A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS: THE SEVERITY OF MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTION PORTRAYED ON KEMAL JUFRI’S PHOTOS AS THE 2ND PRIZE STORIES WINNER OF WORLD PRESS PHOTO.

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A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS: THE SEVERITY OF MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTION

PORTRAYED ON KEMAL JUFRI’S PHOTOS AS THE 2ND

PRIZE STORIES WINNER OF WORLD PRESS PHOTO

A Research Paper

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree

in Indonesia University of Education

By

ARIEF MAULANA HASAN (0808727)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS: THE SEVERITY OF MOUNT MERAPI

ERUPTION PORTRAYED ON KEMAL JUFRI’S PHOTOS AS THE 2ND PRIZE

STORIES WINNER OF WORLD PRESS PHOTO

A Research Paper

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree

in Indonesia University of Education

By

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

April 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS: THE SEVERITY OF MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTION

PORTRAYED ON KEMAL JUFRI’S PHOTOS AS THE 2ND PRIZE STORIES

WINNER OF WORLD PRESS PHOTO A Research Paper

By

Arief Maulana Hasan

0808727

Approved By

First Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A.

NIP. 196706091994031003

Co-Supervisor

Ruswan Dallyono, M.Pd.

NIP. 197008032005011002

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Arief Maulana Hasan, 2014

A semiotic analysis: The seventy of mount Merapi eruption poortrayed on Kemal Juffi’s Photos as the 2nd prize sacries winneer of woria press photo

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This Paper Entitled “A Semiotic Analysis: The Severity of Mount Merapi Eruption Portrayed on Kemal Jufri’s Photos as The 2nd _{Prize Stories Winner of World Press Photo”. It is aimed to}

uncover the meaning behind the photographs and to discover symbols, indexes and modes that appear in the photo stories. The study is qualitative which utilizes Eco’s (1994) Hermetic drift theory. The theory mainly focuses on the meaning of a symbol which not only has one meaning, but two or more meaning if the symbol is put in a different context. The main data are 12 photographs which were used in the photo stories taken from www.wordpressphoto.org. The study revealed the Juffri’s photo stories about the disaster of Mt. Merapi eruption. The symbols, indexes and modes in the photo stories signify the damages, losses, death, and suffering of the people people near Mt. Merapi, which directly got the worst effect of the disaster. The photo story also portrays collectiveness of Indonesian people to help the victims of the disaster.

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A semiotic analysis: The seventy of mount Merapi eruption poortrayed on Kemal Juffi’s Photos as the 2nd prize sacries winneer of woria press photo

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study which consists of

background, research question, aims of study, scope of the study, significance of the

study, research methodology, classification of the terms and organization of the

paper. The research methodology is divided into data collection, data analysis, and

data interpretation and conclusion. This sub-chapter briefly describes the method used

in collecting and analyzing the data.

1.1 Background of the Study

Semiotics is a study which concerns everything that can be taken as „signs‟.

The study also concerns meaning-making and representation of the sign in words,

images, sounds, gesture and object (Chandler, 2002, p. 2). Signs are never arbitrary,

and „motivation‟ should be formulated in relation to the sign-maker and the context in which the sign is produced, and not in isolation from the act of producing analogies

and classiﬁcations (Kress, 2006, p. 8). Therefore, semiotics can be used to analyze the signs that appear in the images. Eeverything that appears in the images can be

recognized as the sign such as footprint, thunder and smoke.

Peirce (as cited in Chandler, 2002, p. 38) says a symbol is a sign which refers

to an object denoted by virtue of a law, usually an association of general ideas, which

operates to cause the symbol to be interpreted as referring to some object. Then,

index is the element of the signs which is not arbitrary but directly connected in some

way (physically or causally) to the signified in which the link can be observed and

inferred (Chandler, 2002, p 37). As a result, photos or images can contain symbols

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that contain symbols and indexes, such as news photographs. As one of media

products, news photographs or known as photojournalism not only consists of

pictures of events but also covers news and facts (Becker, 1995, p. 5).

In photojournalism, there is a term called “narrative photo” or “photo story”.

Unlike a written story, a compelling photo story requires not only complication and

resolution, but also action that can be photographed (Kobré, 2004, p. 147).

Accordingly, a photo story cannot stand for only a single photo to make meaning, but

there should be two photos or more to create a story line. The story line determines

the sequences of pictures in the layout (Kobré, 2004, p. 159). A photo essay is simply

a collection of images that is placed in a specific order to describe the progression of

events, emotions, and concepts (Dickson, 2012). An example of a photo story was

photographed by James Nachtwey entitled beyond 9/11: Portraits of resilience

(Time, 2001). The photo tells about the tragedy of 9/11 when World Trade Center

was crashed. The photo story contains 14 photos.

There is also a photo story about the tragedy of Mount Merapi‟s eruption. Mount Merapi is one of the world‟s most active volcanoes. Mount Merapi is located in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The last eruption of Mount Merapi happened on October

2010. The phenomenon has been the largest eruption since 1870 (BBC, 2010). The

eruption made the area near Mount Merapi was covered by ashes released by Mount

Merapi. This phenomenon caused more than 70.000 people to have been evacuated.

In the disaster, one hundred people had been killed, many animals had also been

killed, and many of the local people had been injured (BBC, 2010). The eruption

attracted worldwide attention, especially the journalists and photographers.

Many journalists and photographers came to the area near Mount Merapi to

report the phenomenon. One of the journalist photographers who came to report the

phenomenon was Kemal Jufri. Kemal Jufri joined the World Press Photo contest in

2011 by sending Mount Merapi eruption photos. He won the second prize winner of

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severity of Mount Merapi eruption, such as the eruption, the victims and the area

affected.

Kemal Jufri is an Indonesian journalist photographer who won the world press

photo competition, World Press Photo is an independent, non-profit organization

based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Founded in 1955, the organization is known in

holding the world‟s largest and most prestigious annual press photography contest

(Worldpressphoto.org). In the first fifty years of establishment, World Press Photo

has become a truly global platform for professional press photography (Panzer, 2005)

. The mission of World Press Photo competition is to encourage high professional

standards in photojournalism and to promote a free and unrestricted exchange of

information.

Some studies have investigated photojournalism by using semiotic analysis. In

2001, Kibbey investigated semiotics of photographic evidence. While in 2010,

Lovelace investigated Vietnam War photographs. In Indonesia, Pratiwi (2009)

investigated female sex workers in photo journalism.

To achieve the purpose of the study, some theoretical approaches were needed

as the research foundation. This research is based on the semiotic theory of

signification by Umberto Eco (1994) to analyze symbols and indexes that portray the

severity of Mount Merapi eruption in 12 photographs in the photo story of Kemal

Jufri as the second winner of World Press Photo. Eco (as cited in Innis, 1985, p. 4)

says that "signification encompasses the whole of cultural life and the subject matter

of semiotics is co-extensive with the whole range of cultural phenomena, however

pretentious that approach may at first seem.”. Since the photographs comes as a

visual media to deliver the information or messages, the photographs have to use

various signs and symbol as attempts to create particular meaning. A study of the sign

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2 Research Questions

The research problems are formulated in the following questions:

1. What are the symbols, indexes and modes that appear in Kemal Jufri‟s photos

as the second prize winner of World Press Photo 2011?

2. What do these symbols, indexes and modes signify?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Based on the research question above, the study aims to:

1. Discover the symbols, indexes and modes that appear in Kemal Jufri‟s photo

as the second prize winner of World Press Photo 2011

2. Reveal the severity of Mount Merapi eruption portrayed by the symbols,

indexes and modes in Kemal Jufri‟s photo as the second prize winner of

World Press Photo 2011.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The research investigates Kemal Jufri‟s 12 photo story about Mount Merapi

eruption as the second prize winner of World Press Photo 2011.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research examines the photos of Kemal Jufri as the second prize winner

of World Press Photo 2011. This research investigates the symbols and indexes that

appear in Kemal Jufri‟s photos and also analyzes the modes in the photos. Moreover,

the readers can realize the symbols and indexes that appear in Kemal Jufri‟s photo of

Mount Merapi, and realize that photos are not only photos, but there are signs and

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.6 Research Methodology

1.6.1. Research Method

The research focuses on investigating the portrayal of the severity and social

awareness in Mount Merapi eruption by the symbol, indexes and also modes that

appear in Kemal Jufri‟s photos that won the second prize winner of World Press

Photo 2011 by using a semiotic analysis proposed by Eco (1994). The research uses a

qualitative method. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with

qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind

(Mothari, 2004). It means that in qualitative research, the data does not in the form of

statistical or quantification data. Qualitative research is about describing the analysis

of data qualitatively.

The data investigated in the research were in the form of photos. The data

were collected from the World Press Photo website on the Internet.

1.6.2. Procedures of the Research

In conducting this study, the following procedures were taken:

1. Data Collection

The photo story of mount Merapi eruption was selected to be the source of

data. It contains 12 photographs. The data is containing symbol, indexes and

modes that related to the context which can be analyzed by Eco‟s Hermetic

Drift theory. The data were taken from World Press Photo website on

www.worldpressphoto.org. World Press Photo is the largest organization which holds the world's largest and most prestigious annual press photography

contest (The Express Group, 2013). The relevant theories are also figured out

based on library research.

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In this study, the data analysis was based on the Hermetic Drift theory by

Eco (1994) to analyze the symbol and indexes. In addition, visual modality

also analyzed to discover meaning behind the modes in the photo story

photographed by Kemal Jufri to portray the severity of Mount Merapi

eruption in the www.worldpressphoto.org. Umberto Eco Order of

signification was employed to analyze and discover the hidden meanings of

this photo story. The theory defined as an instance of connotative neoplasm.

There is a phenomenon of connotation when a sign function (expression plus

content) becomes in turn the expression of a further content.

3. Interpretation of Data and Conclusions

The data were interpreted by reflecting on how finding relate to the

existing research. The data were interpreted to reveal the symbol, indexes and

modes to portray the severity of Mount Merapi eruption in the Kemal Jufri‟s

photo story as a second prize winner of World Press Photo Contest.

1.7 Clarification of the Terms

There are some terms that are mentioned in the study that might be needed:

1. SEMIOTICS

Semiotics is a study which concerns with everything that can be taken as

„signs‟. It also concerns with meaning-making and representation of the sign in the form of words, images, sounds, gesture and object (Chandler, 2002, p.

2).

2. SIGN

Sign is anything which produces meanings (Thwaites, et al, 1994, p.7).

3. SYMBOL

Symbol is a sign which refers to object denoted by virtue of a law, usually an

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interpreted as referring that object (Peirce, 1931, as cited in Chandler, 2002, p.

38).

forces magma up through the conduit and out the volcano's vents. When the

magma chamber has been completely filled, the type of eruption partly

depends on the amount of gases and silica in the magma. The amount of

silica determines how sticky (level of viscosity) the magma is and water

provides the explosive potential of steam (Oracle ThinkQuest, 1998).

7. WORLD PRESS PHOTO

World Press Photo is an independent, non-profit organization based in

Amsterdam, Netherlands. Founded in 1955 the organization is known in

holding the world's largest and most prestigious annual press photography

contest (www.worldpressphoto.org).

1.8 Organization of the Paper

This study is divided into five chapters, as follows:

CHAPTER I

The first chapter discusses introduction of the research, including the background

of the research, the research questions, the aims of the research, the scope of the

study, the significance of the study, the research methodology, the classification of

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CHAPTER II

The second chapter discusses the theoretical frameworks and the literature

reviews.

CHAPTER III

In the third chapter, the discussion is around the research methodology. It

describes the steps and procedures of the study.

CHAPTER IV

The fourth chapter presents the findings and a discussion of the research.

CHAPTER V

The last chapter discusses the conclusions of the research and the suggestions for

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A semiotic analysis: The seventy of mount Merapi eruption poortrayed on Kemal Juffi’s Photos as the 2nd prize sacries winneer of woria press photo

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter focuses on the methodological aspects of this research. It

starts with formulation of problem, the explanation of the research method and

design followed by stages of the research procedure. The data collection is also

presented together with the data analysis in this chapter.

1.1 Formulation of Problem

The problems in this study are formulated into the following questions:

1. What are the symbols, indexes and modes that appear in Kemal Jufri’s

photos as the second prize winner of World Press Photo 2011?

2. What do these symbols, indexes and modes signify?

1.2 Research Method

This study was conducted by using a qualitative method. Maxwell (1996)

states that a qualitative method aims to investigate and understand certain object,

event or phenomena, discourses, behavior, a set of condition or situation in the

particular context in which people are involved and experienced with. In other

ways, qualitative method is a method systematically involving and gathering

enough about particular person, social setting, event, or group to permit researcher

to effectively understand how the subject operate or function (Berg, 2007).

Photograph is the data which contains information, social setting and event,

therefore it can be analyzed by using particular theory by using descriptive

qualitative method to interpret the meaning behind the photographs.

The research aims to uncover the hidden meaning and describe the

portrayal the severity of mount Merapi eruption on Kemal Juffri’s photo. This

study uses a descriptive qualitative approach framed in Eco’s (1994) Hermetic

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Moreover, this study uses Eco’s Hermetic Drift (1994) which consists of

Representamen (denotation) and Immediate Object (connotation). This

connotation was determined by a given context.

a) Procedure of Data Collection

In conducting the research, the data collection was undertaken by:

1. Preparing investigation conducted by library and online research for

related references about journalism and photojournalism.

2. Collecting the data of Kemal Juffri’s photos about Mount Merapi

eruption in 2011 from www.worldpressphoto.org.

3. Analyzing the data based on semiotic analysis. The photos were

analyzed though the concept of Eco’s (1994) Hermetic Drift theory to

uncover the symbols and indexes that come up in the data.

4. Using visual modality element to analyze the meaning behind the

modes.

5. Drawing conclusions and suggestions; the conclusions were obtained

from the findings and discussions, while suggestions were made for

the interest of further studies.

b) Data Source and Collection

The data consisted of the photo essays of Mount Merapi eruption taken

from www.worldpressphoto.org as the 2nd story winner photographed by

Indonesian photojournalist, Kemal Juffri. Here, The photo essays of Mount

Merapi eruption were the data source of this study because the disaster was the

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Photo 1 Photo 2

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table 3.1 Photo Story of Mount Merapi Eruption

Source: www.worldpressphoto.org

To conclude, there were 12 photographs of Kemal Juffri about the disaster

of Mount Merapi eruption taken from www.wordpreesphoto.org. Furthermore, the

photos were analyzed by using Eco’s (1994) Hermetic Drift theory to discover

hidden meaning behind the photographs, specifically about the portrayal of the

severity of mount Merapi eruption in 2011.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.3 Data Analysis

1. The present study was conducted to examine the symbols, and indexes

that appear in Kemal Jufri’s photo and reveal the severity of Mount

Merapi eruption portrayed by symbol, indexes and modes in Kemal

Jufri’s photo as the second prize winner of World Press Photo 2011. Miles and Huberman (1994) state that the data analysis consists of

three steps: first of all is data reduction, data display and conclusion

drawing/verification.

2. Photos were selected by selecting photo story from the websites

www.wordpressphoto.org as the data and focusing the data which

appears in photos which is called as data reduction. After focusing the

data based on the aim of the study, the data display is ready to have the

further action. Understanding what is happening and analyzing the data

based on the particular theory can be applied after the data display

emerges. The final step is to conclude the data that has been analyzed.

3. Semiotic analysis was used to examine the portrayal of severity of

mount Merapi eruption in the Kemal Juffri’s photos. Each symbol,

index and mode that appears in the photos was analyzed by using

Eco’s (1994) Hermetic Drift which concerns in the meaning of the

symbols referring to particular contexts. The focuses of analysis were

on the element of content 1 (C1) which represents the first content or

literal meaning of sign in the photos, also the elaboration of content 2

(C2) which represents a connotation which comes from the symbols,

indexes and modes that appear in the photos with local and global

meaning and lastly is the analysis of context 3 (C3) which represents

the meaning of the sign according to a context given.

Following is an example of analysis Hermetic Diagram analysis

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diagram represents the phenomenon of connotation which derived

from the classification of the first, second and third content.

Expression Context

Table 3.2 The diagram of connotation Phenomenon Source: Eco, 1994:30

In the table above, E stands for Expression and C stands for Content. It

describes that “there is a phenomenon of connotation when a sign function

(expression plus content) becomes in turn the expression of a further content (Eco,

1994, p.29).

The meaning of connotative use must also be determined by context, this

phenomenon of connotation is developed further by Eco. He proposed an idea

named as neoplastic connotative growth where the content of the first one (Eco,

1994, p.30). It is described in a table based on Eco’s Hermetic Drift theory below:

Context (C3) Expression (E3)

Expression (E1) Content (C2)

Expression

(E2)

Content (C1)

Table 3.3 Diagram of Neoplastic connotative growth Source: Eco (1994)

The table above is a new pseudo-connotative chain proposed by Eco

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.4Data Presentation

To obtain a comprehensive analysis, symbol and indexes that appear in

each photograph were analyzed by using Eco’s Hermetic Drift (1994) theory. The

analysis which uses Eco’s (1994) is based on such components as E1, C1, C2, and

C3. E1 represents an expression or sign. C1 represents the first content or literal

meaning of the sign. C2 or the second content represents a connotation which

comes from the expression (E1) plus the first content (C1). The last is C3 or the

third content which represents the meaning of the sign according to a context

given. Thus, to fully understand the connotative meaning in the photograph, the

color, pose, facial expression, fashion, and the basic techniques of photography

are elaborated in the analysis to uncover the meaning of the photographs. The data

presentation is presented as follows:

Opening photo in the essays of Mount Merapi eruption

C3

(Connotation + context) Critical Disaster

E1 + Context

Mount Merapi spews volcanic material

E1 (Sign) Mount Merapi

C2

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massive eruption

E1 (Expression of the

sign) Mount Merapi

Erupted

C1

(First content or literal meaning of the sign) Eruption is the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and

volcanic material

Table 3.4 Diagram of Neoplastic connotative growth Source: Eco (1994)

The First E1 in the table shows the sign in the photo. It portrays the Mount

Merapi spew the volcanic ash. The second E1 shows the denotative sign or literal

meaning of the sign and the third E1 shows the meaning of the sign referring to the

context in this case Mount Merapi spews the ash showing the massive and critical

eruption. The symbols in this sign are ashes and gray smoke. It symbolizes critical

and massive eruption that caused destruction while the ashes and smoke are

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter provides the conclusions of present study based on the

findings and discussion that have been presented in the previous chapter. It also

contains the suggestions for the readers of the present study who might be

interested in conducting research discussed in the present study.

5.1 Conclusions

This study, a semiotic analysis of the severity of mount Merapi eruption

portrayed in Kemal juffri’s photos as the 2nd prize stories winner of World Press Photo, aims to reveal the severity of Mt. Merapi eruption portrayed in the Juffri

photo story, using Eco’s Hermetic Drift (1994). In addition, the symbol, index and

mode are also analyzed to uncover the whole meaning in the photographs.

The signs appeared in the photo were analyzed by Eco’s (1994) hermetic

drift, which involves the context of the sign to reveal the meaning behind the

photograph. In the story, it can be concluded that (50%) of the symbols signify

damages and losses, (33.33%) of the symbols signify suffering of the people and

(16,67%) of the symbols signify death. Whereas the indexes in the photo stories, it

can be concluded that (58,33%) of the indexes signify damages and losses, (25%)

of the indexes signify suffering of the people, and (16,67%) of the indexes signify

death. While the element of modes in the story shows that (58.3%) of the photos

in the story are dominated by grey & black color. According to Zammito (2005),

those colors are related to death and sadness. The fashion identity in this photo

shows the people wearing uniform and collar. According to Barnard (2006), the

uniform is related to the collectivism, in the stories, people who wear the uniform

appeared in (25%) of the photos and collar related to the citizens appeared (8,3%)

of the photos. A sad facial expression indicated by mouth open, corners of the lips

down, raised cheek, eyes look downward and upper eyelids drop (Ekman &

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The research found that the Juffri’s photo story about the disaster of Mt. Merapi eruption portrays the suffering of the people near Mt. Merapi, which

directly got the worst effect of the eruption disaster. The photo story also portrays

collectiveness of Indonesian people to help the victims of the disaster.

5.2 Suggestions

After conducting the research, there are some suggestions related to the

present study:

1. The next researcher can explore other genres of photojournalism such as

portraiture story, documentary and photo essay based on the related issue

using semiotic analysis.

2. The next researcher may find other online prestigious photo competition to

pick the data such as from the winner of Pulitzer.

3. The next researcher may also analyze the caption in the photo by using

particular framework such as functional grammar.

4. The next researcher may also combine the qualitative data with

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 5