1-Introduction Organic Chemistry.ppt

Introduction :

Organic Chemistry

presented by

Lewis Carrol

“ The horror of the moment”, the King went on, “I shall never, never

forget!”

Ali bin Abi Thalib

If you want to bond the knowledge,

Welcome at the

launching point of

a new adventure

called…

By committing yourself to hard work and self

After all,

you’re already a highly

As you read these words,

Your eyes are using an organic compound (retinal) to convert visible light into nerve

Absorbs light when we see

H

O

When you picked up the book,

Your muscles were doing chemical

reactions on sugars to give you the energy

As you

understand,

Gaps between your brain cells

are being bridged by simple organic molecules

(neurotransmitter amines) so that nerve impulses can be

Human Neurotransmitter

N H HO

NH₂

And you did all that

without

consciously

Chemists cooperate with

physicists & mathematicians

to understand how molecules behave & with biologists to

What is

Organic Chemistry

Orchem is..

What is it about carbon that makes this one

element the focus of an entire branch of

Carbon…

• _{Form stable bonds to each other}

as well as to a wide variety of other elements

• _{Consist of chains & rings}

• _{Bonding in ways that form an}

At this time,

Chemists have identifed and or synthesized more than 10 million

carbon-based compounds

…..and they add thousands of new organic molecules to the list

The roots of chemistry

Empirical discoveries

Development of chemical techniques

such as : metal smelting, textile dyeing, glass making & butter /

Philosophies

…

Discussion of the nature of matter and its transformation

One of particular interest is

Democritus (460 -370

B.C.)

Thought that atoms were solid particles & existed in a void

but could move about and

interact with each other

Aristotle

&

Plato

rejected

Socrates

felt that studying the nature of man and his relationships

was much more important than

But..

Don’t underestimate

people that have

opposite in thinking

Socrates insisting

defnitions & classifcation be clear,

arguments be logical & ordered

and that

Plato adopted the

four

elements

philosophy :

Aristotle added to

those 4 elements

4

associated qualities

:

Aristotle believed that

each element

possesed

One element might be changed

(transmuted) into another

element by changing its qualities

Example :

Earth was dry & cold, but it could be transmuted into fre by

The theories

remained

important for

nearly

Jabir Ibn Hayyan

rejected the 4 elements theory because it was

Jabir Ibn Hayyan’s researches-1

• _{Sulphate acid}

• _{Nitrate acid – by reacting iron sulphate &}

potassium nitrate, used as storage battery water

• _{Mercury sulphate or Zinjafr (Persi) –}

added to iron to prevent oxidation process

• _{Gold purifcation using acid from silver}

• _{White steel – by heating ore of steel in}

vinegar & mixture of soda, used as wall paint material

• _{Mercury crystal, caustic soda, arsenic}

oxide, pure mercury oxide, potassium carbon, sodium carbon, potassium

nitrate, alkali nitrate, aluminium sulphate, etc.

• _{Chemical techniques, such as :}

condensation, fltration, purifcation, crystallization, fermentation, melting process, distillation, calcifcation,

freezing process, bleaching process, hardening process, sufocating

process, precipitation, etc

• _{Precipitation of AgCl from NaCl and}

AgNO3

• _{Malaki water – by reacting aluminium}

chloride & nitrate acid, used to melt the gold ore

• _{Gold-like ink – from copper sulphate}

as a gold ink substituted, used to write calligraphy

• _{Hardener fabric & leather}

Jabir Ibn Hayyan’s researches-5

• _{Compound which can make fabric}

become water resistant

• _{Paper that can’t be burned with fre -}

his teacher, Imam Ja’far Ash Shadiq, requested it to write knowledge

• _{Author of Kitab As-Sumuum Wa Daf’u}

Mudhaarrihaa, about properties of toxic compounds

Jabir ofered a new theory

“There are seven mine materials in nature : gold, silver, copper, iron,

steel, mercury and metal. The

ingredients of those mine materials are sulphate and mercury, which in

Ibnu Sina

• _{Disagreed with the Jabir’s theory} • _{Wrote in his book titled Asy-Syifaa’}

“ We can only add or remove the

physical properties of mine material, but not the core. For example, we can’t

Abu Yusuf Ya’qub Al Kindi

Rejected Ibnu Sina’s theory

“ All things in nature already separated automatically without any human being interfering. So its impossible

Abu Nashr Muhammad al-Farabi

“ Transformation process depend on the properties which want to add or remove. The core is impossible to change. But its impossible to

Alchemy

• _{In the end of the frst century B.C.}

(Alexandria, Egypt)

• _{A mixture of philosophy, religious}

or spiritual, ideas, astrology &

Many alchemist truly believed…

that somewhere in nature there existed a procedure that would form precious metals from base

materials such as :

Their logic was quite sound…

It was the result of looking as many dramatic changes they

could see in nature

Example :

in fre, wood simply disappeared

They had no way of knowing

that

converting lead to gold

involved

a tottaly diferent type of change than that of using

Historian often call this

time period

Modern Chemistry

• _{Replace the alchemist’s 4 elements}

with the understanding of atoms

• _{Identity of a substance stayed the}

same even when that substance

became a part of another substance

• _{Example : Copper is always even} when mixed with zinc to form

• _{Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691)}

Begin the study of gases/air

• _{Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)}

Recognized that oxygen was

Early in 19 th century

• _{Chemists mostly ignored orchem}

• _{Viewing it as either}

medically/biologically related because nearly all the known

Do you know…??

A part of the beginnings of orchem was the study of compounds derived from

the ORGANS of living creatures

But..

Lavoisier was very

interested in orchem and considered it to be a part of

chemistry

He looked at some organic compounds and found that

At the time-1…

• _{Organic compounds were much}

more complex & unstable than the inorganic being synthesized

• _{Chemists thought that organic}

At the time-2…

• _{Chemist believed that organic}

compounds came only from living organism

• _{The formation of the known organic} compounds, such as : urea,

starches, oil & sugar, required some

Orchem

became the study

Vitalism

is the belief that the

synthesis of orchem

requires the

vital force

Of course…

Several chemists

not believe

the

vitalism idea of

Michel Chevreul

• _{Study the composition of fats from}

several sources of animal fat & alkali using the saponifcation process

• _{Separated soap into several pure}

organic compounds & found that the compounds were diferent from the fat that he had started with – he

But…

• _{Previously people had not}

understood that a chemistry reaction took place during the

soap making process

• _{They thought that soap was}

simply a combination of the fat & alkali

Friedrich Wöhler

Synthesis of urea in 1828 and he said :

“without the use of a kidney”

Actually…

Wöhler’s goal

was not to

He was

trying to make

ammonium cyanate

(NH

₄

OCN)

, a

In fact,

he may have

become

frustated

because he

tried

to make

ammonium cyanate by

Route-1

Reacting silver cyanate with

ammonium chloride

Reasoning that silver chloride is insoluble and would

Route-2

Reacting lead cyanate with

Route-3

Reacting ammonium

But..

every attempt led to the same white

crystalline

substance that was not the desired

Wöhler decided to identify

the unknown substance

and found out it as UREA…

He recognized the importance of his

Luck is

preparation

meet

Wöhler’s speech

“ The research gave the unexpected result….that is the more

noteworthy inasmuch as it furnishes an example of the

artifcial production of an organic, indeed a so-called animal

Chevreul & Wöhler

had proved that compounds of carbon can be synthesize

The Organic

Compounds

William Henry Perkin

In 1856, at age 18

working in his home laboratory on vacation from London’s Royal Collage of Chemistry

N H₃CO

HO

N

A task

not accomplished

But..

He accidentally

synthesized the

dye called

The next year…

• _{Using money borrowed from} his father, he built a factory

and marketed the new dye

• _{He found out that coal tar}

was a rich source of starting materials for a variety of

Felix Hofmann

Learned how to prepare aspirin from natural salicylic acid

The idea :

• _{For hundreds of years, people had}

chewed the bark of the willow tree

to relieve minor pain

• _{Willow tree bark contains the}

Aspirin

Superior to salicylic acid as an analgesic because it produces

less irritation to the stomach

Scientists…

• _{investigated questions &}

discovered other questions

• _{have learned that the answer to}

some questions must wait for the development of better

Are you ever heading in one direction with a

particular project only to fnd it turning out

diferently than you had

Do you just junk the project, or do you fnd yourself

trying to fgure out what

went wrong or how you can use the project some other

Do you know…??

Many of the great

discoveries of chemistry were made because the chemist investigated the

reasons for an

Roy J. Plunkett • _{was working for Du Pont}

attempting to fnd a non toxic refrigerant

• _{he opened the valve on a cylinder} of tetrafuoroethylene to begin an experiment, but nothing came out • _{although the weight of the tank}

Plunkett…

• _{pushed a wire into the valve to}

determine if it blocked, the wire went in freely

• _{had no understanding of what was}

wrong…

• _{decided to investigate, instead of}

Plunkett opened the tank and found it flled with a waxy white powder

The molecules of tetrafuoroethylene

had reacted together to form

What caused it..??

On further investigation,

Plunkett found some iron oxide

inside the tank & discovered that it had catalyzed the

This new polymer had some remarkable properties…!!!

• _{not react with either strong}

acids/bases • _{heat stable}

• _{no solvent could dissolve it}

• _{extremely slippery}

• _{resistant to uranium hexafuoride}

(extremely corrosive gas) –

Du Pont manufactured Plunkett’s polymer for the Manhattan Project

Tefon’s usefulness

• _{coated cookware}

• _{artifcial hips & knee joints or} aortas & pacemakers

• _{space suits, ware & cable} insulation

• _{spaceship nose cones}

Orchem touches

every aspect

The clothes you wear The food you eat

The vehicles you drive

All living creatures consist

largely of complex carbon

– containing molecules

Chemists learned how to

synthesize complex

Orchem came back to its

roots

Positive

&

Negative

Plastic

• _{Polymer industry highly}

impacted modern society in daily life

• _{Do not readily degradable}

Hazardous Materials

• _{Waste of industry}

• _{Contaminating the soil, air & water}

So…

besides being a consumer,

Are you good at

thinking up new ideas

The market place

always

welcomes

Do you have a

concern

for the

There is a worldwide need for solutions to the multitude

of environmental problems

&

to fnd new products to

replace those products causing harm to the

Or…

You could use orchem as

an important foundation

of your profession in medicine, industry or

Ask those

questions

How to develop the success method in

studying organic chemistry…???