Ada pt a t ion of Som e Clon e s of Sw e e t Pot a t o (
I p om oe a
b a t a t a s L.) in t h e Low la n d s a n d t h e Use of M a n u r e
1*
Mardhiah Hayat i,
2Sabaruddin,
3Efendi,
4Ashabul Anhar,
5Elly Kesum awat i, and
6Nur
Kam alia
1,2,3,4,5
Depart m ent of Agrot echnology, Facult y of Agricult ur al, Syiah Kuala Universit y,
Darussalam , Banda Aceh 23111, I ndonesia;
6Alum ni Depart m ent of Agricult ural, Facult y of Agrot echnology, Syiah Kuala Universit y,
Banda Aceh 23111, I ndonesia;
* Corresponding Aut hor
: m ardhiahislahuddin@gm ail.com
Abst r a ct
This st udy aim s t o det erm ine adapt at ion of som e clones of sw eet pot at o in t he low lands and t h e best m anure applicat ion on t he grow t h and y ield of sw eet pot at o as w ell as t he int eract ion bet w een t he t w o fact ors. Resear ch conduct ed at t he Ex perim ent al Field of t he Facult y of Agricult ure Sy iah Kuala Univ ersit y , Banda Aceh, w it h a height of 4 m abov e sea lev el, from March t o Sept em ber 2014. This st udy used a Random ized Com plet e Block Design in fact orial arrangem ent ( 2x 8) , u sing a split plot design w it h t h ree replicat ion s. The m ain plot is a m anure t reat m ent ( cont rol and m anur e 20 t on/ ha) , and t he subplot is a t reat m ent of t y pes of sw eet pot at o clones ( CI P- LSQ, CI P- 194 5, CI P- MAN, CI P- 1 53, CI P- CER, CI P- BDG) , and local clones (beige and orange) . The result s show ed t hat t he best plant grow t h w as found on CI 153 clone, w hile t he best crop product ion w as CI P-LSQ clone. Grow t h and crop pr oduct ion w as found best on cont rol t reat m ent . There are in t eract ion s bet w een m anure and clones on w eight of t he fresh sh oot ( t on/ ha) , fresh w eight and dry bulb per plant ( g) , t he w eight of large t ubers ( t on/ ha) and t ubers y ield ( t on/ ha) . The best plant grow t h and product ion w as found on a com binat ion t reat m ent of CI P- LSQ clones and cont r ol ( w it hout m anure) . Ke yw o r ds: adapt at ion, m anu re, clone
I n t r od u ct ion
Sweet pot ato (I pom oea bat atas L.) is a crop that has great potent ial t o be developed in I ndonesia t o
prevent m alnut rit ion and enhancing food securit y. Sweet pot ato is a plant producing carbohydrates is ranks as t he world’s seventh m ost im port ant food crop after wheat, rice, m aize, potat o, barley and cassava and can be used as an alternat ive of wheat flour. I n addit ion, sweet pot at o have prospect s as a superior agricult ural com m odit y for it s easy m anagem ent, drought resistant and can be grown on a variet y of alt it ude ranging from lowland to highland and able t o adapt in areas of less fert ile and dry
( Eskin, 1989) . Sweet pot at oes cont ain vit am ins and m inerals, and can be used as forage and indust ry
( t ext iles, adhesives, cosm et ics, pharm aceut icals and food) ( CI P, 1999; Ofori, 2009). The added value of sweet pot ato can be obt ained by processing fresh sweet pot at o into flour, butt er, chips, noodles, st icks and feed. Sweet potat o flour can be processed int o dry cakes, ice cream , sweet rolls and juice.
Sweet potat o product ion in I ndonesia in 2013- 2014 decreased from 2,386 int o 2,382 m illion t ons. Likewise, t he sweet pot ato harvest area decreased from 161.85 t housand ha ( 2013) t o 156.67 t housand ha ( 2015) ( BPS, 2015) . This low product ion caused by m any fact ors, am ong ot hers, for not using superior clones, unproper cult ivat ion t echniques and cult ivat ion of t he sweet potat o only as a byproduct . Effort s to increas t he product ion of sweet potat o are being conduct ed, by using superior
clones, by plant ing clones adaptable t o specific environm ents ( Rahayuningsih et al., 2002).
Opportunit ies t o im prove t he product ivit y of sweet potat o is st ill quit e large, with t he availabilit y of superior clones t hat have t he potent ial t o be released as new variet ies. Chance to add or assem ble new variet ies are quite large with t he int roduct ion of foreign variet ies. Developm ent variet ies of sweet potat o clones are aim ed at im proving yield pot ent ial, short lifespan ( early m at uring) , resistant t o pests of Cylas, and a high t olerance for intercropping (Balai Penelit ian Tanam an Pangan, 2009).
Besides t he clones, product ivit y is also determ ined by organic m att er. Organic m at erials are a very im portant role in t he soil, t o im prove t he physical, chem ical and biological qualit y of soil. One of t he
im portant organic m at erial is m anure. Manure has a nut rient com ponent ( Tola et al., 2007) . Fuentes
and Chuj oy ( 2009) and Abdissa et al. ( 2012) states t hat the ideal am ount of m anure that is given is
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t h ods
This research was conducted at t he Farm land of t he Facult y of Agricult ure Experim ent al Syiah Kuala Universit y Darussalam , Banda Aceh, I ndonesia. The research was conducted from March t o Septem ber 2014. The sweet pot ato clones used com es from t he I nt ernat ional Pot at o Center- Sout h East Asia ( CI P-SEA) Bogor, nam ely: CI P- LSQ, CI P- 1945, CI P- MAN, CI P-153, CI P- CER, CI P-WHI - 5 and 2 Local clone t he t uber beige and orange bulbs. The st udy uses decom posed cow dung as a m anure at a dose of 20 t onnes/ ha. The t ools used in this study is a tool cult ivat ion, calipers, scales and oven.
This st udy uses a Discrete Random Design ( split plot design), t he pat t ern of random ized block design.
The m ain plot is dose of m anure t reatm ent ( 2 level: cont rol ( P0) and m anure of 20 t on/ ha ( P1) ) and
sub plot is t he t reat m ent of t ypes of clone ( 8 t ypes: CI P-LSQ ( K1) , CI P- 1945 ( K2) , CI P-MAN ( K3) , CI
P-153 ( K4) , CI P-CER ( K5) , CI P-WHI -5 ( K6) , Bulbs beige ( K7) and Tuber orange ( K8) ). From t hese t wo
fact ors obtained 16 unit s of t rial wit h t hree replicat ions. Each experim ent al unit consisted of five plant sam ples.
At t he im plem ent at ion of t his st udy, land preparat ion st arts wit h t he clearing of weeds, and loam ing of soil wit h a hoe, em beding weeds. Plots were prepared wit h a 500 cm long, 100 cm wide, 40 cm high, and 60 cm dist ance bet ween plots. Cut teges of sweet potat o ( lengt h 25 cm ) were planted 1 cut tage/ hole wit h a space of 25 cm x 40 cm plant s m aint ained by replant ing bad plants at 2 week aft er plant ing (WAP) , weed cont rol carried out at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks and the reversal of t he plant perform ed at 4, 8 and 12 WAP. Harvest ing is done at t he t im e t he plant was 18 MST, by pulling t he sweet pot ato plant, t hen dig beds and t ubers are taken and collect ed. Bulbs are grouped based on observed t reat m ents and put in a plast ic cont ainer or burlap bags.
The param eters observed in this study were: percent age of growt h ( 3 WAP) , growt h vigorous ( st rength grow) of plant s ( 6 WAP) ( scale of 1- 3, where 1 = whit hout vine, 2 = 1- 3 vines, and 3 = m ore t han 3 vines), fresh weight biom ass per plant ( g) , dry weight of biom ass per plant ( oven- dried at 70° C for 48 h) ( g), t uber fresh weight per plant (g) , t uber air dried weight per plant ( air dried for 6 days) (g) , larger tuber yield ( t ons/ ha) , sm aller t uber yield ( t on/ ha) (Criterion for larger t uber size is greater t han 200 g, while t he sm aller t uber size is less t han 100 g), t otal t uber weight ( t on/ ha), t otal biom ass fresh weight and general evaluat ion t ubers t he t im e of harvest ( a score of 1- 3, a value of 1 = good, 2 = m oderate and 3 = good).
Resu lts a nd D iscussion
1. Effe ct of clon es on t h e Grow t h an d Yie ld of Sw ee t Pot a t o
Analysis of variance ( F t est ) showed t hat clones significant by effect t he percent age of life, growt h vigorous, fresh biom ass weight per plant , dry biom ass weight per plant, t uber fresh weight per plant , air dried weight of t uber per plant, weight of large t ubers per hect are, t he weight of sm all t ubers per hect are, tot al biom ass weight per hectare, t he tot al weight of t uber per hectare and general evaluat ion t ubers. Table 1 shows t hat t he best sweet potat o plant growt h t reatm ent was found in CI
P-513 clone ( K4) . The clones suspected t o have high environm ent al adapt abilit y for fut ure growt h. Types
of clones adaptable t o t he environm ent is expect ed t o grow bet ter. The best sweet potat o crop
product ion was found on clones CI P- LSQ ( K1) .
Ta b le 1 . Average percentage of growt h (PG) , growth vigorous ( GV), fresh biom ass weight per plant ( FBW) , dry biom ass weight per plant ( DBW) , t uber fresh weight per plant ( TFW) , air dried weight of t uber per plant ( ADWT) , t he weight of larger t ubers ( WLT) per hectare, sm aller t uber weight per hect are ( STW) , tot al fresh biom ass weight per hect are ( TFBW) , t ot al tuber weight per hectare ( TTW) and the general evaluat ion of the tubers ( GET)
According to Sim at upang ( 1997), higher product ion of a clone is caused by the adaptabilit y of t he clones t o t he environm ent. Therefore, environm ent al fact ors such as clim ate and soil are great ly affect
crop product ion. According t o Adiyoga et al. ( 2004) , the use of superior sweet potat o clones wit h high
yielding and high adapt at ion capacit y t o t he environm ent is one way t o increase t he product ion of sweet pot atoes. I n addit ion to environm ental fact ors, growt h capacit y of clones are also influenced by
genet ic fact ors. According Riani et al. ( 2001) , each individual clones growt h and result s are vary
according genet ic influences, where genet ic influences are inherited by t he descendant s of each clone. Sadj ad ( 1993) also stated t hat t he growt h capacit y are difference between t he different clones and
det erm ined by genet ic factors. Manrique and Herm an ( 2002) showed t hat a very close int eract ion
Pa r a m e t e r s Clon e s biom ass fresh weight per plant , significant ly affect t he fresh weight of t uber per plant , weight of large t ubers per hect are, biom ass fresh weight per hect are, t he t ot al weight of t uber per hectare, and not significant on t he percent age of growt h, growt h vigorous, biom ass dry weight per plant, air dried weight of t uber per plant , weight of sm aller t ubers per hectare and a general evaluat ion of t he bulbs.
Table 2 shows t hat t he t reat m ent wit hout m anure ( P0) gives t he best growt h and yield of sweet pot ato
com pared t o t he t reatm ent of m anure ( P1). This is apparent ly due t o t he condit ion of t he land used
t hat has been able t o provide nut rient s necesserily t o support plant growt h of sweet pot at o. The expected product ivit y of plant is achieved when t he am ount and t ypes of nut rients in t he soil for plant growth are concidered sufficient, balanced, and is available according t o t he needs of t he plant.
Pa r a m e t e r s M a n u r e and the general evaluat ion of the tubers ( GET)
3. Effe ct of in t e r a ct ion b e t w e en clone s a nd M a nu r e
3. The best growt h and yield was on found in t he com binat ion t reat m ent of CI P- LSQ clone and wit hout m anure.
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