vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
ABSTRACT ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
LIST OF CHARTS ... xii
LIST OF FIGURE ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7
2.1 Cooperative Learning ... 7
2.1.1 Definition ... 7
2.1.2 Basic Elements of Cooperative Learning ... 8
2.1.3 Benefits of Cooperative Learning Method ... 10
2.2 Writing ... 10
2.2.1 Definition ... 10
2.2.2 Steps of Teaching Writing ... 11
2.3 Written Text ... 12
2.3.1 Definition ... 12
viii Anne Denti Agrian, 2015
EXPLORING COOPERATIVE LEARNING METHOD AS THE STRATEGY TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.4 Integrating the Process of Writing and Cooperative Learning Method 15
2.5 Relevant Research ... 17
2.6 Concluding Remark ... 18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19
3.1 Research Design ... 19
3.1.1 Variables ... 20
3.2 Research Hypotheses ... 20
3.3 Population and Sample ... 20
3.4 Data Collection ... 21
3.4.1 Research Location ... 21
3.4.2 Instrument and Material ... 21
3.5 Research Procedure ... 22
3.5.1 Designing Lesson Plan ... 22
3.5.2 Organizing the Research Instruments ... 22
3.5.3 Administering the Pilot Test ... 22
3.5.4 Administering the Pre-test ... 23
3.5.5 Teaching and Learning Process ... 23
3.5.6 Posttest ... 25
3.5.7 Conducting Questionnaire ... 25
3.6 Data Analysis ... 26
3.6.1 Scoring Technique ... 26
3.6.2 Pilot Data Analysis ... 28
3.6.3 Pre-test and Post-test Data Analysis ... 29
3.6.3.1 Normality Distribution ... 29
3.6.3.2 Independent t-test ... 30
3.6.3.3 Dependent t-test ... 30
3.6.3.4 Effect Size ... 31
3.6.4 Questionnaire Data Analysis ... 32
3.7 Concluding Remark ... 32
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 33
4.1 Finding and Discussion of Pilot Test ... 33
4.1.1 Pre-test and Post-test ... 33
4.1.2 Questionnaire ... 34
4.1.2.1Validity Test ... 34
4.1.2.2Reliability Test ... 35
4.2 Pretest Analysis ... 36
ix
4.2.2 Independent T-Test on Pretest Scores ... 37
4.3 Posttest Analysis ... 39
4.3.1 Normality Distribution Test ... 39
4.3.2 Independent T-Test on Posttest Scores ... 40
4.4 Dependent T-Test on Pretest and Posttest Scores ... 41
4.5 The Calculation of Effect Size... 44
4.6 Finding and Discussion from Questionnaire ... 44
4.6.1 Positive Interdependence ... 45
4.6.2 Face-to-face Promotive Interaction ... 49
4.6.3 Individual Accountability ... 51
4.6.4 Interpersonal and Small Group Skills ... 53
4.6.5 Group Processing ... 55
4.7 Concluding Remark ... 58
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 59
5.1 Conclusion ... 59
5.2 Suggestion ... 60
REFERENCES ... 62
x Anne Denti Agrian, 2015
EXPLORING COOPERATIVE LEARNING METHOD AS THE STRATEGY TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Basic Elements of Cooperative Leraning by Johnson, Johnson
and Holubec (1991) ... 8
Table 2.2 Writing Assessment Rubric ... 13
Table 3.1 Quasi Experimental Design ... 19
Table 3.2 Schedule of Teaching and Learning Activity ... 23
Table 3.3 The Criteria and Technique of Scoring ... 27
Table 3.4 The Scale of Effect Size ... 32
Table 4.1 Item-Total Statistics ... 34
Table 4.2 Case Processing Summary ... 36
Table 4.3 Reliability Statistics ... 36
Table 4.4 Frequencies ... 37
Table 4.11 Paired Samples Statistics ... 42
Table 4.12 Paired Samples Correlations ... 42
Table 4.13 Paired Samples Test ... 42
Table 4.14 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 1 ... 45
Table 4.15 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 2 ... 46
Table 4.16 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 3 ... 46
Table 4.17 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 4 ... 47
Table 4.18 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 5 ... 47
xi
Table 4.20 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 7 ... 49
Table 4.21 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 8 ... 50
Table 4.22 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 9 ... 52
Table 4.23 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 10 ... 53
Table 4.24 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 11 ... 53
Table 4.25 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 12 ... 55
Table 4.26 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 13 ... 55
Table 4.27 Frequencies of students’ response on question number 14 ... 56
xii Anne Denti Agrian, 2015
EXPLORING COOPERATIVE LEARNING METHOD AS THE STRATEGY TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 4.1 Data percentage of question number 1 ... 45
Chart 4.2 Data percentage of question number 2 ... 46
Chart 4.3 Data percentage of question number 3 ... 46
Chart 4.4 Data percentage of question number 4 ... 47
Chart 4.5 Data percentage of question number 5 ... 47
Chart 4.6 Data percentage of question number 6 ... 49
Chart 4.7 Data percentage of question number 7 ... 50
Chart 4.8 Data percentage of question number 8 ... 50
Chart 4.9 Data percentage of question number 9 ... 52
Chart 4.10 Data percentage of question number 10 ... 53
Chart 4.11 Data percentage of question number 11 ... 54
Chart 4.12 Data percentage of question number 12 ... 55
Chart 4.13 Data percentage of question number 13 ... 56
Chart 4.14 Data percentage of question number 14 ... 56
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 The relationship between cooperative learning method and the
