[ 1 1 3] M.H. Bic hi and B.U. Anyata
Industrial waste po llutio n in the Kano rive r basin
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
1 0 / 2 [1 9 9 9 ] 1 1 2 –1 1 6
select ed , t wo on River Sa la n t a a t r a ilw ay b r id ge (SH 1) a n d a t Ku m b ot s o-Ta m bu r aw a r oa d b r id ge (SH 2); on e on River Ch a llaw a a t Ch a llaw a in t a k e wor k s (CR); a n d t wo p oin t s on River Ka n o – a t Ch a llaw a w a t er wor k s in t a k e (KR1) a n d a t Ka n o-Za r ia r oa d b r id ge (KR2) (F igu r e 2). For ea ch s a m p lin g p oin t , t h r ee s a m p les w er e collect ed d u r in g t h e d r y sea s on , b ein g t h e cr it ica l p er iod w it h n o sign ifi ca sign t d ilu t iosign of t h e w a s t es, a sign d t wo s a m -p les w er e collect ed in t h e r a in y s ea son .
T h e colou r, od ou r, t em p er a t u r e, PH, con d u
c-t iv ic-t y ; su s p en d ed , s ec-t c-t lea ble, d is s olved , a n d t ot a l solid s; a cid it y, a lk a lin it y, h a r d n es s, ca lcu im , m a gn esiu m , ch lor id es, a m m on ia -n it r oge-n , a -n d ch em ica l oxyge-n , d em a -n d (COD) of ea ch s a m p le w er e d et er m in ed . In a d d it ion , ch r om u im a n d su lp h id e of s om e t a n n er y w a s t es w er e a ls o d et er m in ed .
T h e m et h od u sed for t h e la b or a t or y a n a ly s is a r e t h os e con t a in ed in t h e St a n d a r d M et h -od s for t h e E xa m in a t ion of Wa t er a n d Wa s t e Wa t er (AP H A et a l., 1985). In ea ch a n a ly sis, t wo t es t s w er e ca r r ied ou t on t h e s a m p le a n d t h e aver a ge va lu e t a k en a s t h e p a r a m et er va lu e for t h e sa m p le.
Discussion of results
T h e r esu lt s of t h e la b or a t or y a n a ly sis a r e su m m a r ised in Ta ble I – in d ica t in g t h e aver -a ge v-a lu es of t h e v-a r iou s p -a r -a m et er s over t h e sa m p lin g p er iod . T h ese r esu lt s a r e d iscu ssed a ccor d in g t o t h e t h r ee m a in r iver s in t h e b a sin .
River Salanta
T h er e w er e t wo sa m p lin g p oin t s on t h is r iver. At t h e r a ilw ay b r id ge (SH 1) t h e w a s t e w a t er com p r ised of m a in ly t a n n er y w a st es fr om Sh a r a d a . T h e w a st e w a t er w a s d a r k blu e in colou r w it h a n offen d in g p u n gen t sm ell. It w a s ch a r a ct er ist ica lly a lk a lin e w it h a n aver -a ge PHof 9.02. T h e COD sh ow ed h igh va r ia b
il-it y r efl ect in g t h e t im e of d isch a r ge of t a n n er y efflu en t s a n d dyein g b r ot h es. T h e w a st e w a t er h a d s cu m w it h ver y h igh solid s con t en t . T h is w a s p a r t icu la r ly r esp on sible for t h e h igh s olid s (16,934.6m g/ l) a n d COD (8,557.4m g/ l) of t h e r iver a t t h is p oin t . T h e h a r d n ess
(1,349.6m g/ l Ca CO3) a n d a m m on ia -n it r ogen (5,150.0m g/ l) w er e q u it e a lot h igh er t h a n t h e r ecom m en d ed va lu es of 90m g/ l Ca CO3a n d
Figure 1
M.H. Bic hi and B.U. Anyata Industrial waste po llutio n in the Kano rive r basin
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
1 0 / 2 [1 9 9 9 ] 1 1 2 –1 1 6
2.0m g/ l r esp ect ively, s et for ir r iga t ion w a t er s (Aik m a n , 1983). T h e su lp h id e con t en t (130.5m g/ l S–) a n d ch r om iu m (0.09m g/ l Cr2+)
w er e p a r t icu la r ly h igh , con fi r m in g t h e ch a r -a ct er of t -a n n er y efflu en t s.
Dow n st r ea m of t h is s a m p lin g p oin t , a t t h e Ku m b ot s o-Ta m bu r aw a r oa d b r id ge, is t h e s econ d s a m p lin g p oin t (SH 3). At t h is p oin t , t h e w a s t e w a t er com p r is ed of t h e fl ow s fr om s a m p lin g p oin t SH 1, a n d a n u m b er of ot h er s m a ller d r a in s fr om t h e in d u s t r ia l a n d t h e n eigb ou r in g r es id en t ia l a r ea s. Als o, r iver Ta t s aw a r k i, w h ich d r a in s a gr ea t er p a r t of t h e Sou t h -ea st er n Ka n o m et r op olis, join s t h e fl ow of Sa la n t a r iver b efor e t h is p oin t . T h e effect of d ilu t ion h a s t h er efor e gr ea t ly r ed u ced t h e con d u ct iv it y (208.9 u m h o/ cm ) a lk a lin it y (2,295.9m g/ l Ca CO3), m a gn esiu m (130.4m g/ l), ch lor id es (462.2m g/ l), COD (1,224.1m g/ l), a n d a m m on ia -n it r ogen
(1,1980.0m g/ l) con t en t s of t h e w a t er com p a r ed w it h t h e p r ev iou s va lu es of 454.3 u m h o/ cm , 5,123.0m g/ l Ca CO3, 150.3m g/ L M g2+, 724.7 m g/ l Cl–, 8,557.4 m g/ l 02, a n d 5,150.0m g/ l
r es p ect ively a t sa m p lin g p oin t SH 1 u p st r ea m .
T h e PHis a lso low er ed fr om 9.0 t o 8.3. H ow
-ever, t h e a cid it y (175.6 m g/ l Ca CO3), h a r d n ess (1,946.0m g/ l Ca CO3), a n d ca lciu m (1,409.3m g/ l Ca2+) con t en t s sh ow in cr ea s in g va lu es a t t h is
p oin t – com p a r ed w it h 131.8m g/ l Ca CO3, 1,349.6m g/ l Ca CO3a n d 730.1m g/ l Ca2+r esp
ec-t ively a ec-t ec-t h e u p sec-t r ea m p oin ec-t (SH 1). T h is cou ld b e d u e t o t h e d isch a r ge of efflu en t s fr om ot h er in d u s t r ies w it h h igh con cen t r a t ion of t h ese p ollu t a n t s.
T h e va lu es of t h ese p a r a m et er s a r e q u it e exces sive of t h e m a xim u m a llow a ble lim it s for d om est ic w a t er (WH O, 1971) a n d ir r iga -t ion w a -t er s (Aik m a n , 1983; Ra n ga n a -t h a n , 1982). At t h e p oin t w h er e t h is r iver d isch a r ges in t o t h e Ka n o r iver, t h e d iffer en ce in w a t er q u a lit y is q u it e clea r in t er m s of t h e a p p ea r -a n ce of t h e w -a t er in t h e d -a r k S-a l-a n t -a River a n d in t h e clea r er Ka n o River w h ich is com -p osed of m a in ly r elea ses fr om Tiga d a m r eser voir in t h e d r y sea son .
River Challawa
T h is r iver h a s ver y low fl ow s d u r in g t h e d r y sea son . T h e Ch a llaw a Gor ge d a m cu r r en t ly
Figure 2
[ 1 1 5] M.H. Bic hi and B.U. Anyata
Industrial waste po llutio n in the Kano rive r basin
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
1 0 / 2 [1 9 9 9 ] 1 1 2 –1 1 6
n ea r in g com p let ion is t o s u s t a in t h e r iver fl ow a ll yea r r ou n d . T h e w a t er is a lk a lin e w it h a PHof 8.3. T h e aver a ge va lu es for h a r d
-n es s (1,332.0m g/ l), ca lciu m (446.6m g/ l), m a g-n es iu m (161.2m g/ l), a g-n d a m m og-n ia -g-n it r ogeg-n (400 m g/ l) a r e h igh er t h a n t h e m a xim u m a llow a ble va lu es of 500m g/ l (h a r d n es s ), 200m g/ l (ca lciu m ), 150m g/ l (m a gn esiu m ) a n d 0.5m g/ l (N H3-N ) for d om es t ic w a t er s (F E PA, 1991). T h e va lu es for ch lor id es (151.8m g/ l), h a r d n ess (1,332.0m g/ l), a n d a m m on ia n it r o-gen (400m g/ l) a r e a lso in exces s of t h e m a xi-m u xi-m a llow a ble lixi-m it s of 70xi-m g/ l, 90xi-m g/ l, a n d 2.0m g/ l r es p ect ively set for ir r iga t ion w a t er s (Aik m a n , 1983; Ra n ga n a t h a n , 1982).
T h is sa m p lin g p oin t is, h ow ever, u p st r ea m of t h e efflu en t d isch a r ge p oin t fr om t h e Ch a llaw a in d u st r ia l est a t e in t o t h e r iver. T h e efflu en t s d isch a r ged d ow n s t r ea m of t h is p oin t con t r ibu t e t o t h e p ollu t ion a l loa d a t s a m p lin g p oin t KR2 on t h e Ka n o River.
River Kano
Two s a m p lin g p oin t s w er e loca t ed on t h is r iver. Sa m p lin g p oin t KR1 w a s u p st r ea m of t h e efflu en t d isch a r ge p oin t in t o t h e r iver a n d t h er efor e com p os ed essen t ia lly of t h e w a t er r elea s es fr om Tiga d a m . Sa m p lin g p oin t KR2 r eceives t h e w a st e d isch a r ges fr om b ot h Ch a llaw a a n d Sh a r a d a in d u s t r ia l es t a t es a s w ell a s d om est ic w a s t es fr om t h e sou t h -ea s t er n p a r t of Ka n o t h r ou gh River s
Ta t s aw a r k i a n d Sa la n t a . T h e con cen t r a t ion s
of N H3-N, COD, ca lciu m , m a gn esiu m , con d u c-t iv ic-t y, a n d h a r d n es s w er e 123.0m g/ l,
223.3m g/ l, 1056.3m g/ l Ca2+, 159.7m g/ lm g2+,
340 u m h o/ cm , a n d 1,713.4m g/ l Ca CO3r esp ec-t ively a ec-t sa m p lin g p oin ec-t KR1. Aec-t sa m p lin g p oin t KR2 d ow n st r ea m , t h ese va lu es w er e 530m g/ l, 1166.1m g/ l, 1,224.7m g/ l Ca2+,
263.0m g/ lm g2+, 446.4u m h o/ cm , a n d
2506.8m g/ l Ca CO3r esp ect ively. T h is in d ica t es h igh er p ollu t ion a t KR2 d u e t o d isch a r ges of m or e d om est ic a n d in d u st r ia l w a st es t h r ou gh River s Ch a llaw a a n d Sa la n t a t o t h is p oin t . T h e ch lor id e con t en t aver a ged 236.8m g/ l a n d 193.4m g/ l r esp ect ively a t sa m p lin g p oin t s KR1 a n d KR2.
Conclusion and recommendations
T h e Ka n o r iver b a sin , w h ich ser ves a s a sou r ce of w a t er su p p ly t o t h e 2.8 m illion p op u -la t ion in Ka n o, a n d ir r iga t ion in t h e Ka n o River p r oject p h a ses I, II, a n d III, is r eceiv in g con sid er a ble p ollu t ion fr om t h e Sh a r a d a a n d Ch a llaw a in d u st r ia l es t a t es. River Sa la n t a r eceives t h e h igh es t p ollu t ion (8.557.4m g/ l (COD), 16,934.6m g/ l (t ot a l solid s)
454.3u m h o/ cm (con d u ct iv it y )), fr om t h e in d u st r ia l w a st es. T h e Ch a llaw a River, w it h low fl ow s in t h e d r y sea s on h a d 598.7m g/ l COD, 1,609.9m g/ l t ot a l solid s a n d 207.5 u m h o/ cm con d u ct iv it y. Bot h d is ch a r ge in t o t h e Ka n o River in w h ich t h e COD w a s 1,166.9m g/ l, t ot a l solid s 1,458.0m g/ l, Table I
Ave rage value s o f parame te rs fo r s ampling po ints within the Kano rive r bas in
Location of sampling point
Parameter KR1 KR2 CR SH1 SH3
Colour Odour
Temperature (°C) 2 0 .8 2 0 .1 2 3 2 4 .4 2 5 .5
Susp. solids (mg/ l) 7 9 6 .9 7 .8 6 2 5 2 8 7 9 4 0 2 7 .4
Settl. solids (ml/ l) 5 3 .8 8 2 8 .7 8 1 .5 1 5 1 .4
Diss. solids (mg/ l) 1 1 9 6 7 3 2 9 5 6 1 3 9 6 4 3 0 0 8
Total solids (mg/ l) 1 8 4 6 .7 1 4 5 8 1 6 0 9 .9 1 6 9 3 4 .6 7 1 9 4 .8
pH 7 .6 8 .7 8 .3 9 8 .3
Conductivity (mho/ cm) 3 4 0 4 4 6 .4 2 0 7 .5 4 5 4 .3 2 9 8 .9
Acidity (mg CaCO3/ l) 1 7 1 .1 1 8 6 .5 9 0 .4 1 3 1 .8 1 7 5 .6
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3/ l) 1 0 9 3 1 0 2 6 .1 5 3 2 .6 5 1 2 3 2 2 9 5 .9
Hardness (mg CaCO3/ l) 1 7 1 3 .4 2 5 0 6 .8 1 3 3 2 1 3 4 9 .6 1 9 4 6
Calcium (mg Ca/ l) 1 0 5 6 .3 1 2 2 4 .7 4 4 6 .6 7 3 0 .1 1 4 0 9 .3
M agnesium (mg M g/ l) 1 5 9 .7 2 6 3 1 6 1 .2 1 5 0 .3 1 3 0 .4
Chlorides (mg Cl-/ l) 2 3 6 .8 1 9 3 .4 1 5 8 .1 7 2 4 .7 4 6 2 .2
COD (mg O2/ l) 2 2 3 .3 1 1 6 6 .9 5 9 8 .7 8 5 5 7 .4 1 2 2 4 .1
Ammonia nitrogen (mg/ lL) 1 2 1 5 3 0 4 0 0 5 1 5 0 1 1 9 8
Nitrates (mg NO3/ l) Sulphates (mg/ l)
Sulphides (mg/ l) 1 3 0 .5
Chromium (mg/ l) 0 .0 9
[ 1 1 6]
M.H. Bic hi and B.U. Anyata Industrial waste po llutio n in the Kano rive r basin
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
1 0 / 2 [1 9 9 9 ] 1 1 2 –1 1 6
con d u ct iv it y 446.4m g/ l a n d h a r d n es s 2,506.8m g/ l, ju st d ow n s t r ea m of t h e d is ch a r ge p oin t . Alt h ou gh t h e r iver is u s ed for w a t er s u p p ly, r ecr ea t ion , ir r iga t ion a n d fi sh in g, t h e q u a lit y of t h e w a t er w a s fou n d t o b e u n s u it a ble for t h ese u s es.
In or d er t o a r r es t fu r t h er d et er ior a t ion in t h e q u a lit y of w a t er in t h is b a s in , t ow a r d s t h e im p r ovem en t of it s u sefu ln ess, t h e fi r s t m a jor st e p is t h e com p u ls or y p r e-t r ea t m en t of a ll in d u st r ia l a n d d om est ic w a s t es, t o a cce p t a ble st a n d a r d s, b efor e fi n a l d isp os a l in t o r eceiv in g w a t er cou r ses. To en su r e t h is, F E PA sh ou ld im p os e d ir ect ch a r ges on in d u st r ia l efflu en t s a s a n in cen t ive for p ollu t in g in d u s t r ies t o r ed u ce w a s t e loa d s. T h er e is a ls o t h e n eed t o es t a blis h a m on it or in g a n d eva lu a t ion u n it t o en su r e con t in ou s su r veilla n ce of t h e w a t er s in t h e b a sin .
Refer ences
Aik m a n , D.I. (1983), “Wa st e w a t er r e-u se fr om t h e st a n d p oin t of ir r iga t ed a gr icu lt u r e”, T h e
Pu blic H ea lth E n gin eer , Vol. II N o. 1, p p. 35-41.
AP H A, AWWA, a n d WP CF (1985), S ta n d a rd M eth
-od s for E x a m in a tion of Wa ter a n d Wa ste Wa ter (16th ed ition ), Am er ica n P u blic H ea lt h As s
a t ion (AP H A), Am er ica n Wa t er Wor k s As s oci-a t ion (AWWA) oci-a n d Woci-a t er P ollu t ion Con t r ol Fed er a t ion (WP CF ), N ew Yor k , N Y.
Beecr oft , G.A., Ya m a m a , A.G., Kool, P.J . a n d Va n St r a t en , G. (1987), A n Ov er v iew of th e E n v ir on
-m en ta l Pr oble-m s in Ka d u n a ; A R ep or t b y th e Ka d u n a R iv er Pollu tion S tu d y Gr ou p (in
p r ess ).
Bich i, M.H . (1993), “E n v ir on m en t a l p ollu t ion in Ka n o: t h e con t r ibu t ion of w a s t e w a t er
d is ch a r ges fr om Bom p a i, Sh a r a d a a n d Ch a llaw a in d u s t r ia l est a t es”, Pr oc. S ci. A ss. of
N ig. Con feren ce 1993, Bayer o Un iver s it y, Ka n o.
Bich i, M .H . (1995), “Su r fa ce w a t er q u a lit y in t h e Ka n o in d u st r ia l en v ir om en t ”, Pr oc. 3rd
N a tion a l Con feren ce on L a n d A d m in istra tion a n d Dev elop m en t in N or th er n N iger ia , De p t . of
Geogr a p h y, Bayer o Un iver s it y, Ka n o. F E PA (1991), Gu id e L in es a n d S ta n d a rd s, Fed er a l
E n v ir on m en t a l P r ot ect ion Agen cy, La gos. H a r d oy, J .E ., Mit lin , D. a n d Sa t t er t h w a it e (1992),
E n v ir on m en ta l Pr oblem s in T h ird W orld Cities, E a r t h Sca n , Lon d on .
M in is t r y of T r a d e a n d In d u st r y (1990), 1950-1989
Com m ercia l a n d In d u str ia l A ctiv ities R ecord s,
M in is t r y of T r a d e a n d In d u st r y, Ka n o St a t e, N iger ia .
Olu r on t ola , T. (1990), “Ba t t le over in d u st r ia l efflu -en t s”, Wa ter R esou rces J ou r n a l, Vol. 1 N o. 1, Oct ob er -Decem b er, N a t ion a l Resou r ces Devel-op m en t Com p a n y, La gos.
Ra n ga n a t h a n , K.R. (1992), “Con sid er a t ion s in s et t in g in d u s t r ia l efflu en t st a n d a r d s”, in Bea r d , L.R. a n d Ma xw ell, W.H .C. (E d s), Wa ter
R esou rces M a n a gem en t in In d u str ia l A rea s, Pr oc. In t. S ym p. IW R A , Tycooly In t . P u b. Co.,
Du blin .
UN DP (1978), Ka n o S ew era ge a n d Dra in a ge
Pr oject, M a st er P la n Re p or t ; Un it ed N a t ion s
Develop m en t P r ogr a m m e (UN DP ) P r oject N IR/ 75/ 102, An n exe A.
UN E P (1991), E n v ir on m en ta l Da ta R ep or t
1991-1992, GE M S Mon it or in g a n d As sessm en t
Res ea r ch Cen t r e, Bla ck w ell, Oxfor d . WH O (1971), In ter n a tion a l S ta n d a rd for Dr in k in g
Wa ter (3rd ed ition ), Wor ld H ea lt h Or ga n is a
