Dr. Taufik Hery Purwanto, M.Si.
Prodi Penginderaan Jauh, Departemen Sains Informasi Geografis Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada
Foto :
tidak diperlengkapi dengan tanda-tanda tepi atau tanda kolimasi. Tidak digunakan untuk pengukuran yang akurat.
Fotogram :
diambil dengan menggunakan kamera fotogrametrik, yaitu kamera dengan jarak tetap antara bidang negatif dan lensa serta diperlengkapi dengan tanda-tanda tepi atau tanda kolimasi. Dapat digunakan untuk pengukuran secara akurat.
• FU menyajikan "bird's-eye view" objek di permukaan bumi tampak
seperti dari udara.
• Sejarah FU diawali oleh Nadar, 1858, dengan menggunakan Balon udara,
perang Dunia I (World War I) digunakan militer untuk merekam daerah
musuh dan pergerakan musuh. Setelah Perang Dunia digunakan sipil
dalam aplikasi topografi, bentuklahan, vegetasi, bentukan budaya, dll.
• FU dapat diambil dari wahana ruang angkasa, pesawat terbang tinggi
atau rendah, wahana dekat dengan permukaan bumi.
• FU mempunyai resolusi spasial yang tinggi, tetapi resolusi spekral yang
rendah.
• FU menggunakan kamera dan film untuk merekam pantulan EMR
(Electromagnetic Radiation) pada pajng gelombang 0.3
m - 0.9
m (the
mid ultra-violet - the near IR).
Alper Yilmaz, PhD
1914 WWI
1860 Boston
In 1907, a German by the name of Julius Neubronner, outfitted a pigeon to take the first avian aerial photography.
1908 AERIAL IMAGERY OF SCHLOSSHOTEL KRONBERG CAPTURED BY HOMING PIGEONS (NOTE THE WING TIPS AT THE EDGES OF THE UPPER PHOTOGRAPHY). BY JULIUS NEUBRONNER.
HOMING PIGEONS OUTFITTED WITH CAMERAS FOR CAPTURING AERIAL IMAGERY. JULIUS NEUBRONNER, 1909.
1942
Kodak patents first false color I.R. sensitive film
CIR (coloured inrared) 1940´s
– 1940 Color infrared CIR
– 1972: Launch of ERTS-1 = Landat 1. Satellite copy of CIR sensor
• 80 m pixel resolution – 1986: Launch of SPOT-1 – 1999: Landsat 7 ETM – 2000: Shuttle SRTM Mission – 2001: Digitalglobe Quickbird • 61 cm pixel resolution – 2005: Google Inc. releases
Keyhole, http://earth.google.com
– 2007:- 2014: WorldView 3: Eight band multispectral: 0,31 cm geometric resolution, SWIR: 3,7
– 2015: Launch of Sentinel-2 – 2016 Nano satellites
• permanently available HD video
Fotogrametri atau Photogrammetry :
“photos” = cahaya,
“gramma” = sesuatu yang digambar atau ditulis
“metron” = mengukur.
Fotogrametri = mengukur fotogram (potret atau foto).
Semula definisi Fotogrametri adalah ilmu atau seni dalam memperoleh
pengukuran-pengukuran yang dapat dipercaya dengan menggunakan
foto (
American Society of Photogrammetry/ ASP,
1934).
Dengan perkembangan yang pesat, maka pada tahun 1979 oleh ASP
fotogrametri dinyatakan atau didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
Fotogrametri adalah seni, ilmu dan teknologi dalam pemperoleh
informasi yang terpercaya mengenai obyek-obyek dan lingkungan
fisis, melalui
proses perekaman, pengukuran
dan
penafsiran citra
fotografik dari pola-pola energi elektromagnetik dan gejala lainnya.
Photogrammetry is defined as the art or science of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images (Slama, 1980). Moffit(1980) describes two basic types of photogrammetry:
1. Metric photogrammetry, which uses accurate measurements to
determine the precise location of points in space for
determining position, elevation, areas, and volumes
2. Interpretative photogrammetry, which recognizes and identifies
objects in a photographic image such as soils, crops, and timber stands
Photogrammetry is concerned with the measurement of certain
quantities using electromagnetic energy. Usually this has taken the
form of obtaining measurements of an image from a photograph.
Photogrammetry can be divided into two areas [Moffitt and
Mikhail, 1980], metrical photogrammetry and photointerpretation
(also called remote sensing).
In the practice of metrical photogrammetry, a certain amount of
interpretation must be performed in addition to making
measurements.
A more complete definition is that of Mikhail, "the art and science
of acquisition, measurement, interpretation, and evaluation of
photographs, imageries, and other remotely sensed data" [Moffitt
and Mikhail, 1980].
The recording can be divided into two broad categories:
1. Photographic (analogue recording)
Results in a photograph.
2. Electronic (digital recording)
Results in an image.
The detection of electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) can be
performed either photographically or electronically.
Photograph Image A scene which was detected as well as
recorded on film.
A scene which was detected electronically.
Chemical reactions on a lightsensitive film detects the intensity of the
incoming energy.
Generate an electrical signal proportional to the incoming energy.
Simple, cheap, well known, high degree of spatial detail.
Can sense in many wavelengths, data can be easily converted into digital form for automated processing.
Only sense in the wavelength of 0.3 – 0.9 μm, manual interpretation.
FU
Aspek Semantik
penafsiran citra fotografik dan
pola-pola energi elektromagnetik yang bercahaya
dan gejala lainnya.
Aspek Metrik
Pengukuran
• Panjang (jarak)
• Lebar (jarak)
• Luas
•
Tinggi
• Volume
• Kemiringan
• Arah
Tinggi (FU Tegak)
FU Tunggal
FU Stereo
Relief Displacement Bayangan Sudut Kemiringan Lereng ParallaksTRACING TABLE PROYEKTOR KIRI PROYEKTOR KANAN MODEL 3D PETA PROYEKSI TEGAK FOTO KIRI FOTO KANAN FOTO UDARA DENGAN PERTAMPALAN (60% - 70%) RESTITUSI MODEL 3D
FOTOGRAMETRI
BOBBY SD - 1999FOTO UDARA
• Foto udara merupakan rekaman fotografis obyek di atas
permukaan tanah yang pengambilannya dilakukan dari
udara.
• Citra atau bayangan yang diperoleh adalah hasil proyeksi
sentral. Sinar cahaya matahari yang terpantul oleh obyek
dipermukaan tanah atau terain yang masuk ke dalam
kamera melewati celah yang ada di dalam lensa akan Jatuh
pada film yang telah dipasang berimpit dengan bidang
negatif.
• Obyek yang direkam dapat berupa bentang alami seperti
bukit, lembah, sungai dan telaga maupun hasil perbuatan
manusia seperti bangunan-bangunan gedung, perumahan,
Airborne platforms include:
1. High altitude platforms:
high-altitude balloons, U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, etc. 2. Mid-altitude platforms:
normal aircraft 3. Low altitude platforms:
High-altitude airborne platforms
high-altitude balloon that can reach the top edge of the atmosphere
Remote sensing aircraft
38
39
41
The Super G with the Panavision HI-DEF Genesis camera
42
43
Pemanfaatan Foto Udara Digital Inframerah Berwarna Format Kecil Dari Wahana Balon Udara Untuk Pemetaan Kerusakan Tanaman Padi (oryza Sativa) Akibat Serangan Hama Tikus Sawah (rattus Argentiventer)
51
Trike
Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph) SFAP Kota Bintuni Maret 2009
Or this?
Source: http://www.microdrones.com/ Microdrone $21,367 Base Station $19,424 Video Transmitter $1,545 Video Receiver $1,000 Daylight Video $1,545 Lowlight Video $3,100 GPS Hold $1,934 Complete Package $59,681 August 2007a. Menawarkan sudut pandang dan titik pengamatan yang baik
b. Merupakan rekaman permanen
c. Memiliki kepekaan spektral yang lebih luas daripada mata
manusia
d. Memiliki resolusi spasial dan geometris yang lebih baik daripada
data penginderaan jauh lainnya.
a. Sumber Informasi
• FU bersifat komunikatif -> memberikan informasi gambaran suatu daerah secara spasial dari udara
• Penggunaan lahan • Morphologi
• Memperjelas struktur natural maupun man-made environment
b. Mempelajari perubahan-perubahan
• Pemotretan daerah sama dalam interval waktu tertentu, dapat dipelajari perubahan-perubahan terutama perubahan fisik
c. Sebagai pengganti peta
• Dengan dibuat mosaik foto udara pada suatu daerah
• Diatas mosaik diberi informasi yang terkandung pada foto udara dapat dilaksanakan pekerjaan perancangan sampai tingkat skematis
d. Sebagai peta perancanaan
• Dilakukan pada pemetaan dari foto udara. Peta-peta yang
dihasilkan antara lain: peta foto, peta topografi, peta penggunaan lahan, dsb.
FU dg. Informasi Morphologi
MEMBANGUN BASISDATA SPASIAL 3-DIMENSI
UNTUK REKONSTRUKSI WILAYAH
1. Small Format Aerial Photography Except a very few areas, aerial photography of
most of the parts of the earth have been carried. With the advent of satellite remote sensing, even these areas have been covered. With rapid urbanisation and
industrialisation the need of the hour is very high resolution maps i.e. large scale maps. In this respect small format aerial photography is playing a key role. In this type of photography a small format (35mm) automatic camera is used. This type of camera allows for hands-free operation and is light enough to be lifted by a large kite. Critical camera settings like focus, shutter speed etc. are controlled by a
microchip and light meter within the camera body. Simple acquisition of airphotos can be attained by enabling the camera's timer function to take photograph after a few seconds.
2. Low Altitude Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Aerial Photography The latest
improvement in aerial photography is the utilisation of a remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) for aerial photography. Utilizing an unmanned, remotely piloted vehicle, offers cost effective alternatives to traditional aerial photography. Since RPV's are not
limited by the same restrictions as full-size aircraft, they can be operated at altitudes of less than 500 feet, even in residential areas where full-size aircraft are restricted to a minimum altitude of 1000 feet. As a result of the freedom associated with this
method of aerial photography unique, low cost aerial photographs from previously impossible perspectives for a multitude of applications can be obtained.
Z/I DMC
• 4 panchromatic CCD arrays each 7000 x 4000 pixels, Final image 13824 x 7680
• 4 multispectral (R,G,B, NIR) CCD arrays, each 3000 x 2000 pixels • Pixel size: 12 μm x 12 μm
• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle: 69.3° across strip, 42° along strip • Focal length: 120 mm (pan)
• 25 mm (MS)
• Stereo angle: 42°
Z/I DMC - cameras
4 panchromatic high-resolution (7000x4000) CCD camera heads, covering a
quarter each. Focal length 120 mm.
4 multispectral (R, G, B, Near IR) CCD camera heads with 3000x2000 pixel
resolution each. Focal length 25 mm.
Z/I DMC – panchromatic cameras
To speed up reading of the sensors, each sensor has its data downloaded from all four corners.
Still takes 2.1 seconds / image. 12x12 micrometer pixel size.
Radiometric resolution is 12 bit (4096 levels).
Leica ADS40
Sensor head SH40
• 3 panchromatic CCD lines each 2 x 12,000 pixels, staggered by 3.25 μm • 4 multispectral CCD lines, each 12,000
pixels
• Pixel size: 6.5 μm x 6.5 μm
• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle: 64° (across strip)
• Focal length: 62.77 mm • Stereo angles: 16°, 26°, 42°
The Digital Sensor ADS40
Leica ADS40 system
1. Sensor head SH40 with: - Digital optics DO64 - IMU
2. Control unit CU40 with:
- position & attitude computer POS 3. Mass Memory MM40
4 . Operator interface OI40 5. Guidance Indicator GI40 6. Mount PAV30
Leica ADS40 - sensors
3 panchromatic 12000 pixel line scanners (forward, nadir, back)
Leica ADS40 - panchromatic
3 panchromatic line scanners = three seamless image strips.
Forward 26 º, nadir 0 º and backward 16º.
Configuration of multiple linear CCD arrays for the Leica ADS40 airborne digital camera.
With an airborne digital camera, images can be captured simultaneously in grayscale (also called panchromatic), true color (RBG), and false-color infrared (CIR).
General Principle Of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)
ASPRS, 1996, Digital Photogrammetry : An Addendum to the Manual of
Photogrammetry, American Society for Photogrammetry And Remote
Sensing, Maryland USA.
Ligterink G.H., 1987, Dasar-Dasar Fotogrametri Interpretasi Foto Udara, Penterjemah : Boesriati Boerman, UI-Press.
Lillesand/ Kiefer, 1990, Penginderaan Jauh dan Interpretasi Citra, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
Paine D. P., 1993, Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation for Resource
Management, Gadjah Mada University Press.
Paul R. W.,1993, Elemen Fotogrametri, Gadjah Mada University Press. Sutanto, 1989, Penginderaan Jauh 1, Gadjah Mada University Press.
Zorn H. C., 1975, Introductory Course Photogrammetry, International Institute For Aerial Survey And Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede The Netherlands.
