BAHASA INGGRIS
HUKUM
oleh
Sukanda Husin, SH., LL.M.
PENDAHULUAN
1
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Peng
•
2
ukum
gi H
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PENGERTIAN TERMINOLOGI HUKUM
JARGON/SLANG/ISTILAH
KHUSUS
ILMU HUKUM/ PERUUAN
ARTI TERSENDIRI
UMUM
ILMU LAIN
CONTOH
Pesero tdk aktif Hukuman mati H. Acara Perdata Berita acara
ILMU HUKUM
ILMU LAIN
• Sleeping Partner
• Capital Punishment
• Civil procedure
• Minutes of Meeting
Latihan
ILMU HUKUM
ILMU LAIN
• Articles of association
• Joy riding
• Power of attorney
• Hot pursuit
• First degree murder
• Second degree murder
• Black law letter
• Unlawful conduct
• Substantive law
• Black mail
JARGON
Lawyer
Cara Mengutip Jargon Hukum
Jargon dapat ditulis dengan beberapa cara
1.
Jargon ditulis dalam tanda kutip; atau2.
Jargon ditulis dengan cetak tebal (bold); atau3.
Jargon dapat ditulis dengan cetak miring (italic); dan4.
Sebaiknya jargon dikutip dengan memberikan makne atau arti. Bila artinya panjangCONTOH
Sengketa yang timbul akibat interpretasi dan implementasi suatu perjanjian dapat diselesaikan melalui dua cara yaitu melalui pengadilan dan di luar pengadilan, seperti
konsiliasi, mediasi, arbitrase (perwasitan) dan lain-lain. Cara tersebut bergantung kepada kesepakatan para pihak sebagai wujud dari pelaksanaan azas kebebasan
berkontrak, namun tentu juga dibatasi oleh
undang-undang. Kebebasan dalam pemilihan forum penyelesaian sengketa (choice of forum) atau disebut juga forum non conveniens, biasanya akan menentukan pula hukum yang mengatur penyelesaian sengketa (choice of law). Doktrin
CONTOH
Akibat tidak adanya penegasan sistem
pemerintahan dan akibat penerapan sistem
quasi presidensial, hubungan antar lembaga
negara terutama antara cabang kekuasaan
eksekutif dan cabang kekuasaan legislatif
menjadi tidak tegas dan kabur serta bisa
menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum (
legal
uncertainty
). Pada hal, sistem pemerintahan
berkaitan dengan pengertian
regeringsdaad
SENTENCES
VERBAL SENTENCE NOMINAL SENTENCE
Kalimat yang sebutannya kata kerja (verb)
Kalimat yang sebutannya selain Kata kerja (non-verb), seperti
Kt. Sifat, kt. Benda dan Kt. depan
Cara membentuknya
S + Verb + Object
Cara membentuknya
CONTOH KALIMAT NOMINAL
1.
Saya pengacara
I am a lawyer2.
Dia adalah agen CIA
He is a CIA agent3.
The act of a state organ is imputable to
the state under international law
4.
In private law, a person is liable to pay
compensation to victim as a result of his
unlawful conduct
5.
The Act is not effective to fight against
pollution because its sanctions are
CONTOH KALIMAT NOMINAL
6.
The children of the President are
subject to the international law when
they are abroad.
7.
The defendant is reluctant to answer
the question addressed by the
attorney.
8.
The issue asked by Mr. Hanson is
irrelevant to be discussed in this
forum.
9.
The enforcement of Law by FPI is
illegal.
10.
Many sanctions of that new Act are
impossible and irrational for they are
not compatible with the real
NOMINAL SENTENCE
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
POSITIVE ADJECTIVE
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE
EXAMPLES
That mountain is high
That mountain is higher than this one
That mountain is the highest in Indonesia
That mountain is the highest one of the
others
She is accurate
She is an accurate woman
Good better best
Well better best
Late later
latest
Late latter
last
She is better than me
EXERCISES
1.
This ticket …… non refundable.
2.
Granting titles to the lands ……. not the
right but the obligation of the
government.
3.
Underhand agreements …….. equal to
those of notary deed in a sense of its
binding power.
4.
Neither Budi nor Idham ………
responsible for that accident.
5.
In a common law system, the jury
Exercises for Nominal
Sentence
1.
Anak laki-laki itu bingung menentukan
pilihannya.
2.
Indonesia kaya dengan sumber daya alam.
1.
Natural resources
2.
Clumzy
3.
choice
4.
to decide
5.
rich at
6.
conduct
7.
against
VERBAL SENTENCE
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
S + Verb 1 + Obj. + Adv. S + Verb 5 + Obj. + Adv.
KINDS OF VERB
Verb 1 go buy fly sue
Verb 2 went boughtflew sued Verb 3 gone boughtflown sued Verb 4 going buying flying suing Verb 5 goes buys flies sues
1. Dia terbang ke Jakarta setiap akhir pekan.
He/She flies to Jakarta every weekend.
2. Korban-korban pencemaran Porong
menggugat ganti rugi.
The victims of Porong’s pollution sue a compensation.
3. Jury hanya memutuskan apakah terdakwa
salah atau tidak.
The Jury only decides whether or not the defendant is guilty.
4. Sedangkan hakim memutuskan hukumannya.
Whereas the judge decides the prisonment.
5. Apakah anda mau mengajukan saksi ahli?
Do you want to call on an expert witness?
6. Apakah client anda mempunyai saksi yang meringankan?
Your client has a ‘de charge witness.
1. My name is Sukanda
2. I was born in Pekanbaru on April 22, 1957. 3. I am from Pekanbaru
4. I am the fifth child in my family 5. My father was a retired policeman 6. My mother was a housewife
7. I graduated from Elementary School No. 2 8. I finished my junior high school in Dumai
9. In 1972, I moved to PKU and continued my study there. 10.I graduated from SHS in 1975.
11.In the same year, I settled to Padang and continued my study there in Law Faculty of Andalas University
12.I graduated in 1985
13.In 1987, I got married with my black cat named Tei. Now We only have one son.
14.Two weeks after I got married, I was given a scholarship by the Canadian Government to study in Vancouver
1.
Film itu bercerita tentang keadilan yang
diingkari.
That movie tells about justice denied
2.
Pelaksanaan Perda Pekat bertentangan
dengan HAM.
3.
The implementation of the Pekat Local
The theory of Rawls …………. the natural
law
1. Reject
2. Rejects
3. Is contrary to
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
1.
Every victim of pollution
has
the right for
some amount of compensation from a
polluter.
2.
Law
limits
the deviation of human’s
behavior and
provides
for sanctions
against an offender.
3.
Police
investigates
a robbery case in
Belakang Balok.
4.
The prosecutor
does not have
significant
evidence to win the case.
5.
A judge
has
the right to order someone
to leave a court room when the judge
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
6. Several victims of Buyat Bay feel unsatisfied with the decision of the Court.
7. Singapore and Malaysia suffer from economic loss as a result of Indonesian forest fires.
8. The Court of Padang decides that the
acquisition of Semen Padang Limited by Semen Gersik is illegal.
9. the Stockholm Declaration codifies a few Romance legal principles concerning the environment.
10. All passengers of the ship seek for
KALIMAT PASIF dalam Present Tense
1. Sengketa kami diadili oleh PN Jakpus.
Our dispute is settled by the Court of Central Jakarta.
2. Teori Rawls ditolak oleh banyak lawyer.
The theory of Rawls is rejected by many lawyers.
3. Daftar zat-zat tersebut dicantumkan dalam Protokol Montreal.
The list of the substances is prescribed in the Montreal Protocol.
4. Laut Teritorial diukur dari titik titik terluar dari pulau pulau terluar.
The territorial sea is measured from the outer limits of the outer islands.
5. Pemilik Kapal tersebut digugat untuk membayar ganti rugi oleh semua penumpang.
Exercises
1.
Presiden RI dipilih oleh rakyat Indonesia
sekali dalam lima tahun.
2.
Mahasiswa dilarang oleh undang-undang
untuk melakukan demonstrasi untuk
kepentingan partai politik
3.
Ayin direkomendasikan oleh Mas Achmad
Santosa untuk dipindahkan ke Nusa
Kambangan.
4.
PN Padang menghukum pemuda itu selama
dua tahun penjara
6. Our Constitution is written by BPUPKI
7. The ships are captured by Malaysian Navy in Indonesian territorial sea.
8. Relations between one citizen with another are regulated by a private law.
9. An act is approved by the parliament and enacted by the government.
10.President is elected by citizens once in five years
Passive Voice in Past Tense
Dia didenda oleh PN Pdg karena makan siang pada bulan suci Ramadhan yang lalu.
He was fined by the Court of Padang for eating lunch in the last holy Ramadhan month.
Tiga org bgs Indonesia ditahan oleh Polisi AS di Guam kemaren malam.
Three Indonesians were arrested by the US Police in Guam last night.
Pada bulan ini, 3 org TKI disiksa oleh majikan mereka.
In this month, three Indonesian workers were tortured by their employers.
Nurdin Halid was freed by the Court of Central Jakarta from all charges.
KALIMAT PASIF
6. Mr. Rachmad was sentenced for life by the Court of Denpasar.
7. The defendant was found guilty of first degree murder by the Jury.
8. The compensation claims for an intangible damage suffered by the plaintiff are often refused by the Court.
9. Only few evidences adduced by the plaintiff
were accepted by the judges.
AUXILIARIES
MODAL AUXILIARY AUXILIARY VERBS
Will = akan
Shall = akan
Can = dapat/bisa May = boleh
Must = harus/mesti Have = telah
Has = telah
need = membutuhkan dare = berani
risk = beresiko
Cara Menggunakan Modal Auxiliary
1.
Auxiliary harus terletak langsung sesudah
subjek;
2.
Auxiliary membatalkan pemberian akhiran
s/es pada kata kerja; dan
EXAMPLES
Penggugat harus membuktikan 4 hal untuk mendatkan ganti
rugi
A Plaintiff must prove 4 things to get compensation Empat hal harus dibuktikan oleh penggugart untuk
mendapatkan GR
Four things must be proven by a plaintiff to get
compensation
Setiap WD harus menyerahkan surat kepercayaan kepada
Presiden dimana dia akan bertugas
Every diplomatic agent must hand over the credential letter
to the President where he will work.
surat kepercayaan harus diserahkan oleh WD kepada
Presiden …….
A credential letter must be handed over by the diplomatic
Will torture
Must show
Can deny
Cara Menggunakan Modal Auxiliary
Have & Has
1.
Auxiliary harus terletak langsung sesudah
subjek;
2.
Auxiliary merubah kata kerja menjadi past
participle; dan
EXAMPLES
He pays the fine to the court
He has paid the fine to the court He is sick
He has been sick
Indonesia is independent
Indonesia has been independent since 1945 Dia telah membunuh 5 ekor anjing
She has killed 5 dogs
Dia telah diusir secara adat dari kampungnya She has been expelled customarily from her
1.
Dia membunuh 5 ekor anjing
2.
He kills 5 dogs
3.
He will kill 5 dogs
4.
He has killed 5 dogs
5.
5 ekor anjing dibunuh
6.
5 dogs are killed
7.
5 dogs will be killed
1.
Dia mencuri ayam
2.
Dia akan mencuri ayam
3.
Dia telah mencuri ayam
4.
Ayam dicurinya
5.
Ayam akan dicurinya
1.
Tommy Harto telah dibebaskan dari penjara
semenjak sebulan yang lalu
2.
Rumahnya akan disita oleh pengadilan
3.
Presiden harus mengeluarkan dekrit
4.
Hukumannya telah dikurangi sebanyak tiga
bulan.
5.
Penegakan hukum di Indonesia telah tidak
effektif. Law enforcement
6.
UU ini harus segera direvisi.
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
1. Under the modern Environmental Law, the environment is represented by an NGO to protect its right before the court .
Under the modern Environmental Law, the
environment can be represented by an NGO to protect its right before the court .
2. Four things is proven by a defendant to escape from paying.
Four things must be proven by a defendant to escape from paying.
3. Based on the retribution approach, potential offenders are deterred by the punishment of criminals
Based on the retribution approach, potential
KALIMAT PASIF
1. Disputes arising from the interpretation and
implementation of this agreement are settled by the Court of Central Jakarta.
2. The theory of Civil Disobedience by Rawls is rejected by many conventional lawyers.
3. The list of substances to be controlled is prescribed by the 1987 Montreal Protocol.
4. The territorial sea is measured from the outer limits of the outer islands.
Homework
Setiap warga negara harus mengetahui hukum dan
menghormatinya. Dia tidak bisa membela diri dengan mengatakan bahwa dia tidak mengetahui keberadaan hukum tersebut. Bila warga negara melanggar hukum, dia akan dikenakan sanksi.
Jika seseorang melanggar hukum pidana, negara akan
menegakan hukum. Dalam hal ini, negara akan diwakili oleh seorang jaksa untuk menuntut orang tersebut.
Orang tersebut dapat dihukum penjara dan/atau denda.
Sebaliknya, jika warga negara melakukan perbuatan
melawan hukum dalam hukum perdata, dia akan digugat oleh orang yang dirugikan. Biasanya,
TENSES (MASA KALIMAT)
1. Present Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense 3. Future Tense
4. Future Continuous Tense 5. Present Perfect Tense
6. Present Perfect Cont. Tense 7. Future Perfect Tense
8. Future Perfect Cont. Tense
1. Past Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense 3. Past Future Tense
4. Past Future Cont. Tense 5. Past Perfect Tense
DEFINITION
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE
- Rutinitas; atau
- Berulang-Ulang; atau - Senantiasa Terjadi, atau - Terjadi di masa lalu,
sekarang dan yang akan datang
- Kejadian masa lalu; atau
- Sekarang tidak terjadi
lagi; atau
- Sebagian kejadian di
masa lalu, yang tidak
FORMULAS
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE
S + Verb 1/5 + Object
• always, usually, often ….
• yesterday • last week
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE
1. We elect a president once in five years. 2. Many states do not reject capital
punishment.
3. Any defendant always pleads not guilty. 4. Court always gives reason in its decision. 5. Police usually puts an accused in custody because he has strong ground.
6. His house is seized by the Court. 7. He is never warned before shot. 8. Peter is often ticketed for speeding. 9. Smith is ordered to pay compensation to the plaintiff.
10.Capital punishment is often executed at midnight.
1. We elected president in October 2009. 2. Many states did not reject capital
punishment in the past.
3. He pleaded not guilty in the last session. 4. Court gave no reason in its decision.
5. Police put the accused in custody because he had strong ground.
6. His house was seized by the court in 1999. 7. He was not warned before shot yesterday 8. Peter was ticketed for speeding yesterday. 9. Smith was ordered to pay compensation to the plaintiff last year.
EXERCISES
1. Susno Duadji diancam akan dibunuh oleh orang yang tak dikenal.
Susno Duadji was threatened to be killed by an unknown man.
2. Robert Tantular menolak menjawab pertanyaan salah seorang anggota Dewan kemarin malam
Robert Tantular rejected to answer a question of one of the Parliament members last night.
3. Menteri Hukum dan HAM berjanji akan menjatuhkan sanksi administrasi kepa Kalapas Pondok Bambu
dalam sebuah wawancara televisi kemaren sore. The Minister of Law and HR promised to give
1.
Susno Duadji diancam akan dibunuh oleh
orang yang tak dikenal
2.
Robert Tantular menolak menjawab
pertanyaan salah seorang anggota
Dewan kemarin malam
3.
Menteri Hukum dan HAM berjanji akan
menjatuhkan sanksi administrasi kepa
Kalapas Pondok Bambu dalam sebuah
wawancara televisi kemaren sore.
1.
Auxiliary
2.
Verb to be
1.
Dia harus menggadaikan rumahnya untuk
menyekolahkan saya.
a. She must pawn her house to send me to
school.
b. She had to pawn her house to send me to
school.
2.
I
will come
to your apartment tomorrow.
1. That baby
is not injured
at all in that
accident whilst her father and
mother
die
in that accident.
That baby
was
not injured at all in
that accident whilst her father and
DEFINITION
PRESENT CONT. TENSE PAST CONT. TENSE
Sedang berlangsung baik secara nyata maupun
tidak nyata
Sedang berlangsung di masa lalu atau sedang
FORMULAS
PRESENT CONT. TENSE PAST CONT. TENSE
EXERCISE
1. She picks apples every morning
Apples are picked by her every morning She is picking apples now
Apples are being picked by her now
2. 3 unknown people kidnap the mayor of BT every day
3 unknown people kidnapped the mayor of BT yesterday 3 unknown people are kidnapping the mayor of BT now 3 unknown people were kidnapping the mayor of BT
yesterday
3. The mayor of BT is kidnapped by 3 unknown people every day.
The mayor of BT was kidnapped by 3 unknown people yesterday.
The mayor of BT is being kidnapped by 3 unknown people now.
PRESENT CONT. TENSE PAST CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry is investigating a murder case at present.
2. That bugler is being interrogated by Inspector Harry now.
3. Many states are moving toward democratic government now a days. 4. Indonesia is facing serious air pollution recently.
5. That cold blooded killer is being locked
up in an isolation cell.
1. Inspector Harry was investigating a murder case yesterday afternoon.
2. That bugler was being interrogated by Inspector Harry when I arrived.
3. Many states were moving toward democratic government in the 1990’s. 4. Indonesia was also facing serious air pollution last year.
5. That cold blooded killer was being locked
DEFINITION
FUTURE TENSE PAST FUTURE TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang
FORMULAS
FUTURE TENSE PAST FUTURE TENSE
S + will/shall + Verb 1 + Object S + will/shall + be + Verb 3
S + would/should + Verb 1 + Obj. S + would/should + be + Verb 3
• next week • next month • next year
• in the years ahead
• yesterday • last week
FUTURE TENSE PAST FUTURE TENSE
1. Inspector Harry will investigate a murder case tomorrow.
2. That burgler wil be interrogated by Inspector Harry now.
3. The practice of democracy will slow
down development if the MP’s are uneducated.
4. Indonesia will face serious water shortage in the future if water is not wisely used. 5. That cold blooded killer will be locked
up in an isolation cell.
1. Inspector Harry would investigate a murder case yesterday.
2. That burgler would be interrogated by Inspector Harry when I arrived.
3. The practice of democracy would slow down development if the MP’s were
uneducated
4. Indonesia would face serious water shortage if water was not wisely used. 5. That cold blooded killer would be locked
DEFINITION
FUTURE CONT. TENSE PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu kejadian yang pasti akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang akan sedang berlangsung di
FORMULAS
FUTURE CONT. TENSE PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
S + will/shall + be+ Verb 4 + Obj. S + will/shall + be + being + Verb 3
S + would/should + be+ Verb 4 + Obj. S + would/should + be + being + V 3
• next week • next month • next year
• in the years ahead
• yesterday • last week
FUTURE CONT. TENSE PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry will be arresting
that suspect if he has evident. 2. That bugler will be being jailed
if Inspector Harry has enough evident. 3. Many states will be moving toward democratic government.
4. Indonesia will be facing serious air pollution recently.
5. That cold blooded killer will be being
locked up in an isolation cell.
1. Inspector Harry would be arresting a
suspect yesterday if he had enough evident . 2. That bugler would be being interrogated
by Inspector Harry when I arrived.
3. Many states would be moving toward democratic government in the 1990’s. 4. Indonesia would be facing serious air pollution last year.
5. That cold blooded killer would be being
TENSES
PRESENT PERF. TENSE PAST PERF. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu kejadian yang sudah mulai terjadi di masa lalu tapi masih berlangsung sampai sekarang atau baru saja selesai
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu kejadian yang mulai terjadi dan selesai di masa lalu. Artinya kita tau secara lengkap peristiwanya, yakni kapan mulai terjadi dan
FORMULAS
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE
S + have/has + Verb 3 + Object • during the First Pelita
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE
1. My father has served as a cook in the Army since last year.
2. That bugler has been interrogated
by Inspector Harry.
3. Our Constitution has been revised four times.
4. Indonesia has reformed many laws ting to judiciary power since 1999.
5. The President has declared war against illegal logging since his presidency.
1. During the second World War, my
father had served as a cook in the Army.
2. That bugler had been interrogated
by Inspector Harry all morning yesterday. 3. Our Constitution had been revised during Gus Dur’s and Megawati’s regimes.
TENSES
PRESENT PERF.CONT. TENSE PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang mulai terjadi di masa lalu dan
sampai sekarang masih terus berlangsung dan masih akan berlanjut di masa yang akan datang karena belum selesai
FORMULAS
PRESENT PERF. CONT. TENSE PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
S + have/has + been + Verb 4 • during the First Pelita
PRESENT PERF. CONT. TENSE PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry has been investigating a murder case since last week.
2. Our Criminal Code has been being revised by the Parliament for15 years. 3. PT Lapindo has been trying to channel the hot mud to the sea since last month. 4. Indonesia has been fighting against corruption since a few years ago.
5. The case has been being tackled by the the attorney office.
1. Inspector Harry had been investigating a murder case.
2. Our Criminal Code had been being revised
by the Parliament in the past.
3. PT Lapindo had been trying to channel the hot mud to the sea during Ramadhan month. 4. Indonesia had been fighting against
corruption during the last decade.
TENSES
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE PAST FUTURE PERF. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang pasti akan telah terjadi di masa yang akan datang
FORMULAS
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE PAST FUTURE PERF. TENSE
S + will/shall + have + Verb 3
S + will/shall + have + been + Verb 3
S + should + have + Verb 3
S + should + have + been + Verb 3
• by the end of this year
TENSES
FUTURE PERF.CONT. TENSE PAST FUT. PERF. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang pasti akan terjadi secara terus menerus di masa yang akan datang
FORMULAS
FUTURE PERF. CONT. TENSE PAST FUT. PERF. CONT. TENSE
S + will + have + been + Verb 4
S + will + have + been + being + V 3S + should + have + been + being + V 3S + should + have + been + Verb 4
• since yesterday
• since a few months ago • for four years
• for six months • since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
• in the last decade • during the First Pelita
Exercises
That lawyer often tackles divorce cases.
That lawyer is tackling a divorce case currently.
That lawyer will often tackle divorce cases in the future.
That lawyer will be tackling a divorce case when the candidate widow is as beautiful as Monalisa.
That lawyer has tackled divorce cases since three months ago.
That lawyer has been tackling divorce cases since three months ago. That lawyer will have tackled divorce cases if he has got a certificate
from
the Religious Depertment.
That lawyer will have been tackling a divorce case. That lawyer tackled a divorce case last month.
That lawyer was tackling a divorce case When he arranged his divorce
with
his wife.
That lawyer would tackle a divorce case.
That lawyer would be tackling a divorce case when the candidate
widow was
as beautiful as Monalisa.
That lawyer had tackled a divorce case
The lawyer had been tackling a divorce case That lawyer should have tackled a divorce case.
Exercise
They hunt for the drug dealer every day (Present Tense). They are hunting the drug dealer now (Present
Continuous Tense)
They will hunt for the drug dealer next week (Future
Tense)
They will be hunting for the drug dealer when the
airplane lands (Future
Continuous Tense)
They have hunted for the drug dealer since yesterday
(Present Perfect Tense)
They have been hunting for the drug dealer since last
week (Present
Perfect Continuous Tense)
They will have hunted for the drug dealer when the
airplane has landed
(Future Perfect Tense)
They will have been hunting for the drug dealer if the
airplane has been landing
Exercises
The HC of WS should have overturned the verdict of the Court of
Pdg.
The H. C. of WS should have been overturning the verdict of the
Exercises
1.
He violates Article 351 of the Penal Code
2.
He is violating Article 351 of the PC
3.
He will violate Article 351 of the PC
4.
He will be violating Article 351 of the PC
5.
He has violated Article 351 of the PC
6.
He has been violating Article 351 of the
PC
7.
He will have violated Article 351 of the
PC
8.
He will have been violating Article 351 of
Exercises
The questions concerning temporary visas are provided
for by customary law.
The questions concerning temporary visas are being
provided for by customary law.
The questions concerning temporary visas will be
provided for by customary law
The questions concerning temporary visas will be being
provided for by CL
The questions concerning temporary visas have been
provided for by CL
The Questions concerning temporary visas have been
being provided for by CL
The questions concerning temporary visas will have been
provided for by CL
The Questions concerning temporary visas will have been
Exercise
1.
He eats 3 kg’s of meat every day.
2.
He is eating meat now.
3.
He will eat meat tomorrow.
4.
He will be eating meat next week.
5.
He has eaten meat since childhood.
6.
He has been eating meat since this
morning.
7.
He will have eaten meat by magrib time
Exercises
1.
She writes a letter every week
2.
She is writing a letter
3.
She will write a letter
4.
She will be writing a letter
5.
She has written a letter
6.
She has been writing a letter
7.
She will have written a letter
Exercises
1.
She brings flowers every morning.
2.
She is bringing flowers
3.
She will bring flower
4.
She will be bringing flower
5.
She has brought flowers
6.
She has been bringing flowers
7.
She will have brought flowers
ADVERB OF MANNER
Kata sifat yang diberikan akhiran “ly” guna untuk menyatakan mutu perbuatan.
Examples:
negligent negligently dengan/secara lalai
intentional intentionally dengan/secara sengaja nationalnationally secara nasional
illegal illegally secara tidak sah angry angrily dengan marah
busy busily dengan sibuk
careful carefully dengan/secara hati-hati official officially secara resmi
EXCEPTION
well
bad badly= mendesak
low lowly = rendah-rendah high highly = sangat
hard hardly = sama sekali tidak latelately = belakangan ini
early fast
soft
Cara Meletakkan AOM Dalam Kalimat
1. Dalam kalimat aktif yang punya objek, AOM
diletakkan setelak Objek. Tapi kalau tidak ada objek maka AOM diletakkan setelah kata kerja
2. Dalam kalimat Pasif, AOM diletakkan setelah Verb
To Be atau sebelum Kata Kerja Past Participle
3. Dalam kalimat nominal, AOM diletakkan setelah
Verb To Be atau sebelum Kata Sifat.
4. Dalam kalimat sedang yang punya objek, AOM
EXAMPLES
1. The Police has been investigating this murder seriously since last month.
2. As I was slowly passing an orphan’s home one day.
3. Many drug dealers were severely sentenced by various courts in Indonesia.
4. Potential offenders will be morally deterred by severe punishment of courts.
5. Diplomatic immunity and inviolability are legally extended to the family of a diplomat.
6. This principle is widely accepted by developed countries.
7. You must read Al Quran well before marrying me.
Exception
1.
I can speak English well
2.
You must study hard
Exercises
He is blind (morally)
He is wrong (totally)
You are right (absolutely)
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
Always
: all of the time
Usually
: most of the time
Often
: many times
Seldom
: not many times
Rarely : very seldom
Sometimes
: some of the time
Ever
: at once
Never
: not at once
Soon
Examples
1.
Law binds the citizens all of the time
Law always binds the citizens
2.
He has committed crimes many times.
RELATIVE PRONOUN / ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Relative pronoun adalah kata yang dipakai untuk mengganti kata benda, guna menghindari
pengulangan kata benda (noun).
Dalam B. Inggris kata yang dimaksud adalah: Who;
Whom; Whose; Which;
of which; dan that
Pemakaian Relative Pronoun
Who; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai
subjek.
Whom; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai objek Whose; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah
kata benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai milik
Which; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata benda golongan bukan orang, baik yang berfungsi sebagai subjek maupun sebagai objek.
of which; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata benda golongan bukan orang, yang berfungsi sebagai milik.
That; dipakai untuk menggantikan who, whom dan which, khususnya bila kata yang digantikan
Adjective
Fat man
The man, who wears red shirt, is my brother
I do not know what is in his mind.
He went to movie with Hanny.
Who did he go to movie with?
With whom did he go to movie?
Examples
1. Dia memanggil saksi
Saksi itu membela dirinya
Dia memanggil saksi yang membela dirinya
He called upon the witness who defended himself He called upon the witness defending himself
2. Ahmad meracuni cucunya
Dia menganggap cucunya sebagai tukang gaduh
Ahmad meracuni cucunya yang dia anggap sebagai tukang gaduh
Ahmad poisoned his grandson whom he regarded as a trouble maker.
3. Doddy menikahi wanita
Anak (pr) wanita itu teman sekelasnya.
Doddy menikahi wanita, yang anaknya teman sekelas dia
The advising bank will
pay the L/C
The advising bank is
provided with several
Examples
1. Terdakwa mengajukan bukti.
Dia berharap bukti itu membela kepentingannya.
Terdakwa mengajukan bukti yang dia harap untuk membela kepentingannya.
The defendant adduced the evidence which he/she expected to defend his/her interest.
2. That boy ate the rice.
The rice was poisoned by his grandpa.
That boy ate the rice which was poisoned by his grandpa. The boy ate the rice poisoned by his grandpa
3. Actions and statements are also of concern to the law of contracts. Actions and statements give rise to expectations.
Actions and statements which give rise to expectations are also of concern to the law of contracts.
4. The main objective of any international convention is to create a peaceful and harmonious condition
Regulated community resides in a peaceful and harmonious condition
Exercises
1.
A judge will be fired.
2.
That judge is proven to receive bribery.
3.
We will have a lecture from a speaker
1.
He was born in a house
1.
He lived in
a house
2.
He was born in a house which he lived in
3.He was born in a house in which he lived
4.He was born in a house where he lived
2.
Romeo died on the date
3.
Juliet was born on the date
4.
Romeo died on the date which Juliet
was born on
5.
Romeo died on the date on which Juliet
was born.
6.
Romeo died on the date when Juliet
Exercises
1. The law of contracts is concerned with expectations.
The expectations are induced by the conduct of others.
2. The labors were deported by the Malaysian government.
The labors did not have travel documents.
3. The Supreme Court decided that all plants must be relocated
All plants are located around the Taj Mahal,
4. The witness is called an a de charge witness. The witness defends the defendant’s interest.
5. The good neighborliness principle is codified in the Stockholm Declaration.
Exercises # 2
1.
Buku yang saya baca ini dicetak pada tahun
1955.
2.
Dia akan menyewa rumah
yang
terletak di
bukit itu.
3.
Jaksa akan menahan pria
yang
Laura
Laporkan kemaren.
4.
Kami akan menggugat wanita yang menjual
mobil kuno itu.
1. He drove the van
The van was repaired
by a drunken mechanic
Ali bought a car
Exercises
6. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a process.
The process produces a statement to be used in guiding decision-making, with several related functions
7. EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner submit a written document.
The written document describes the probable or possible future environmental impact of the
intended action.
8. EIA is a detailed study concerning the potential effects
The potential effects arise from a proposed activity,
Exercises
9.
Ali sues a man
The man lives opposite to his house
10.
Ali sues a woman
The woman’s dog bit him
11.
The inspector asked questions to the
thief
The Birugo villager hit the thief
12.
Pasar Raya Traders came to consult the
Legislators
Pasar Raya Traders objected to Mayor’s
development plan.
13.
Pasar Raya Traders protested the city
plan
Exercises
1.
The B Tinggi Policeman caught the
computer analyst ... I hired to create
my office website.
2.
The Supreme Court ordered the
defendant to release the cargo ... he
seizured.
3.
The Court decided that the doctor to pay
Exercises
1.
All shoppers who entered the rear door
were all dead due to noxious gas from
the incinerator.
2.
All shoppers entering the rear
door ...
3.
The shoppers who were injured got
compensation from the management of
the plaza.
4.
The shoppers injured got compensation
Any person can be punished for 1 year imprisonment Any person breaks Article 21 of this Regulation.
Any person that breaks article 21 of this Regulation can be punished for 1 year imprisonment.
I want to do something
Something makes me happy.
I want to do something that makes me happy I want to do something makes me happy
Omission of Relative Pronoun
1. He called upon the witness who defended himself.
He called upon the witness defending himself
2. That boy ate the rice which was poisoned by his grandpa.
That boy ate the rice, poisoned by his grandpa.
3. The law of contracts is concerned with the
expectations which are induced by the conduct of others.
The law of contracts is concerned with the
expectations induced by the conduct of others.
4. Actions and statements are also of concern to the law of contracts which give rise to
expectations.
Omission of Relative Pronoun
5. The labors, who did not have travel documents, were deported by the Malaysian government.
The labors, not having travel documents, were deported by the Malaysian government.
6. The witness, who defends the defendant’s interest, is called an ad-charge witness.
The witness, defending the defendant’s interest, is called an ad-charge witness.
7. The good neighborliness principle, which derives from a Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle, deriving from a Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm Declaration.
8. The Supreme Court decided that all plants, which are located around the Taj Mahal, must be relocated.
Omission of Relative Pronoun
9. The good neighborliness principle, which derives from a Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle, deriving from a Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm Declaration
10. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a process which produces a statement to be used in guiding decision-making, with several related functions.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a process, producing a statement to be used in guiding decision-making, with several related functions.
11. EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner submit a written document, which describe the probable or possible future environmental impact of the intended action. EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner submit a written document, describing the probable or
