The study of semantic features on English verbs containing meaning to walk - USD Repository

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THE STUDY OF SEMANTIC FEATURES ON ENGLISH

VERBS CONTAINING MEANING

TO WALK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

AGNES SRI PAULINA Student Number: 034214111

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2009

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MOTTO

Perseverance can make something impossible become possible,

make a possibility become a bigger possibility, and make a

bigger possibility come true.

(Robert Half)

Everything will be fine at the point of time.

(Agnes S.Paulina

)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer believes that she would not be able to finish this undergraduate thesis if there were no help from others. She is very glad to express her gratitude to those who have been so kind to her during her study in the college. She would like to dedicate her gratitude to particular names below.

First of all, she thanks Jesus Christ who is always guiding and protecting her anywhere and anytime. Without His blessing, she believes that she was nothing.

She thanks her advisor Adventina Putranti S.S. M. Hum, for the kindness in guiding her in the process of finishing this thesis, for the advice to dedvelop her analysis, and for the information on the reference books. She also thanks her co-advisor Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd. M. A., for giving her some corrections in this thesis.

She expresses her everlasting gratitude to her father Paulus Jiminar Adwianto S. Pd, her mother Lusia Sriyati, and her sister Elisabet Dewi Sulistyawati. Thanks for the love, care, and support so that she could motivate herself to finish this thesis as soon as possible.

She would like to thank her beloved man Aloysius Adityo Esti Wijatmico, for the love, support, care, happiness, sadness, and consolation. She thanks Mico’s mother, father, and twin sister Rita and Ratih, for the support to keep spirit. Thanks to Frater Veri who always accompanies and guides her to pray.

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She thanks Paulina Gupta Wijaya, for the willingness to share some ideas with her. Her best friends Margareta Novita Kasmawati, who always share some jokes, sadness, happiness with smile, and Putri Kurnia Jati, who always asks her to keep spirit. She also extends her gratitude to 9C’ s big family Ery, Eli, Beta, Byti, Anyez, Sari, Yanita, Helmy Siska, Yani, Yanti, Aken, and Lala.

Finally, she would like to express her greatest gratitude to all her friends in the Seriboe Djendela Teater and the 2003 English Letters especially Sastra Mungil Community. Thanks to Leni, Mando, Abit, Mei, Maya, Clara, C-sil, Ike, Demz, Sondang, Djamil, Dewi, Theo, Ketut, Nani, Afrill, Yuni, Intan, Yacko, Inop, Cita, Ginting, and Muji.

Agnes Sri Paulina

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii

MOTTO PAGE ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii

TABLE OF TABLE... ix

ABSTRACT... x

ABSTRAK ... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……….. 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Objectives of the Study ... 3

D. Definition of Terms ... 3

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW………. 5

A. Review of Related Studies ... 5

1. Undergraduate thesis by Dwi Ratri Indriyana ... 5

2. Undergraduate thesis by Sigid Bintoro ... 6

B. Review of Related Theories ... 7

1. Theory on Linguistic Meaning ... 7

a. theory on word meaning ... 8

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b. theory on sentential meaning ………... 9

2. Theory on Synonym……….. 10

3. Theory on Componential Analysis……… 11

C. Theoretical Framework……….. 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……….. 15

A. Object of the Study ... 15

B. Approach of the Study ... 16

C. Method of the Study ... 17

1. Data Collection ...… 17

2. Data Analysis ... 18

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS……… 21

A. The Semantic Features of English Verbs containing meaning to walk 21 B The Use of the English Verbs containing meaning to walk... 41

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION………... 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY... 66

APPENDICES………. 70

Appendix 1………. 70

Appendix 2………. 73

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TABLE OF TABLE

Table 1 ……… 18

Table 2 ……… 22

Table 3 ……… 23

Table 4 ……… 24

Table 5 ……… 25

Table 6 ……… 26

Table 7 ……… 27

Table 8 ……… 28

Table 9 ……… 28

Table 10 ……… 30

Table 11 ……… 31

Table 12 ……… 32

Table 13 ……… 32

Table 14 ……… 33

Table 15 ……… 34

Table 16 ……… 35

Table 17 ……… 36

Table 18 ……… 36

Table 19 ……… 37

Table 20 ……… 38

Table 21 ……… 39

Table 22 ……… 40

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ABSTRACT

AGNES SRI PAULINA. The Study of Semantic Features on English Verbs Containing Meaning To Walk. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

This thesis is about the semantic features on English verb containing meaning to walk. The writer studies the English verb containing meaning to walk because it is one of English verbs with many near synonyms. The verb to walk in this case is defined as “to move along at a slow or moderate pace by lifting up and putting the down each foot in turn”. This definition is stated from Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary. The scope of the study is related to only human activities, which do not include animals, plants, and inanimate matters, because the human being has many kinds of moving that are seen from different manner, position of body, and reason.

This research has two objectives in the semantic analysis. First, it is to highlight the differences of each verb meaning to walk through the semantic features. Second, it is to show and analyze the use of each verb meaning to walk in sentences.

The writer uses Linguistic theories that involve word meaning and sentential meaning, synonyms, and theory on componential analysis to support the analysis. The writer uses componential analysis as the approach.

After analyzing the whole data, the writer obtains five things. First, using the semantic features, the features of the verbs can be categorized into manner, position of body, and the reason for moving. There are 14 features on manner of the movement such as slowly, relaxedly, heavily, lifting the feet, short steps, backwards and forwards, unsteadily, move gently in water, laboriously in any substance, move on toes, move in weakness, stealthy manner, move with regular steps of equal length, individually. There are 4 features on the position of body such as standing firmly, sideways, laming, almost falling over. There are 19 features on the reason for moving such as, not to attract attention, partially disabled leg, moving together group or military formation, waiting for something nervously, playing in the water, procession to celebrate something, without resting, exercising, aimless, weakness, tiredness, laziness, being nervous, bored, old, drunkenness, fatigue , to steal, to boast off, relaxed activity, not to be known the presence, having no house, tired on long journey, any substance that is shallow. Second, all verbs are intransitive. Third, Some verbs require the direction such as edge, march, pace, plod, promenade, shamble, shuffle, stalk, stride, stroll, tiptoe, totter, trudge, wade and some do not require such as limp, paddle, parade, ramble, stagger, tramp. Fourth, the features of each verb can be identified explicitly through the choice of words and implicitly by looking at the context. Fifth, each verb meaning to walk has different reason to move

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ABSTRAK

AGNES SRI PAULINA. The Study of Semantic Features on English Verbs Containing Meaning To Walk. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009.

Skripsi ini tentang fitur semantis dari kata kerja Bahasa Inggris yang berarti to walk. Penulis kata kerja bahasa Inggris yang berarti to walk karena kata kerja ini adalah salah satu dari kata kerja bahasa Inggris yang memiliki banyak padanan kata dengan makna yang kurang lebih sama tetapi tidak identik. Kata kerja to walk dalam masalah ini didefinisikan sebagai “bergerak dengan langkah pelan atau teratur dengan cara mengangkat dan menurunkan masing-masing kaki secara bergantian.” Definisi ini didapatkan dari kamus Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary. Penelitian ini hanya mencakup kegiatan manusia, tidak termasuk hewan, tumbuhan, dan benda-benda tidak bergerak, karena manusia memiliki beragam bentuk berjalan yang dapat dilihat dari perbedaan cara, posisi tubuh, dan alasan.

Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan dalam analisa semantik. Pertama, tujuannya adalah untuk menggarisbawahi perbedaan dari setiap kata kerja to walk lewat fitur semantis. Kedua, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan dan menganalisa penggunaan setiap arti kata kerja to walk dalam kalimat.

Penulis menggunakan teori Linguistik yang mencakup arti kata dan arti kalimat, teori sinonim serta teori analisa komponen untuk mendukung analisa. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan analisa komponen.

Setelah menganalisa data-data, penulis mendapati empat hal. Pertama, menggunakan fitur semantis, fitur dari kata kerja dapat dikategorikan ke dalam cara, posisis tubuh, dan alasan bergerak. Terdapat 13 fitur cara bergerak seperti dengan pelan, dengan rileks, dengan langkah berat, mengangkat kaki, langkah pendek, mondar-mandir, sempoyongan, bergerak dalam air dengan pelan, bergerak dalam zat cair yang pekat, bergerak dengan ujung kaki, bergerak dengan keadaan lemah, bergerak dengan diam-diam, bergerak dengan langkah yang sama, 4 fitur posisi tubuh seperti berdiri dengan tegak, berjalan menyamping, pincang, hampir jatuh, dan 19 fitur untuk alasan bergerak seperti supaya tidak menarik perhatian, salah satu kaki tidak berfungsi dengan baik, bergerak bersama dalam kelompok atau formasi pasukan militer, menunggu seseorang dengan gelisah, bermain dalam air, prosesi untuk merayakan sesuatu, tanpa istirahat, latihan, tak bertujuan, lemah, kelelahan, malas, gelisah, bosan, tua, mabuk, kelelahan yang sangat, menyelinap/mencuri, menyombongkan diri, aktivitas santai, tidak diketahui kehadirannya, tidak punya rumah, lelah karena perjalanan jauh, zat cair yang dangkal. Kedua, semua kata kerja tersebut termasuk intransitif. Ketiga, beberapa kata kerja membutuhkan arah acuan seperti edge, march, pace, plod, promenade, shamble, shuffle, stalk, stride, stroll, tiptoe, totter, trudge, wade, dan beberapa tidak memerlukan arah acuan seperti limp, paddle, parade, ramble, stagger, tramp. Keempat, feature dari setiap kata kerja dapat diidentifikasi secara eksplisit lewat pemilihan kata dan secara implisit dengan melihat konteks. Kelima, masing-masing kata kerja memiliki alasan yang berbeda.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Living in the world, a human being needs to interact and socialize with others. Human being should be able to deliver their ideas by using good ways and methods of communication. One of them is by using language. In order to deliver the ideas, the human being needs to know and understand well what the language itself is. Ronald Wardhaugh defines language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (Wardhaugh, 1977:3). It is similar to the definition of language according to Aitchison which it is the specialized sound signaling system which seems to be genetically programmed to develop in humans to communicate (Aitchison, 2003:13)

Language is creative, the communication is not restricted to a fixed set of topic; human being constantly produce and understand new messages in response to new situations and new experiences (Kreidler, 1998: 7). It means that language has always undergone the improvement in line with experiences of human being himself. There are three parts of language; phonology, syntax, and semantics. Phonology is the study of sound pattern. Syntax is the study of the arrangement and the forms of words. Semantics is the study of meaning. (Aitchison, 1982:17).

The writer studied semantics because the writer studied the meaning as the basic knowledge. In this research, the writer analyzed the English verbs

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meaning to walk because it was one of English verbs with many near synonyms. Especially, the writer studied the semantic features on the English verb meaning to walk because the writer wanted to highlight the differences of each verb used in sentences for English students. This study could enrich their English vocabularies by understanding the features of each verb and the use in sentences. In this research, using semantic feature, the writer tried to identify the features and the use of each type. To analyze the words meaning to walk, the writer used the study of synonyms. Synonyms are words that have one or more meaning in common and are interchangeable within certain context (Dees, 2003: 3). The synonymous words share the common meaning. In most situations could be substituted for each other with little difference in meaning

To limit the problems, the writer referred to the basic definition in Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary. It stated that the meaning of the verb

to walk is to move along at a slow or moderate pace by lifting up and putting

down each foot in turn (Hornby, 1995:1337). The writer decided to analyze twenty verbs meaning to walk which were related to human activities only, which did not include animals, plants, and inanimate matters, because the human being had many kinds of moving that was seen from different reason, and situation. They were edge, limp, march, pace, paddle, parade, plod, promenade, ramble, shamble, shuffle, stagger, stalk, stride, stroll, tiptoe,

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B. Problem Formulation

In order to get deeper understanding about the differences of each verb meaning to walk, as guidance, the writer has formulated two problems.

1. What are the semantic features on English verb containing meaning to walk?

2. How are these verbs used in sentences? C. Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study of the semantic analysis were mainly to answer the problems. First, the research was to highlight the differences of each verb meaning to walk through the semantic features. Second were to show and analyze the use of the each verb meaning to walk in sentences. D. Definition of Terms

In this research, some terms are defined below.

a. Componential Analysis. According to Richard, Platt, and Weiber in

Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, it is an approach to a study

of meaning, which analyses a word into a set of meaning components or semantic features. Componential analysis is applied to a group of related words that may differ from one another only by one or two components. Besides, linguists use any approaches to analyze linguistic units which usually words and sound are divided into smaller parts or components (1985: 53).

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CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer discusses the review of related studies and review of related theories. The reviews of related studies present the studies that had been done by previous writers that have relation to this study. In the review of related theories, the writer presents and list several theories that can support this analysis.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. An undergraduate thesis written by Dwi Ratri Indriyana entitled The Semantic and Syntactic Features of the intransitive verb related to visual sense

Indriyana on one occasion analyzed the semantic features of the intransitive verb related “to visual senses”. Her objectives were to find out the words denoting visual sense, to find out the semantic properties of these words and to know the syntactic properties of the verbs. In her research, she found sixty-three verbs denoting visual activities that twenty-four of them are in the intransitive verb category; crane, discern, gape, gawk, gaze, glance, glare, glint, gloat, glower, goggle, leer, look, observe, ogle, peek, peep, peer,

rubberneck, see, spy, squint, stare, watch. She used four dictionaries to define

these verbs; Meriam-Webster’s College Dictionary Eleventh Edition, Webster’s New Twentieth Dictionary Unbridged, Longman Dictionary of

English Language and Culture, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. From

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these dictionaries, she could find the semantic features of each verb. Besides, she also used the syntactic features to show the similarities and the differences that were owned by the verbs.

In her study, Indriyana focused only on the intransitive verbs to be analyzed. This idea contributes the writer of this thesis to analyze the English verb meaning to walk to prove whether these verbs having meaning to walk are the intransitive verb or not.

However, there are two differences between Indriyana’s study and this thesis. First, Indriyana used syntactic features to show the similarities and the differences of each verb. Meanwhile, this thesis uses only semantic features to see the differences and the similarities of each verb. Second, Indriyana did not use each verb in sentences whereas the writer of this thesis uses each verb in sentences.

2. An undergraduate thesis written by Sigid Bintoro entitled The Semantic Features of English Words Meaning “Good Looking”

Sigid Bintoro did another study of semantic features of English words meaning “Good Looking”. The objectives of his study were to find out the definition of the English adjective meaning “good looking”, and to find out the semantic features of the words. He found fifteen words that have meaning “good looking”; beautiful, handsome, fine, charming, graceful, attractive, pretty, elegant, lovely, sexy, cute, gorgeous, exquisite, fair, and breathtaking.

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Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Webster’s New Twentieth Century

Dictionary Unbridged. He used componential analysis method to show the

semantic features of the words.

In Bintoro’s study, he only focused on the semantic feature. His study contributed the writer to analyze another word with the same scope. It is about the semantic features. In this thesis, the writer studied the English verbs containing meaning to walk. Bintoro used componential analysis approach to guide the analysis. The writer of this thesis also used componential analysis as the approach to see semantic features.

There are several differences between Bintoro’s study and this thesis. First, the writer of this thesis directly analyzes the semantic features each word while Bintoro’s study analyzed the definition of the words at first to decide the semantic features. Second, the writer of this thesis sees the uses of the words in sentences from sources such as dictionary and articles in website while Bintoro’s study did not use the words in sentences from sources..

B. Review of Related Theories

In this review, the important theories that are related to the research and can support the analysis are presented. The theories can be seen in the following part.

1. Theory on Linguistic Meaning

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and the meaning relationships among words, phrasal, or sentential meaning (2000: 151).

a. Theory on Word Meaning

According to Richard, Platt, and Weiber, word is the smallest Linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing (1985: 311). Nida supports this idea. According to her, a single word may have a number of quite different meanings. However, in most instances, a word has central meaning from which a number of other meanings are derived. There will be a connection between each of these meanings and the apparent central meaning. (1975: 11).

The same word may have different meanings, and different words may have closely related meanings. For instances, the adjectives beautiful, pretty,

and graceful have the same meaning as good looking (Bintoro, 2007:31).

According to Nida, there are four types of relations between related meanings of different terms; inclusion, overlapping, complementation, and contiguity (1975: 15). Inclusion is the meaning of one word that is included into meaning of another word. For example, the meaning of poodle is included into the meaning of dog; the meaning of dog is included into the meaning of animal. Overlapping is the meaning of one word that can be substituted with other

words in certain context without significant change in the conceptual content of an utterance, for example, sick/ill, answer/reply, possess/own. Complementation is the meaning that has contrast meaning with another word

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Contiguity is the components/features of meaning that represent the relations

between closely related meanings. It means that although a word has similar meaning with others, there is a distinct feature to differentiate with others. For example, walk, run, hop, and skip (1975: 18). These verbs share the features of movement by an animate being by using the parts of body but they are different in the number of part of body that is used and the order of movement. b. Theory on sentential meaning

According to Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, sentential meaning is built from the meaning of noun phrases and verb phrases (2000: 171). This explanation has similar idea with Cruse. According to Cruse, a sentence is a grammatical unit that must contain at least one independent clause and at least one predication. It means that it does not need another clause. Thus, the sentence is the smallest linguistic unit that can be used in an act of “telling” (2000: 22). However, a sentence is not merely used to tell something. It should have truly condition and contain grammatical arrangement. The grammar of language is associated with the principles of composition, how to put together the meanings of constituents of a construction to get the global meaning of the construction (Cruse, 2000: 23). It is said that a sentence should have truth condition because it makes a sentence be a true statement.

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sentence depends on both meaning of its words and its context (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 2000: 164)

2. Theory on Synonym

Words that have the same meaning in a given context are called synonym. In another word, the words are called synonym when they have the same value for all of their semantic features. For example man and boy, big and large.

There are three kinds of synonym in language system; near-synonymy, partial synonymy, and absolute synonymy. Near synonym are the expressions that are more or less similar but not identical in meaning (Lyons, 1995: 60). In other words, near synonym is the words that have the same concepts but it can not substitute each other For examples, mist and fog, stream and brook, dive

and plunge, man and boy. Man and boy both refer to male human. The

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Fromkin, Blair, and Collins mentions that synonym does not occur only in the words that have the same sound but it can occur also in the words that have different sound (2000: 157). It shows that there are no perfect synonyms having same meaning.

3. Theory on Componential Analysis

Kempson mentions that componential analysis is used to give an explicit representation of the systematic relation between words, not as unitary concepts but as complexes made up of components meaning (1989: 18). For example, spinster has the components [FEMALE], [NEVER MARRIED], [ADULT], [HUMAN]. This kind of analysis is used to account for the kinship terminology in various cultures. However, componential analysis is not limited to kinship terms; it can be applied in many areas of the vocabulary. It is used to contrast the component. For example, the differences of the word murder and kill (1989: 18). Murder has the component of intention, causation,

and death. Kill has the component of causation and death. Besides, there is another component that can be shared. The word murder has another component of human.

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sheep. The fundamental distinction lies on the gender, whether it is male or

female, and the maturity, whether it is adult or non-adult. Thus, the semantic features of these words are ram – [male, adult...], ewe – [female, adult…], lamb-[none, adult…]. These features express the semantic relation between different lexical items that have different main meaning.

To understand the degree of similarity between words, it can be easily measured by the number of features they have in common. According to Parker in Linguistics for Non-Linguists, lexical decomposition is a method that is used to characterize the sense/meaning of words (1986: 30). There are several advantages using lexical decomposition. It is easy to characterize the meaning of additional words by adding features and it can explain the intuitions as English speaker such as man and boy (1986: 30). Both are more closely related than the meaning of man and girl. Man and boy have the same value [+male]. Meanwhile, man and girl do not have the same value. Although the linguists have used lexical decomposition, they cannot account exactly how many and which features constitute the universal set of semantic features.

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features [+verb, - musical pitch, +voiced]. The value [_± voiced] is not an exactly component in this case because both words still produce the voice. Thus, the right component is [_± loudness].

C. Theoretical Framework

The objectives of this thesis are to highlight the differences of each verb meaning to walk through the semantic features and to show and analyze the use of the each verb meaning to walk in sentences.

Two questions in the problem formulation were the main discussions in the analysis. The first question is concerning the semantic features of the English verb meaning to walk. The second question is about the use of these verbs in sentences. To answer the questions related to the objectives, theories on Linguistic Meaning that consist of word meaning and sentential meaning, Synonym, and Componential Analysis were applied on the analysis.

In answering the first question, the writer used theory on synonym to search the verbs that have similar meaning with the verb meaning to walk and theory on word meaning to define these verbs based on four dictionaries.

Besides, the writer also uses Componential analysis to analyze the semantic features on each verb and to see the differences between them.

The theory on sentential meaning was used to answer the second question. This theory is used to analyze the use of each word in sentences.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts including the object of the study, the approach of the study, and method of the study. The object of the study discusses the object being analyzed, that is the English verb meaning to walk. The approach of the study discusses about the approach that is used to analyze the object. Finally, the method of study presents data collection and data analysis.

A. Object of the Study

The data in this study are the verbs containing the basic meaning to walk. Thus, in this study there are only verbs meaning to walk to be analyzed. The meaning of the verb to walk is “to move along at a slow or moderate pace by lifting up and putting down each foot in turn” (Hornby AS, 1995:1337). This definition is also supported by other definitions. Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged stated “To go along or move about on foot at a

moderate pace; specifically to move by placing one foot firmly on the ground before lifting the other (Simon and Schuster, 1981: 2055)”. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary stated “to travel on foot at a moderate speed;

proceed by advancing the feet alternately so that there is always one feet on the ground in bipedal locomotion (2001: 1469)”. Longman Dictionary of contemporary English stated “To move along putting one foot in front of the other

(2001: 1605)”. The definitions are limited to human activities only, which do not include animals, plants, and inanimate matters, because human being has many kinds of walking that are seen from different reason, and situation.

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Generally, the analyses, by discovering the semantic features that make the verb meaning to walk different from each other, are revealed. The complete definition will show automatically the distinctive elements clearly, since each verb is considered as synonym. The synonyms always have the distinctive elements in its meaning. The verbs meaning to walk that are going to be analyzed are edge, limp, march, pace, paddle, parade, plod, promenade, ramble, shamble, shuffle,

stagger, stalk, stride, stroll, tiptoe, totter, tramp, trudge, and wade. The writer

uses a dictionary Roget’s Thesaurus of English words and phrases that is written by George Davidson in 2003 by Penguin Books and The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus in 1996 by Oxford University Press because these dictionaries are the

most used.

To define each verb, the writer uses four dictionaries; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionaries (1995), Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary

Unabridged (1981), Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001),

Longman Dictionary of contemporary (2001). The writer decides to use these

fourth dictionaries because they are commonly used for learners and easy to understand.

B. The approach of the Study

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Componential analysis involves the analysis of the meaning of a lexeme into its component parts (Lyons, 1995: 107). The components will be analyzed. After knowing the components, the writer will explain them one by one. From this explanation, the distinction of the words will appear.

C. Method of the Study: 1. Data Collection

In order to write this thesis, the writer conducted some relevant procedures or steps. The first step that was done by the writer in the data collection was defining the verb to walk based on four dictionaries. The second step was selecting verbs containing meaning to walk from the dictionary, which were the verbs having meaning to walk in Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. In this dictionary, there were many verbs which containing meaning to

walk. However, not all verbs could be included in the data of this research. It was

because the writer had limited to human activities only that did not include animals, plants, and inanimate matters. To make it sure, the writer searched for the verbs that containing meaning to walk in The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. It was also to add whether there were other verbs that containing meaning to walk. To select a verb, the writer defined each verb by looking at Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary. From this selection, the writer could decide which verb

could be considered. The third step, the writer used four dictionaries to define each verb completely; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionaries, Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged, Random House Webster’s College

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that four dictionaries because they were common to use for learners, the words were easier to understand, and the definition completed each other. From those definitions, the writer could conclude the features of each verb commonly and input all features into a table. To conclude the features, the writer also examined carefully for the sentences as the example in the dictionaries. The fourt steps were collecting the sentences from dictionaries and articles in website. The destination websites that were used were www.thejakartapost.com, www.nytimes.com, and www.BBC.com. they involve the articles as the examples.

2. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data to answer the two problems, the writer did these following steps. First, the writer tried to define each verb by using four dictionaries. Second, by looking at the definitions completely and using the componential analysis, the writer tried to identify the semantic features of the English verbs meaning to walk. To identify these features, the following table was applied to each verb. The table has been prepared based on the meaning element of the analyzed word. The complete cart of the features is shared in the following with no indication of the value.

Table: 1. Semantic Features to identify in the analyzed verbs.

Manner Position of body Reason

• Slowly

• not to attract attention

• partially disabled leg

• moving together group or military formation

• waiting for something nervously

• playing in the water

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water

• laboriously in any substance

• move on toes

• move in weakness

• stealthy manner

• move with regular steps of equal length

• individually

• without resting

• exercising

• aimless

• weakness, tiredness, laziness

• being nervous, bored, old

• drunkenness, fatigue

• to steal

• to boast off

• relaxed activity

• not to be known the presence

• having no house

• tired on long journey

• any substance that is shallow

Third, after finding the semantic features, the writer would create a matrix to show the similarity and the distinctive features clearly as the conclusion in the first problem. Fourth, to answer the second problem, the writer would try to analyze the use of each English verb containing meaning to walk in sentences that were found in the dictionaries and the articles or news in the websites. From, the analysis of the use in sentences, the writer could conclude several things that appeared.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two sections. Firstly, it is about the semantic features of English verb meaning to walk by looking at the lexical meaning of each verb. To conclude the first section, the writer has created a matrix of the semantic features. Secondly, it is about the use of the verbs meaning to walk in the sentences, such as in dictionary and articles in the websites, etc.

A. The Semantic Features Of English Verbs containing meaning to walk As mentioned in the previous chapter, 20 verbs were analyzed. They are to edge, to limp, to march, to pace, to paddle, to parade, to plod, to

promenade, to ramble, to shamble, to shuffle, to stagger, to stalk, to stride, to

stroll, to tiptoe, to totter, to tramp, to trudge, to tramp. These verbs are

arranged alphabetically.

In this analysis, componential analysis analyzes three areas. They are manner, position of body, and reason. Manner in this case is the way in which someone doing something. Position of body in this case explains the firmness of standing person way. The reason explains why someone does something. 1. to edge

The verb to edge means to move sideways slowly and carefully with several small movements so as not to attract attention. The doer lifts the feet with short steps. Therefore, its semantic features are

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Table: 2. Semantic features of the verb to edge

+ slowly

− move with regular steps of equal

− almost falling over

+ not to attract attention

− partially disabled leg

− moving together group or military formation

− waiting for something nervously

− playing in the water

− procession to celebrate something

− being nervous, bored, old

− any substance that is shallow

2. to limp

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Table: 3. Semantic features of the verb to limp

+ slowly,

− not to attract attention + partially disabled leg

− moving together group or military formation

− drunkenness, fatigue

− to steal

3. to march

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Table: 4. Semantic features of the verb to march

− slowly

− laboriously in any substance

− move on toes

− move in weakness

− stealthy manner + move with regular steps of equal length

− partially disabled leg + moving together

− tired on long journey

4. to pace

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Table: 5. Semantic features of the verb to pace

+ slowly

− move with regular steps of equal length + individually

− not to attract attention

− moving together group or military formation + waiting for something

nervously

− playing in the water,

− to steal

5. to paddle

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Table: 6. Semantic features of the verb to paddle

+ slowly

− almost falling over

− group or military formation

+ playing in the water

6. to parade

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Table:7. Semantic features of the verb to parade

+ slowly

−not to attract attention

−partially disabled leg

−group or military formation

−waiting for something nervously

−playing in the water + procession to

celebrate something

− walking without resting

− exercising

− aimless

− weakness, tiredness, laziness

− to steal

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Table: 8. Semantic features of the verb to plod

Manner Position of body reason

+ slowly

+ without resting

− exercising

− aimless

− weakness, tired, laziness

− any substance that is

shallow

8. to promenade

The verb to promenade means to move relaxedly, slowly for amusement, exercise, pleasure in order to meet or be seen by others. The doer lifts the feet with the short steps. The doer stands firmly. The semantic features are

Table: 9. Semantic features of the verb to promenade

+ slowly

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− Move gently in water

− laboriously in any substance

− move on toes

− move in weakness

− stealthy manner

− move with regular steps

of equal length + individually

something

− without resting + exercising

− aimless

− to steal

− to boast off

− relaxed activity

− not to be known the presence

− having no house

9. to ramble

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Table: 10. Semantic features of the verb to ramble

+ slowly

− caused by procession to celebrate something

− resting

− exercising + aimless

− weakness, tired, laziness

− to steal

− to boast off

− having no house

10.to shamble

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Table: 11. Semantic features of the verb to shamble

+ slowly

11.to shuffle

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Table: 12. Semantic features of the verb to shuffle

+ slowly

− to steal

− to boast off

− not to be known

The verb to stagger means to move slowly, unsteadily as if about to fall from exhaustion, drunkenness. The doer lifts the feet with long steps. The standing position is almost falling over. Below, the semantic features are

Table: 13. Semantic features of the verb to stagger

+ slowly

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length + individually

nervously

− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

− being nervous, bored, old + drunkenness, fatigue,

− to steal

− to boast off

− relaxed activity.

− having no house

13.to stalk

The verb to stalk means to move slowly, in stealthy manner, in a proud or angry way with long steps. The doer lifts the feet with long steps. The actor stands firmly. The semantic features are

Table: 14. Semantic features of the verb to stalk

+ slowly

− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

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− move in

− drunkenness, fatigue + to steal

14.to stride

The verb to stride means to move quickly, with long steps, especially in a vigorous manner. The doer lifts the feet. The actor stands firmly. The semantic features are

Table: 15. Semantic features of the verb to stride Manner Position of the

body

− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

− caused by drunkenness,

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15.to stroll

The verb to stroll is defined as to move somewhere slowly, leisurely in relaxed activity. The doer lifts the feet with long steps. The position of body is standing firmly. Here are the semantic features.

Table: 16. Semantic features of the verb to stroll

Manner Position of the body Reason

+ slowly

−almost falling over

− group or military formation waiting for something nervously

− to steal

− to boast off + relaxed activity

− having no house

16.to tiptoe

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standing firmly. The purpose is other people do not notice their presence. The semantic features are

Table: 17. Semantic features of the verb to stroll

Manner Position of the body Reason

+ slowly

− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

17.to totter

The verb to totter is to move unsteadily from side to side as if the doer is about to fall over. The position of body is almost falling over. The reason is weakness, tiredness, or laziness. The semantic features are

Table: 18. Semantic features of the verb to totter

+ slowly

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− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

+ weakness, tiredness, laziness

− to steal

− to boast off

− having no house

− any substance that is shallow 18.to tramp

The verb to tramp means to move around heavily, noisily steps, especially for long distance. The doer lifts the feet with short steps. The position of body is standing firmly. The reason is that the doer does not have a house. The semantic features are

Table: 19. Semantic features of the verb to tramp

+ slowly

− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

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− move with regular steps of equal length + individually

− to boast off

− relaxed activity.

The verb to trudge means to move slowly, wearily, with difficulty, and heavy steps because one is tired on a long journey. The doer lifts the feet with short steps. The position of the body is standing firmly. The semantic features are

Table: 20. Semantic features of the verb to trudge

+ slowly

− without resting,

− exercising

− aimless

− caused by drunkenness, fatigue

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20.to wade

The definition of the verb to wade is to move with an effort through any substances as snow, sand, shallow water. The doer moves with heavy steps, difficulty, and slowly that makes progress difficult. The position of body is standing firmly. The semantic features are

Table: 21. Semantic features of the verb to wade Manner Position of the

body

− without resting

− exercising

− aimless

− to steal

− to boast off

−not to be known the presence

−having no house

−tired on long journey

+any substance that is shallow

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Table: 22. The Semantic Features of the English verbs containing meaning to walk

Verb Manner Position of body Reason

Slowly Relaxed Heavily Lifting the fe

et

Short steps Backwards and for

w

ard

Unsteadily Move gently in water Labor

iously in any

In relaxed activity No to be known th

e existence

In any substance that is shallow

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B. The Use of the English Verbs containing meaning to walk

After analyzing the definition of the English verb meaning to walk to identify the semantic features, the uses of these verbs are presented here. The sentences are taken from dictionary and news in websites (www.bbc.com, www.nytimes.com, www.thejakartapost.com). A native speaker has edited the quoted texts that are taken from The Jakarta Post. The examples are numbered in the linear order.

1. to edge

The verb to edge is used in sentences as mentioned below. (1). The climber edged carefully along the narrow rock ledge.

(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary fifth edition, 1995: 368). (2). Slowly, we edge our way towards the front of the crowd.

(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001: 441).

In the first example, there is an adverb carefully that indicates the manner. The doer should move slowly and full of carefulness. The doer moves sideways along the narrow rock ledge. The reason is to climb the rock carefully and slowly. Thus, the reason is not the same as the semantic features. That explanation can be seen from the word climber. This word indicates its job that is to climb and the word the rock indicates the medium to move. In the second example, an adverb slowly shows the manner. The reason is so that the doer does not attract attention to the crowd.

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complement. However, it needs a direction to show the motion as the first example along the narrow rock ledge. The preposition along shows the doer moves from one end to the other end. For the second example, the sentence uses preposition toward to show the movement in particular direction. In this case, the particular direction shows the crowd

2. to limp

The use of the verb to limp will be analyzed below;

(3). The injured player limped slowly off (the field). (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 684)

(4). He was inspired to paint Scene of a Night Dream after one of his friend brutally injured during a street demonstration against the regime in the mid 1990’s. Sonny was shocked at the police report that said his friend limped because of polio, and not of the blows of the police batons that had rained so hard on him. <http://www.thejakartapost.com/ news/2002/02/03/painter-sonny-eska-reflects-his-world.html>

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reason is because of partially disabled legs. Thus, mostly the position of body is laming because one of the legs is disabled to move.

The verb to limp does not need an object because it is included into an intransitive verb. Besides, this verb also does not need a direction because there is no a motion. In both sentences, the direction are not proved.

3. to march

There are two examples that can be analyzed below as the use of the verb to march.

(5). Wellington’s army marched until nightfall (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001:874)

(6). Troops marched along New street, Canon street, Cherry street, Temple Row, Temple Row West, and Colmore Row.

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/7635407.stm>

The clearest element of the semantic features that is shown is the reason of this verb used. It is used in a group or military formation. Both examples are for the army in the first example and the troops in the second example. The manner of the soldier walks is of course lifting the feet, moving with regular steps of equal length, and standing firmly. As commonly the military formation, they move together in the same movement

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not mention an object that follows the verb. Basically, This verb needs a direction to move. As in the second example, the sentence mentions the preposition along. In this case, the preposition along means move forward from one end to or towards the other end of somewhere. However, the direction is not mentioned in the first example. In the first example, it mentions the specified time ‘until the nightfall’. Although in the first example it does not mention the direction explicitly, in the use, the sentence uses a direction implicitly in meaning. Thus, the verb to march needs a direction. 4. to pace

The use of the verb to pace are shown below

(7). He paced nervously up and down the hospital room, waiting for the news. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001:1016) (8). “The defendant arrived at Soekarno-Hatta International airport on Aug

31 last year on Thai Airlines flight number TG 433 from Bangkok,” she added. Lusia explained that customs officers became suspicious when Kencana paced back and forth in front of the customs counter while holding a blue bag.

<http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/01/25/thai-gets-15-years- heroin-possession.html>

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doer moves backward and forward. Of course, the doer who moves is lifting the feet slowly. Besides, the position of body is standing firmly.

The verb to pace does not need an object, but it needs a direction to show where the doer moves. The adverbs back and forth, in the first example, and up and down in the second examples show the direction. Then, this verb is also followed by the adverb of place, for example, up and down the hospital room in the first example, and back and forth in front of the customs counter.

5. to paddle

The use of the verb to paddle will be analyzed below.

(9) The children paddled in the sea. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001:1018)

(10) The children paddled at the water’s edge (The New Oxford American Dictionary Second edition, 2005: 1221)

The children in both sentences move gently in shallow water, not in deep water. That description can be seen in the second example that mentions the word water’s edge. In other words, it is a surface of an area. As the doer walks in the water, he/she lifts the feet with short steps heavily. It is heavy because the doer moves in the water. The doer stands firmly.

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6. to parade

Below, the writer will analyze the use of the verb to parade in sentences. (11) Carefree young men were parading the streets. (The New Oxford American Dictionary, 2005: 1232)

(12). Two models step out in traditional Papuan costumes feature unique accessories, in a fashion carnival in Jember, East Java, on Sunday. About 550 models, dressed according to different themes, paraded along a 3.6-kilometer stretch of road at the 7th Jember Fashion Carniva. <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/03/accesorize.html> Based on the context, the examples show the reason why the doer moves

around the street. It is because the doer moves together in a procession to celebrate something. For instance, in the first example, the doer moves because there is carefree carnival for young men. In the second example, the doer moves because there is a fashion carnival. That is one of the semantic features showing the reason. Besides, the doer also stands firmly, lifts the feet with short steps, and slowly.

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7. to plod

The semantic features of the verb to plod have been mentioned above. To support the finding of the semantic features, the use of this verb will be presented below.

(13). We plodded through the rain for several hours. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 887)

(14) In the evening, we both had a couple of stiff (very stiff) brandies and went to bed reasonably early. It was lights out around midnight. At around 2.30 am, I arouse, as you do, needing to go to the toilet. I plodded to the bathroom and sat on the throne, as is my wont.

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/articles/2005/04/27/mike_elliot t_stroke_diary_part_one_feature.shtml>

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The verb to plod is an intransitive verb. As both examples, there is no an object coming after the verb. In the first example, preposition through follows the verb. In this context, this preposition means that it is from beginning to the end of a situation. The second example, preposition to also follows the verb. It is in the direction of something. Besides, the term through the rain in first example and to the bathroom in the second example show the direction of the movement.

8. to promenade

The verb to promenade means to move with pleasure to exercise. Below, there is use that will be analyzed by looking at the semantic features and the use in sentences.

(15) The bandstand was built as a centerpiece where bands played as people promenaded around the garden, enjoying the setting and the music. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/360/where_to_go/castle/victorian_ba ndstand.shtml)

(16) "One particular image of an Edwardian woman captured my imagination," says Gehry. "The movement of the dress as she promenaded along the seafront provided the inspiration for the historical references and sculptured forms in the design."

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4251268.stm>

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music. It shows the amusement in sense. The second example mentions the

movement of the dress as she promenaded along the seafront provided the

inspiration for the historical references and sculptured forms in the design. It

shows that the girl moves relaxedly. The girl enjoys the view of the sea amusedly and the wind blows the dress. Thus, the wind gives effect to the movement of her dress; it gives inspiration for another person because of her movement. It gives exotic sense. This verb can include the internal feeling.

From both examples that based on the context, the verb to promenade is an intransitive verb. This verb is followed by an adverb. Such as garden in the first example, and the seafront in the second one. Before the adverb of place, there is a direction to show the motion, such as around and along in the first and the second one.

9. to ramble

The writer has identified the semantic features in the first problem formulation. Below, the uses of the verb to ramble are presented.

(17) We rambled through the woods (Longman Dictionary of contemporary English, 2001:1167)

(18) “ I rambled through Rackhams in Corporation Street, browses in Bull Street…dallied in Dale End…yes, this is my kind town. So long Birmingham! Here’s lookin’ atcha”

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The examples show how the doer moves at that time. The doer moves slowly, and relaxedly. The doer moves aimlessly. It can be seen from the first and the second example which both do not mention the destination. The first example only mentions through the woods and the second one mentions through Rackhams in Corporation Street. Besides, a word browses mean

searching. The relation with the context is the doer moves aimlessly because the doer searches for an address. The doer lifts the feet with short steps.

The above sentences show that the verb to ramble is an intransitive verb. It is not an object that follows the verb but the adverb of place that follows the verb. It does not need a direction as both examples given.

10. To shamble

The use of the verb to shamble can be seen here. Then, it will be analyzed below.

(19) Immediately he tried to pull away from his guards, telling them not to touch him and to leave him alone. After a while, they did, he shambled slowly out of the courtroom.

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4357332.stm>

(20) He shambled onstage, stooped and overweight, and lowered himself gingerly onto the piano stool. But when he started playing he was transformed. Competently backed by his long-time backing band led by Kenny Lovelace, he sang and pounded the keys with enough vigor to show flashes of the giant of rock n’ roll that he once was.

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Both sentences prove that the semantic features can be identified. The doer moves in weakness, tiredness because of something. The first example is due to tiredness on situation. This assumption can be seen from the explanation that is expressed and its indirection; immediately he tried to pull away from his guards, telling them not to touch him and to leave him alone.

It describes that the doer does not want to disturb. Person who does not want to be disturbed is the characteristic of person who has a problem. This person needs time to be alone. Moreover, this explanation is supported by the next sentence. The word the courtroom symbolizes a place that is full of problem. Then, the word slowly out describes the manner of walking. The reason of the doer in this context is internal problem. Thus, it influences the way of the doer moves. The second example is due to the weakness in not a confidence. The word gingerly describes when the doer moves on the stage, the doer seems cautious because of something. This assumption is supported by the next sentence; but when he started playing he was transformed… that gives the contradiction from the previous situation. It shows that the doer has a spirit to be a confidence. The doer’s way of walking can be imagined from the definition of the verb to shamble itself. The doer moves without lifting the feet. It moves slowly. Moreover, the position of body is standing firmly.

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in the first example show the movement from the inside part of building to the outside part, onstage in the second one shows that the actor moves in a particular direction. Thus, there is a direction to show the motion.

11. to shuffle

The verb to shuffle has semantic features that have been found out. Here are the uses of the verb to shuffle.

(21) The old man shuffled along the sidewalk. ( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001:1329)

(22) “I’m glad to see you,” he said when I arrived. It was the wee hours and he’d shuffled out of bed to greet me, his eyes at half-mast, shoulders slightly hunched. He looked older, I thought. He apologized for needing to head back to bed, but, actually, I was relieved to be left alone.

<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/opinion/15hoffa.html?scp=3&sq= shuffled&st=nyt>

The reason of both examples is as old. For instance, the first example mentions that the subject is an old man, and the second example explains that the doer who shuffled is old man. It does not mention that this doer is old, but it is seen from the context. It explains his eyes at half-mast, shoulders slightly hunched. He looked older, I thought. The situation of this doer makes this

person move without lifting the feet and slowly.

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Moreover, in the first example, there is adverb along that shows the motion forward.

12. to stagger

There are some examples that can be analyzed below as the use of the verb to stagger.

(23) The clown figure, played by Marwoto, had been defeated by his opponent. Wounded and bleeding, clearly dying, he staggered a few paces and fell to the ground. (The Jakarta Post, 1997:24)

(24) I hit him hard and he staggered and fell. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary fifth edition, 1995: 1158)

The first and second examples show how the features are clear. As the first part in this analysis, the doer moves as if about to fall. Thus, the position of body is almost falling over. It is supported by the condition that is created; wounded and bleeding; clearly dying. It shows that the doer is weak and

having no power to move. It influences the way of walking. The doer moves slowly, unsteadily and lifts the feet. The process in the second example is the same as in the first example. For this case, the reason is not as in the semantic features. Accidentally, the reasons of both examples are due to the weakness in wounded situation. The doer in the second example is hit hard. Thus, the doer also does not have a power to move.

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completes the verb. Because of this, this verb is included into an intransitive verb. Besides, this verb does not have a direction. Both examples do not show the use of the direction stated.

13. to stalk

Here are the uses of the verb to stalk in written text.

(25) Yuonne turned and stalked out of the room in disgust. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001:1399)

(26) Waikabubak, the main town in West Sumba, is a remarkable place. It has a scruffy main street with flyblown warungs and dusty hardware shops, and men stalk through the market with long machetes tucked into the twists of woven ikat cloth around their waists. But what makes it special is that on the little hilltops of the town are some of Sumba’s most traditional communities. <http://www.thejakartapost. com/news/2008/01/23/keeping-tradition.html>

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The verb to stalk is an intransitive verb. It is shown on both examples that an object does not follow the verb. However, this verb has a direction to show the motion as the preposition through in the first example and the adverb out in the second example. The preposition through shows the doer enters at

one side and comes out at the other. The adverb out means away from somewhere.

14. to stride

The verb to stride means to walk boasts off. To support the definition and the semantic features that have been analyzed in part one, there are some examples below that can be analyzed as the use.

(27) She strode purposefully up to the door and knocked loudly. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, 1992: 1315)

(28) As a huge man strode onto the stage and clapped his hands, the violinist jumped up from his seat and the Zum's performance began. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/entertainment/arts/salisbury_festival_zu .shtml>