ago?
Did Andi bring the big bag yesterday?
Note:
Kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat verbal dimana Verb dalam bentuk lampau.
Selanjutnya kalimat di bawah ini merupakan kalimat nominal dalam bentuk lampau.
Pola
Did + Subject + did + verb1 ? Subject + did + not + verb1
Subject +to be (was/were) + not + complement (-)
To be (was/were) + Subject + complement Examples:
I was an actor.
Linda was a teacher.
They were an architec.
We were rich.
Andi and Brian were good and smart boys.
Pola
Examples:
She was not thin.
Ali was not good yesterday.
you were not happy.
They were not bad boys.
Pola
complement (+)
Was Susi so angry?
Was Rudi hungry to work in restaurant?
Were students happy to play in the garden?
Were you late to come to the class?
Selanjutnya sangatlah penting kita mengenal sejumlah kata kerja baik yang beraturan (Regular Verb) maupun yang tidak beraturan (Irregular Verb).
a. Regular Verb.
Regular Verb (kata kerja beraturan) adalah kata kerja yang memiliki perubahan secara teratur yang pada umumnya bila dalam bentuk past tense dan past participle maka bentuk dasar atau infinitive ditambahkan dengan – ed atau –d.
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Meaning
add added added menambah(-kan)
help helped helped membantu
(?)
advise advised advised menasehati
close closed closed menutup
try tried tried mencoba, berusaha
value valued valued menilai, isi,
menghargai
play played played bermain
cry cried cried menangis
smoke smoked smoked merokok
cancel cancelled cancelled membatalkan
travel travelled travelled berpergian
occur occurred occurred terjadi
adjust adjusted adjusted menyetel
celebrate celebrated celebrated merayakan
change changed changed mengubah
check checked checked memeriksa
claim claimed claimed menuntut
chat chatted chatted mengobrol
dance danced danced dansa
decorate decorated decorated menghiasi
design designed designed mendesain
face faced faced menghadapi
fix fixed fixed memperbaiki
free freed freed membebaskan
formulate formulated formulated merumuskan
help helped helped membantu
hesitate hesitated hesitated ragu-ragu
import imported imported mengimpor
imagine imagined imagined membayangkan
improve improved improved memperbaiki
invent invented invented menemukan/
menciptakan
instruct instructed instructed mengajar
jump jumped jumped melompat
knock knocked knocked mengetuk
kiss kissed kissed mencium
look looked looked melihat
limit limited limited membetasi
mail mailed mailed mengesposkan
manage managed managed mengatur
mix mixed mixed mencampur
neglect neglected neglected mengabaikan
phone phoned phoned menelpon
present presented preented menyajikan
qualify qualified qualified memenuhi syarat
question questioned questioned menanyakan
reply replied replied menjawab
talk talked talked berbicara
stop stopped stopped berhenti
tie tied tied mengikat
type typed typed mengetik
update updated updated memperbaharui
use used used menggunakan
underline underlined underlined menggarisbawahi
push pushed pushed mendorong
panic panicked panicked menjadi panic
thin thinned thinned mengencerkan
wash washed washed mencuci
b. Irregular Verb.
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Meaning
begin began begun mulai
beat beat beaten memukul
bid bade bidden menawar
bless blessed blessed memberkahi
build built built membangun
bring brought brought membawa
buy bought bought membeli
blow blew blown mengembus
choose chose chosen memilih
come came come datang
catch caught caught menangkap
crow crew crowed bangga
draw drew drawn menggambar
dream dreamt dreamt bermimpi
drink drank drunk minum
eat ate eaten makan
fall fell fallen jatuh
drive drove driven mengemudi
menemukan
fly flew flown terbang
forget forgot forgotten lupa
forgive forgave forgiven memafkan
freeze froze frozen membeku
get got gotten mendapat,
memperoleh
give gave given memberikan
go went gone pergi
grave graved graven memahat
grow grew grown tumbuh
hide hid hidden tersembunyi
keep kept kept menyimpan
know knew known mengenal
lay laid laid menaruh
learn learnt learnt belajar
lend lent lent meminjamkan
lie lay lain berbaring
lose lost lost hilang
meet met met berjumpa
mistake mistook mistaken salah
misunderstanding misunderstood misunderstood salah paham
oversee oversaw overseen mengamati
prove proved proven membuktikan
ring rang rung bordering
sell sold sold jual/terjual
string strung strung memberi tali
swear swore sworn bersumpah
sweep swept swept menyapu
swim swam swum berenang
throw threw thrown melemparkan
tread trod trodden melangkah,
meluruskan
S + was/were + Ving B. Past Continuous Tense.
1. Past Continuous Tense adalah kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi waktu lampau dan diikuti peristiwa lain yang terjadi.
Pola:
Example:
While Rudi was swimming in the river I heard his young brother cry.
When you called me, Hendra was coming from school.
We were talking about tourism when they come here.
2. Menyatakan suatu pertiwa atau kejadian yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau
Had + Past Pefect
She was watching horror movie yesterday night.
Ria was fishing in sea two days ago.
The students were playing football yesterday morning.
C. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense merupakan suatu bentuk peristiwa yang telah terjadi namun sebelumnya ada peristiwa lain lebih dahulu terjadi.
Pola:
Example:
When my father worked, I had washed my motorbike.
The bus had gone after she came.
I had studied hard before my teacher came to class.
S + had + been + V-ing.
She told me her brother‟s name after I had asked her many times.
D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense merupakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Terkadang menurut orang Past Perfect Continuous menerangkan aktvitas yang dilakukan pada lalu tetapi masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.
Sederhananya, situasi ini mengacu pada penggunaan waktu ini harus sudah selesai.
Pola dari Past Perfect Continuous Tense terbentuk oleh auxiliary verb “had” dan “been” dan “present participle”. Polanya dapat dibagi menjadi tiga:
Kalimat positif
Examples:
Andi had been studying.
The Mechanic had been working hard.
Rudi had been climbing.
We had been finishing the exam.
Hendra had been eating.
Kalimat negative.
Pola:
Andi had not been studying.
The Mechanic had not been working hard.
Rudi had not been climbing.
We had not been finishing the exam.
Hendra had not been eating.
Kalimat interogatif Pola:
Had + S + been + V- ing ?
S + had + not + been + V- ing.
Examples:
Had Andi been studying?
Had the mechanic been working hard?
Had Rudi been climbing?
Had we been finishing the exam?
Had Hendra been eating?
Fungsi dan contoh kalimat Past Perfect Continuous Tense umumnya suatu keadaan ini menjelaskan bahwa suatu aktivitas terjadi sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi.
Examples:
When my friends came, we had been cooking for two hours.
She had been walking in main street for 25 minutes before the people were full.
Dalam suatu situasi atau perbuatan yang dilakukan tentunya memilki masa yang berlangsung. Apabila kita ingin menerangkan waktu suatu aktivitas yang berlangsung di masa lampau secara khusus.
Examples:
I was annoyed since I had been waiting for an hour at the train terminal.
By the time father came, we had been waiting for 30 minutes.part of the text.
She had been working with my computer all night, and I wanted cook for ate.
Write your own examples !
S + will/shall + not + V1
S + to be + not + going to + V1(?)
Will/shall + S + V1?
BAB IV Simple Future Tense
A. Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense ialah suatu bentuk waktu yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang. Bentuk waktu ini dengan kata will, shall, dan going to. Dan juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan.
Pola:
Kalimat (+)
Kalimat (-)
Kalimat (?)
S + will/shall + V1 S + to be going to + V1
Will biasanya dipakai untuk suatu aktivitas yang akan diselesaikan. Sedangkan penggunaan going to biasanya dipakai untuk aktivitas yang akan dilakukan, namun telah direncanakan sebelumnya.
Adapun Adverb of time atau keterangan waktu yang bisa digunakan dalam simple future tense adalah sebagai berikut:
Soon.
Tomorrow.
Next week.
Tonight.
Later.
The day after tomorrow.
By and by.
Examples:
I'll be here soon.
To be (am/is/are) + Subject + going to + V1?
Will you be at garden the day after tomorrow?
They will move to another place.
I am sure they will have a good time.
We will not be ready for next week.
We will come to Bali next month.
She is going to invite her uncle after lunch at.
They're going to dive this morning. a movie next week.
Will you come to my brother house tomorrow for do homework?
Will you help me to make the good project in the future math tomorrow?
B. Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dapat juga disebut future progressive tense. Tense ini digunakan pada suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi di masa akan datang dan berkelanjutan untuk beberapa saat. Suatu catatan yang penting disini adalah peristiwa ini memiliki jangka waktu terentu.
Fungsi Future Continuous Tense antara lain:
Subject + will/shall + be + Verb-ing.
Melakukan suatu aktivitas yang akan atau sedang dikerjakan pada masa akan datang dengan diikuti keterangan waktu yang khusus. Contoh: Brian will come here at 10 o‟clock tomorrow morning.
Menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung di masa akan datang pada saat ada suatu aktivitas lain terjadi secara bersamaan di masa akan datang. Contoh: They will be swimming when you come for fishing tonight.
Memberikan suatu pertanyaan secara formal dengan tujuan untuk menyampaikan keinginan seseorang. Contoh: Will they be coming in my party?
Pola kalimatnya Positif sebagai berikut;
Will untuk Subjek: I, you, they, we, he, she, it. Dan terkadang shall digunakan untuk Subjek I, we.
Examples:
They will be running in the beach this afternoon.
S + will/shall + not + be + Verb-ing.
I will be watching the film with my sister for two hours.
you will be drinking the coffee at 6 o‟clock this afternoon.
I shall be inviting my brother this evening.
He will be coming to my warehouse to see all the things tomorrow.
Pola kalimatnya Negatif sebagai berikut;
They will not be staying here for a week.
Eric will not be writing the story when the references is not enough.
Because the new books come in our office soon, we shall not be going outside for have lunch later.
She will not be coming to your birthday party tomorrow.
He will not be playing basketball for a week.
Will not dan shall not dapat disingkat menjadi won’t dan shan’t. Tetapi singkatan untuk shan’t sangat jarang digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Biasanya digunakan hanya dalam tulisan saja.
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + complement (-) S + will/shall + have + not + been +
complement
(?) Will/shall + S +have + been + complement?
C. Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang diperkirakan akan sudah terjadi dan sudah selesai di masa akan datang.
Yang perlu diperhatikan dalam future perfect tense ini adalah
Dalam kalimat nominal, “have” diikuti dengan Verb3 dari “be”, yaitu “been”. Selanjutnya, tidak ada kata kerja regular atau irregular untuk menerangka aktivitas secara khusus.
Kata kerjanya dapat ditambahkan V -ed di akhir kata kerja yang digunakan (regular verb).
“Have” digunakan untuk semua subjek, baik itu berbentuk singular ataupun plural.
Examples:
We will have been at your village when the ceremonial start.
Rudi will have not been in the office when the friends came.
Will we vave been here today?
Dalam kalimat verbal:
Anisa will have finished his duty at 10 p.m.
I will not have worked the build next day.
Will you have written the story when Andi comes to your place by tomorrow morning?
Adverb of Time dalam Future Perfect Tense.
Tense ini mempunyai ungkapan waktu (adverb of time), antara lain; at this time next week, at this time next month.
Dan “by” memiliki arti „tidak lebih dari atau pada‟,
„menjelang‟
D. Simple Past Future Tense.
Simple Past Future Tense adalah waktu yang mengacu pada masa lalu atau lampau mengungkapkan peristiwa yang akan dilaksanakan.
Pola kalimat verbal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + V1 (-) S + would + not + V1 (?) Would + S + V1?
Examples:
You would work the take home test with your friends.
She would write the novel with good circumstance.
You would not work hard.
Would she dance of tango?
Pola kalimat nominal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + be + compl (-) S + would + not + be + compl (?) Would + S + be + compl ?
Examples:
You would be happy.
She would not be nice with bad attitude.
You would not be hungry.
Would she be happy for the party?
E. Past Future Continuous Tense
Past Future Continuous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dipakai untuk mengungkapkan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi di masa lalu.
Pola kalimat verbal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + be + V-ing (-) S + would + not + be + V-ing (?) Would + S + be + V-ing?
Exapmles:
She would be writing a letter for her sister.
I would be preparing the task if the electricity did not turn off.
Lisa would not be writing a letter for her sister if she came to here.
Would Rudi be preparing the task if the electricity didn‟t turn off?
Would you be going to „Pasar Malam‟ tonight?
Would Anisa be telling you the true story when she met the ghost?
Pola kalimat nominal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + be + compl (-) S + would + not + be + compl (?) Would + S + be + compl?
Examples:
They would be here.
You would be hungry if you didnn‟t eat this morning.
Would you be here for help him?
Write your exeecise here!
F. Past Future Perfect Tense
Past future perfect Tense ialah waktu yang dipakai untuk mengungkapkan peristiwa yang akan telah berlangsung di masa lalu.
Pola kalimat verbal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + have + V3 (-) S + would + not + have + V3 (?) Would + S + have + V3?
Examples:
Bryan would have submitted the homework last week.
I would have finished exercise by January last year.
The students would have received the extra task for add the result of exam.
I would not have called you last day.
Would you have written the historical story?
Pola kalimat nominal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + have + been + compl (-) S + would + not + have + been + compl (?) Would + S + have + been + compl?
Examples:
Bryan would have been here last night.
I would have been done.
The students would have been here yesterday for exercise.
I would not have been there.
Rudi would not have been late for saw the competition.
G. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Past future perfect continuous tense adalah waktu yang dipakai untuk mengungkapkan peristiwa yang akan sudah berlangsung selama waktu tertentu pada masa lalu.
Pola kalimat verbal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + have + been + V-ing (-) S + would + not + have + been + V-ing (? Would + S + have + been + V-ing?
Examples:
He would have been working hard for a month if his salary has been here.
I would have been writing with French language in this newspaper for a year by 2017.
When I took this job, my brother would have been studying in the broad for three years.
Would she have been calling the police?
She would not have been calling the police.
Pola kalimat nominal:
Kalimat Pola
(+) S + would + have + been + compl.
(-) S + would + not + have + been + compl.
(? Would + S + have + been + compl?
Examples:
He would have been there
Arya would not have been angry.
Would Linda have been here?
Write here your exercise!
Daftar Pustaka
Fogiel. M. 1992. Rea‟s Handbook of English Grammar, Style, and Writing. Publishing by Research and EducationAssosiation. 61 Ethel Road West Piscataway, NewJersey 08854. USA.
Junaida, Dkk. 2007. Complete English Grammar.
BelajarBahasa Inggris dari Awal sampai Mahir.
PenerbitPustaka Pelajar Celeban Timur UH III/548Yogyakarta 55167. Indonesia.
Raymond Murphy. 1997. Essential Grammar in Use.
Publishedby Cambridge University Press,
Echol M. Hasan Shadily. 1996. Kamus Inggris- Indonesia. EdisiGramedia dan diterbitkan di Indonesia dengan ijinkhusus dari Penerbit aslinya Cornell UniversityPress. Diterbitkan di Gramedia Jakar
Dikutip tangggal 04-10-2022:
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