THE SEMANTIC STUDY OF THE ENGLISH VERBS MEANING
TO SPEAK
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ADVENDRI NOVRIWANDINATA
Student number: 064214002
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
THE SEMANTIC STUDY OF THE ENGLISH VERBS MEANING
TO SPEAK
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ADVENDRI NOVRIWANDINATA
Student number: 064214002
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to express my greatest thanks to Allah SWT, for the blessing and love. Because of Allah SWT, finally I made it after a very long and tiring process.
My deepest gratitude is dedicated to my beloved mother, Natalia and my father Drs. Marjono Rianto Asan for their love, prayers, and most of all, thanks for their big sacrifice and their patience that makes me do the best in my life. I would like to thank my beloved sisters Maria Oktavia and Marsela Mega Putri for their support in every single day. I love them in every single moment of my life and this thesis is dedicated for them with all my heart.
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum for her advice, ideas, support and patience in reading and guiding me to finish my under graduate thesis, and also to Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S., M.Hum as my co-advisor who gave me suggestion for making my analysis get better.
I would like to give my appreciation to the lecturers of English Letters Department at Sanata Dharma University, to mbak Ninik who always helps me at the secretariat and also library staff for their assistance along my study.
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one by one, I just want to say thank you for the best life in Jogja and thanks for giving me support.
My Senior High School friends in Jogja: Otong, Disti, Te es, Yogi, thanks for accompany me and for the friendship that we have. I do not know what to do if you are not there for me.
All my friend in FKM: Wahyu, Agus, Tya, Novi, Tika, Atik, Yosi, Bayu, Fatur, Yoyok, Mas Adi, Mas Topik, Mas Oki, Mas Kun, Mas Muji, Mbak Tiwi, and Mbak Ida, thank for guiding me to become more better and better. I am sorry for my absent in FKM. I am really a bad chairman.
Last but not least I would like to thank my friends in my KKN: Rico, Lusi, Santi, Vale, Kiki and Sr. Deti, for their cooperation and togetherness in the house. You guys make my life in KKN more beautiful.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...
i
APPROVAL PAGE ...
ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS...
vi
TABLE OF TABLE ...
vii
ABSTRACT ...
viii
ABSTRAK ...
ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...
1
A. Background of the Study
...
1
B. Problem Formulations
...
4
C. Objectives of the Study
...
4
D. Definitions of Terms
...
4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ...
6
A. Review of Related Studies
...
6
1. Undergraduate thesis by Agnes Sri Paulina
...
6
2. Undergraduate thesis by Dwi Ratri Indriyana
...
7
B. Review of Related Theories
...
8
1. Theory on Word Meaning
...
8
2. Theory on Sentential Meaning
...
10
3. Theory on Synonyms
...
11
4. Theory on Componential Analysis
...
13
C. Theoretical Framework
...
14
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...
15
A. Object of the Study
...
15
B. Approach of the Study
...
15
C. Method of the Study
...
16
1. Samples
...
16
2. Data Collection
...
16
3. Data Analysis
...
17
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...
19
A. The Definition of English Verb Meaning
To Speak
...
19
B. The Semantic Features of English Verbs meaning
to speak
...
52
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...
67
vii
TABLE OF TABLE
Table 1: The semantic features to analyze verbs ... 18
Table 2: The meanings of the verb Articulate based on dictionary ... 19
Table 3: The meanings of the verb Communicate based on dictionary ... 22
Table 4: The meanings of the verb Discourse based on dictionary ... 24
Table 5: The meanings of the verb Enunciate based on dictionary ... 26
Table 6: The meanings of the verb Express based on dictionary ... 28
Table 7: The meanings of the verb Mouth based on dictionary ... 30
Table 8: The meanings of the verb Pronounce based on dictionary ... 32
Table 9: The meanings of the verb Say based on dictionary ... 34
Table 10: The meanings of the verb Speak based on dictionary ... 36
Table 11: The meanings of the verb State based on dictionary ... 38
Table 12: The meanings of the verb Talk based on dictionary ... 40
Table 13: The meanings of the verb Tell based on dictionary ... 42
Table 14: The meanings of the verb Utter based on dictionary ... 44
Table 15: The meanings of the verb Verbalize based on dictionary ... 46
Table 16: The meanings of the verb Vocalize based on dictionary ... 48
Table 17: The meanings of the verb Voice based on dictionary ... 49
Table 18: Semantic features of the verb to articulate ... 52
Table 19: Semantic features of the verb to communicate ... 53
Table 20: Semantic features of the verb to discourse ... 54
Table 21: Semantic features of the verb to enunciate ... 55
Table 22: Semantic features of the verb to express... 55
Table 23: Semantic features of the verb to mouth... 56
Table 24: Semantic features of the verb to pronounce ... 57
Table 25: Semantic features of the verb to say ... 58
Table 26: Semantic features of the verb to speak ... 59
Table 27: Semantic features of the verb to state ... 60
Table 28: Semantic features of the verb to talk... 60
Table 29: Semantic features of the verb to tell ... 61
Table 30: Semantic features of the verb to utter ... 62
Table 31: Semantic features of the verb to verbalize ... 63
Table 32: Semantic features of the verb to vocalize ... 64
viii ABSTRACT
Advendri Novriwandinata. The Semantic Study of the English Verbs Meaning
To Speak. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.
This thesis is about a study of the semantic features of the English words containing meaning to speak. The writer studies the English verb containing meaning to speak because it is one of the English words that has many near synonyms. The word to speak itself has a meaning “to say or state something”. This definition is taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The other words that synonymous to the word to speak must be have differences with the word to speak. Therefore, this study has been designed to analyze the differences and how they are used in sentences.
This study has two objectives, first to find out the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak. Second, to find the semantic features of the English verb that has meaning to speak.
This thesis is about a semantic study to the English verbs meaning to speak by using componential analysis as the approach.
ix
ABSTRAK
Advendri Novriwandinata. The Semantic Study of the English Words Meaning
To Speak. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.
Skripsi ini berisi tentang fitur semantis dari kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak. Penulis memilih membahas kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak karena kata ini adalah salah satu dari kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang memiliki banyak padanan kata dengan makna yang kurang lebih sama tetapi tidak identik. Kata to speak ini sendiri memiliki makna “berbicara atau menyatakan sesuatu”. Definisi ini diambil dari kamus Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Kata-kata kerja lain yang bersinonim dengan to speak haruslah memiliki perbedaan yang membedakannya dengan kata to speak itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dibuat untuk menganalisa perbedaan yang ada pada kata-kata kerja tersebut dan penggunaannya di dalam kalimat.
Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan, yang pertama untuk mengetahui definisi dari setiap kata kerja yang memiliki makna to speak. Kedua, melihat fitur semantis apa saja yang terkandung dalam tiap kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak..
Skripsi ini membahas tentang pembelajaran semantis dari kata-kata kerja Bahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan analisa komponen.
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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Languages play an important role in human lives, with languages, we can communicate each other. In order to deliver ideas, human being needs to know and understand well about the language itself. According to Wardhaugh, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (1977: 3). This definition of language has the same definition with, that language is the specialized sound signaling system which seems to be genetically programmed to develop in humans to communicate (Aitchison, 2003: 13). Those definitions of language shared the same meaning that language is a sound of system used for human communication.
Language as a system for communication has been divided into three various kinds of components. They are phonology, syntax, and semantics. Phonology is the component which deal with the sounds. Syntax is the component which deal with the forms that convey meaning as they are arranged in sentences. And semantics is dealing with the relationship between the meaningful elements of language and the outside world (Lehmann, 1983: 5).
means that to study semantics means to study meaning. It must be kept in our mind that the meaning which is studied in this subject is only limited to language meaning. Therefore, semantics can be defined as “the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences” (Fromkin, 2000:151).
In this research, the writer analyzed the English verbs meaning to speak because it has many synonyms. The writer studied the semantic features of the English verbs meaning to speak because the writer wanted to differenciate each verb which are used in sentences for the students who study English. This study can improve their knowledge about English vocabularies by understanding the definition and the features of each verb.
We have many words that presented English verbs meaning to speak, two of them are enunciate and articulate. If we use them in sentences, they will have their own meaning although both of the words are almost the same in meaning but we can not applied them in the same way.
[1] The theory Darwin was to enunciate decades later. [2] She struggled to articulate her thoughts.
We can see that enunciate and articulate there have the same intension of to speak or say something. But the problem is, how they can be used in the sentences and why they can not be used in the same sentence.
their vocabulary. The use of language as a means of communication say that having the knowledge of accurate meaning of the vocabulary of a certain language will lead to a successful verbal communication so that misunderstanding will not happen.
This topic, The Semantic Study of The English Verbs Meaning “To Speak”, is chosen because the analysis of the topic can be used to investigate the complete definition of synonymous words. Similar to linguistic, semantics has also many scopes of study and one of them is synonym. Synonyms are words or expressions that have the same meanings in some or all aspects (O’Graddy, 1996: 269). Words that are considered to be synonymous will always have components in their meaning that differentiate one another. The purpose is also to find out the complete definition that will lead to the finding of the differences among the synonymous words.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to arrive in the result of the analysis, some problems are proposed. The problems can be formulated as follows:
1. What is the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak?
2. What are the semantic features of the English verb containing meaning to speak?
C. Objective of the Study
This study aims to find out the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak. And to find the semantic features of the English verb that has meaning to speak.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, the writer feel it is necessary to give the definition of terms used in this study. The terms include: 1. Semantics
2. Verb
6 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer discusses the review of related studies and review of related theories. The review of related studies present the studies that had been done by other writers that have relation to this study. The review of related theories present some theories that the writer use to support this analysis.
A.Review of Related Studies
1. An Undergraduate Thesis Written by Agnes Sri Paulina entitled The Study of Semantic Features on English Verbs Containing Meaning To Walk
This thesis analyzed the semantic features of the English verbs which have meaning “to walk”. Her objectives of this thesis are to highlight the differences of each verb meaning to walk through the semantic features and to show and analyze the use of each verb meaning to walk in sentences. In her research, she found twenty verbs that has meaning to walk. They are edge, limp, march, pace, paddle, parade, plod, promenade, ramble, shamble, shuffle, stagger, stalk, stride, stroll, tiptoe, totter, tramp, trudge, wade. She used four dictionaries to get the definition of those verbs; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionaries, Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged, Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary.
7
In her study, Paulina used semantic features and sentences to analyze the English verbs meaning to walk. This method is also used by the writer in this thesis to analyze the English verbs containing meaning to speak.
However, the differences between her study and this thesis are the object of the study. Her object is the English verb containing meaning to walk, but this thesis’ object is the English verbs containing meaning to speak. She used the intransitive verbs that has the meaning to walk, whereas the writer in this thesis used the transitive verbs to analyze the problems.
2. An Undergraduate Thesis written by Dwi Ratri Indriyana entitled The Semantic and Syntactic Features of The Intransitive Verbs Related to Visual
Sense
8
In her study, Indriyana was only focus on the intransitive verbs that denote to visual senses. She used the semantic features and syntactic features to find out the similarities and differences of the verb. Whether this thesis focus on the verb that containing meaning to speak which is function as transitive verbs in sentence. This thesis is only used the semantic features to find out the similarities and differences between the verb. Then the writer also uses each verb in sentences.
B.Review of Related Theories 1. Theory on Word Meaning
According to Lyons, word is form whether spoken or written, or, alternatively, as composites expressions, which combine form and meaning (1995: 46). It is also said by Richard, Platt, and Weiber, that word is the smallest Linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing (1985: 311). Word can be define as a single form of linguistic units that has meaning. It can occur whether in spoken or written.
9
that is attached to the bound morpheme [s] like in books, cats, maps (Allen and Campbell, 1965: 278).
According to Lehmann, to analyze the meaning of certain words, a researcher can use the method of analyzing other linguistic elements like system of sounds and syntactic pattern of sentences namely collecting and then analyzing the data which is similar to the method in descriptive linguistics. It means that researchers must look for single or independent words that are separated from their sentence and examine their distribution namely their linguistic context and situational context (1976: 228).
In doing the contrast and comparison, it must be considered that the researchers must find the words that share the same features but have the contrast with another word in other features (Nida, 1975:32). For example, if a researcher tries to find the componential features of the central meaning of the word father (the name of biological ancestor) which has features such as [+human], [+parent], [+adult], and [+male], it is clear that it can only be done by contrasting the word with another word which share certain features with it but contrast in other features such as the word mother which has features such as [+human], [+parent], [+adult], [-male] (Nida, 1975:32).
10 2. Theory on Sentential Meaning
According to Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, sentential meaning is built from the meaning of noun phrases and verb phrases (2000: 17). Cruse has the same idea with that definition. Sentence is a unit that must have at least one independent clause and at least one predication grammatically. It does not need another clause. Thus, the sentence is the smallest linguistic unit that can be used in an act of “telling” (2000:22).
A sentence is composed of phrases. Phrasal or sentential meaning is the study of phrases and sentences meaning relationships by combining the word meanings into among these larger units. The meaning of its words and its context will influence the meaning of the phrase or the sentence (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 2000: 164).
Fodor said in her book, Semantics: Theories of Meaning In Generative Grammar, there are some types of sentences, they are imperative sentences, interrogative sentences, and some sentences which are declarative in superficial form. The last type is the type that is not used for the making of the assertions. It is used to give orders, make requests, ask questions, to promise, to warn, to make bets, and so on. And It would seem to have a little to do with the concept of truth in most of these illocutionary acts. Therefore that the propositional contents of these sentences can be individuated by reference to truth conditions (1977: 50).
11
– as sentences are commonly defined – that is definitely not part of their propositional content is thematic meaning (Lyons, 1995: 154). For example: 1) ‘I have not read this book’,
2) ‘This book I have not read’,
3) ‘It is this book (that) I have not read’, 4) ‘This book has not been read by me’.
Those sentences are differed in thematic meaning, all have the same truth-conditions, and the same propositional content. This kind of meaning is called thematic because it is depending on the way speakers present the theme of their utterance in relation to particular contextual presuppositions.
3. Theory on Synonyms
The word synonym is derived from ancient Greek syn means “plus” and onoma means “name”. Therefore, synonyms are different words with similar or identical meanings (Aitchison, 2003: 90).
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meaning for examples, mist and fog, stream and brook, man and boy (Lyons, 1995:60).
Lyons also said, two or more expressions can be absolutely synonymous if, and only if, they included in this following conditions:
1) All their meaning are identical; 2) They are synonymous in all contexts;
3) They are semantically equivalent (their meaning or meanings are identical) on all dimensions of meaning, descriptive and non-descriptive (1995: 61). It is difficult to find any words that have these three conditions because basically there is no word absolutely synonimous. For example, “big” and “large”. We can know those words are absolutely synonimous or not by applied them to sentence.
i. ‘They live in a big/large house’, ii. ‘I will tell my big sister’, iii. ‘I will tell my large sister’.
13 4. Theory on componential analysis
For many years, many people especially non-native speakers sometimes use the words that have similarity in meaning incorrectly. That is why lexicographers have been struggling very hard to produce the meaning to the most complete definition in order to people can use it correctly. Linguists then tried to distinguishing the word’s characteristics by clasify and show their relationship using componential or feature analysis, which is called semantic features (Bolinger, 1968: 93).
Componential analysis was firstly introduced by Katz and Fodor in 1963. It was used in the field of anthropological linguistics to study the relationship between kinship terms. The idea of this analysis is to divide meaning into smaller parts. For example, spinster can be analyzed to have components or features such as [-married], [-male], [+adults], and [+human]. With that kind of method, differences of words can be identified by contrasting the features of words. For example, the semantic features of the word bachelor are [-married], [+male], [+adult], [+human]. As a result, the feature that differentiates those two words is [±male]. <https://www.grin.com/login/#documents/101000/text>.
14
fundamental distinction lies on the gender, whether it is male or female, and the maturity, whether it is adult or non-adult. The semantic features of these words are ram [male, adult], ewe [female, adult], lamb[none, adult]. These features express the semantic relation between different lexical items that have different main meaning.
C.Theoretical Framework
The objectives of this thesis are to find out the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak. And to find the semantic features of the English verb that has meaning to speak..
Two questions in the problem formulation were the main discussions in the analysis. The first question is concerning about the definition of the English verb meaning to speak. The second question is about the semantic features of each verb. To answer the questions, the theories above that consist of word meaning, sentential meaning, synonym, and componential analysis were applied to the analysis.
In answering the first question, the writer used the theory on synonym to find the verbs that have similar meaning with the verb meaning to speak. Theory on word meaning was also used to define each verb based on four dictionaries. Then, theory of sentential meaning to support the definition and find addition feature that could be appear after the verb applied in sentences.
15 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A.Object of the study
The data in this study are the verbs containing meaning to speak. The meaning of the verb to speak is “to say or state something” (Hornby, 2005: 1467). Since there are many verbs that have meaning to speak, the writer uses Oxford American Dictionary and Thesaurus, Collins Concise Dictionary and Thesaurus, and Merriam-Webster Thesaurus to get the verbs that have synonyms to the verb to speak. The writer limited the data that contain only one morpheme. Then, the data are also limited to those which have function as transitive verb in sentences. Those verbs are articulate, communicate, discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state, talk, tell, utter, verbalize, vocalize, voice.
To define each verb, the writer uses four dictionaries; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2005), Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001), Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition (1993), and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001). The writer chooses those dictionaries because they are commonly used and easy to understand.
B.Approach of the study
This thesis is focusing on the semantic study. It means, this thesis study the meaning. In this thesis, the writer uses Componential Analysis because it is
16
effective to find the similarities and differences among the verbs which are related in meaning.
Componential analysis involves the analysis of the meaning of a lexeme into its component parts (Lyons, 1995: 107). The data is analyzed. After knowing the components, the writer explain them one by one. From this explanation, the differences of the words appear.
C.Method of the study 1. Samples
The samples of the data are the verbs that have meaning to speak. They are taken from three different dictionaries, Oxford American Dictionary and Thesaurus, Collins Concise Dictionary and Thesaurus, and Merriam-Webster Thesaurus. The writer limit the data that contain only one morpheme. Then, the data are also limit to those which have function as transitive verb in sentences. Those verbs are articulate, communicate, discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state, talk, tell, utter, verbalize, vocalize, voice.
2. Data Collection
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many verbs that containing meaning to speak. However, not all the verbs can be included in the data, because the writer had limited to the verb that is contain a morpheme and have function as transitive verb in sentences. The writer found 16 verbs that contain meaning to speak, including the verb to speak itself. They were to articulate, to communicate, to discourse, to enunciate, to express, to mouth, to
pronounce, to say, to speak, to state, to talk, to tell, to utter, to verbalize, to vocalize, to voice.
Then the third step, the writer used four dictionary to define each verb completely; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition, and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. The writer decided to use those dictionaries because they were commonly used and easy to understand. From the definition, the writer made a table of the definition and conclude the features of each verb. The fourth step was collecting the sentences from articles in website. The writer used minimum 5 sentences as the example for the application of each verb. The websites that were used were www.nytimes.com and www.BBC.com. 3. Data Analysis
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features, the writer made a table that characterized each verb. The table was prepared based on the meaning elements of each verb.
Table 1. The semantic features to analyze verbs
Fourth, from the table, the writer made a matrix of semantic features to analyzed each verb, to find the similarities and differences between each verb.
Content Condition Reason
• Thought / Ideas • Word spelling • Something that is
difficult to say • News
• Information • Feeling • Speech
• Something that you don’t feel, believe, understand
• Secret
• Legal judgement • Prayer
• Wishes
• Something that you know a lot about • Amount of money
• Formal
• Need braveness • Involve another
person • Informal • Publicly
• Giving clarity
• Pronounce or declaring something
• Exchange information • Impart knowledge • Give information to
somebody
• give or convey a true impression of something • represent something by a
symbol or a sign • make known something
hidden
• using particular language • attach another person’s
saying • discussing • ordering
19 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is consisted in two sections. The first section is the definition of each verbs meaning to speak by looking at the lexical meaning and in sentences that the writer took from some articles in the websites. The second is about the semantic features of English verb meaning to speak. The writer has created a matrix of the semantic features to conclude the second section.
A. The Definition of English Verb Meaning To Speak
In this section, the definition of the verbs are analyzed and decided to find out the semantic features.
1. Articulate
The definition of articulate based on dictionaries:
Table 2: The meanings of the verb Articulate based on dictionary Oxford Advance Formal To express
or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words / to speak, pronounce or play something in a clear way (2005: 72)
To express what you are thinkingor feelingvery clearly / to speak or pronounce your words clearly and carefully (2001: 101)
To utter distinctly / to give clear and effective
utterance to; put into words / to give definition to (as a shape or object) (1993: 65)
To pronounce clearly and distinctly / to make the movements and adjustments of the speech organs necessary to utter / to give clarity or coherence to (2001: 77)
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From the table above, we can see that articulate have some characteristics of the lexicon appear such as distinctly and clearly in the way of how to use it. The speaker use the verb when they want to express or explain their thoughts or feelings into words. So that the reason of using the verb that is to give clarity or coherence to can be reached.
The table also said that articulate is also used when speaker want to pronounce words clearly and distinctly. It means that the speaker have to spell the words in a good articulation or pronounciation which is deal with the speech organs.
The definition of the verb articulate is clear when it is used in the following sentences:
(1) The complicating factor was that the patient had learning difficulties and, was unable to articulate things in a straightforward manner.
(2) Mr Gandhi told MPs that the problem could not "just be wished away" and thanked Mr Hazare for "helping people to articulate this sentiment". (3) When we talk in the bar of a neighbouring restaurant, his head keeps
drooping onto his folded arms and it seems to be such an effort for him to articulate his words that he either slurs them all together in a gluey, glottal jumble, or shoots out small phrases in tiny bursts of energy that fizzle out before the last word has been formed.
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(5) Throughout a magnificent musical career, he helped people again and again, with his willingness and ability to articulate deep truths, through his eloquent attacks on injustices and by his enormous compassion for people's pain.
(6) I’m blanketed with empathy, and I never have to articulate my feelings because those in the military community understand.
(7) It can be difficult for patients to articulate their symptoms and describe how their life is being affected.
(8) These are real points of public concern, so as well as a right of free speech, we have a duty as parliamentarians to articulate the public concerns and try and bring proper remedy.
(9) I don't even know how to articulate that feeling. It's almost like seeing an eclipse.
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it feels like it needs another person to say it for us. Like in sentences (2), (5), (6) and (8), we can see in those sentences, the difficulties of saying the feeling or thought with using the verb articulate involve another person to express it.
2. Communicate
The definition of communicate based on dictionaries:
Table 3: The meanings of the verb Communicate based on dictionary Oxford Advance ideas, etc. with somebody / to make your ideas, feelings, thoughts, etc. known to other people so
that they understand them
(2005: 304)
To express your thoughts or feelings clearly, so
that other people understand / to exchange
information or conversation with other people, using words, signs etc (2001: 361)
To convey knowledge of or information about;
We can see from the table above the characteristic of the verb communicate is to exchange information, news, ideas, or feelings to another person or somebody so that they understand them. The verb communicate is used when the speaker saying something to another person or to make known somebody about something. The reason of using this verb is to impart knowledge to somebody.
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(1) The challenge for the president — any president — in such speeches is to find a way to communicate a series of different messages to the many groups who will be watching.
(2) Howard B. Glaser, the director of state operations, said in a statement that the vote represented “a failure by P.E.F.’s leadership to effectively communicate the benefits of the contract to its members.”
(3) We have failed to communicate our policies and vision to voters.
(4) But Mr Barber said as well as the council's website there were already other ways to communicate important messages to residents.
(5) The company has also agreed to communicate its policies and procedures to its staff at all grades through a training programme recommended by the commission.
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is used to say something to somebody so that the purpose of using this verb which is to impart knowledge can be reached.
3. Discourse
The definition of discourse based on dictionaries:
Table 4: The meanings of the verb Discourse based on dictionary Oxford Advance give a long speech about something that you know a lot about (2005: 434) thoughts orally / to treat of a subject formally in speech or writing (2001: 378)
From the table above we can conclude that the verb discourse is a long speech. Speech is a formal talk that a person gives to an audience (Hornby, 2005: 1470). Therefore, the verb that discourse kind of talk about something that we know a lot. This verb is used in the formal condition.
Here are the examples of the use of the verb discourse in sentences:
(1) Where the old Sarkozy once boasted that his favourite film was Saving Private Ryan, today he can discourse at length on the Danish classic film director Carl Theodor Dreyer or the German Ernst Lubitsch.
25
poverty and the International Monetary Fund, computers, supermarkets and sex.
(3) Hitler at one time discoursed at length with PW on the reasons why he never married.
(4) Firmly and fluently, with humor and compassion, she discoursed on such eternal subjects as boors, social climbers and betrayed wives.
26 4. Enunciate
The definition of enunciate based on dictionaries:
Table 5: The meanings of the verb Enunciate based on dictionary Oxford Advance clearly / formal to express an idea clearly and exactly (2005: 511)
To pronounce words clearly and carefully / formal to express an idea clearly and exactly (2001: 591)
To make a definite or systematic
especially in an articulate or a particular manner / to state or declare definitely / to announce or proclaim (2001: 441)
Enunciate has some characteristics of clearly and exactly in how to use it. This verb is used to say words and ideas. It can be used to say words in a particular manner. Beside to say words and express ideas, the verb enunciate is used to announce something to other people.
These are sentences where the verb enunciate is applied:
(1) Some time later I went to the West Point military academy where President Bush enunciated his new doctrine of pre-emptive intervention. (2) Robert Zoellick, the U.S. trade representative, has enunciated a strategy
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(3) When Sheppard began in 1951, he never expected that one day he would enunciate his ultimate favorite of a ballplayer name, Shigetoshi Hasegawa, a Japanese pitcher of the past decade.
(4) A father comes all the way from a little village in the south of Haiti looking for his two daughters. Although his voice is breaking, he manages to enunciate their names and please could somebody, anybody tell him if they are alive?
(5) If the United States is to become a true space-faring civilization, President Obama must enunciate a bold vision that encompasses human spaceflight, robotic exploration, the colonization of the solar system and the search for life in the cosmos.
28 5. Express
The definition of express based on dictionaries:
Table 6: The meanings of the verb Express based on dictionary Oxford Advance known a feeling, an opinion, etc by words, looks or actions / to speak,
write or communicate in
some other way what you think or feel / to become obvious in a particular way / to represent
something in a particular way, for example by symbol (2005: 538)
To tell people what you are feeling or thinking by using words / to show your feelings or thoughts using art, music, film, etc / to let the people know what you are feeling or thinking by the look on your face or by your behaviour (2001: 620)
Delineate; depict / to represent in words; state / to give or convey a true impression of; show; reflect / to make known the opinions or feelings of oneself / to give expression to the artistic or creative impulses or abilities of oneself / to represent by a sign or symbol (1993: 410)
To put into words / to show; reveal / to communicate the opinions or feelings of (oneself) / to convey or represent; depict /
to represent by a symbol, character, figure, or formula / to send by express (2001: 465)
From defintions above, we can use the verb express to show our feeling or opinion by words, looks, action, art, music or film. Besides, the verb express is also used to represent something by a symbol or a sign.
Here are the examples of the use of the verb express in sentences:
(1) The other, Alderman Arnold Hatch, is equally entitled to express his admiration for the singer, who travelled over on the same flight as him across the Irish Sea.
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(3) The Aberystwyth Chamber of Commerce would like to express their support for the decision made to appoint a Tesco-led development on Mill Street.
(4) Mr. Huntsman, who served as ambassador to China in the Obama administration, appeared to express frustration that the night had been so much about Mr. Romney and Mr. Perry.
(5) Elsewhere in the U.S. on Saturday, protesters assembled in Albuquerque, N.M., Boston and Los Angeles to express their solidarity with the movement in New York, though their demands remain unclear.
(6) Executives of the company express confidence that they can recover and say that the government investment is not at risk, despite the challenges they face because of a high debt load and lower-than-expected energy output at their plant.
30 6. Mouth
The definition of mouth based on dictionaries:
Table 7: The meanings of the verb Mouth based on dictionary Oxford Advance not really feel, believe or understand (2005:
998)
To move your lips as if you are saying words, but without making any sound / to say things that you do not really believe or that you do not
declaim / to repeat without
comprehension or sincerity / to form soundlessly with or with excessive mouth movements / to form (a word, sound, etc.) silently or distinctly in one’s
mouth (2001: 867)
The lexical characteristic that we can see from the table above is soundlessly. Mouth means move your lips as if you are saying words but without making any sound. The verb mouth is used to say things that you do not feel, believe or understand.
Here some examples that show the definition of mouth:
(1) Several of his victims wept and mouthed "thank you" to jury members after the verdicts were passed.
(2) The 73-year-old, of Luke Lane, Wadsley, Sheffield, mouthed "thank you" to jury members as they gave their verdict.
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(4) The 20-year-old sobbed heavily as he was led to the cells and mouthed "I love you" to family sitting in the public gallery.
(5) The boy, who had an order banning his identification lifted, mouthed "don't worry" to a woman, believed to be his mother, who was weeping in the public gallery when he was convicted.
(6) Blake mouthed the words "I love you" to his partner Jessica Hayes as he was led away to begin his sentence.
From those sentences, we can see that the verb mouth is use to say something that the speaker feels. The verb mouth in sentences (1), (2), and (3) is used to say grateful to somebody, in this case is the jury members in the court. The same as in sentences (4) and (6), the verb mouth is used to express their feelings to the person they love. In sentence (5) is different because the verb mouth is used to suggest the woman that she is not to worry her son.
32 7. Pronounce
The definition of pronounce based on dictionaries:
Table 8: The meanings of the verb Pronounce based on dictionary Oxford Advance particular way / to say or give etc, especially in the correct way / to officially state that something is true / to give a legal judgement (2001: 1437)
To declare officially or ceremoniously / to declare
authoritatively or as an opinion / to employ the organs of the speech to produce;
especially to say correctly / to
To enunciate or articulate (sounds, words, sentences, etc.) / to utter or articulate in the accepted or correct manner / to declare (a person or thing) to be as specified / to utter or deliver formally or solemnly / to announce
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The second is, the verb pronounce is to say words in a correct manner which providing follow the phonetic transcription. This means the verb pronounce is also used to tell a word in a clear way.
The third, the verb pronounce is used to say that something is true. And the fourth is to give a legal jugement in court. The definition of the verb pronounce is clear when we use it in these sentences:
(1) Nearly 400 years later, in 1541, Henry VIII became the first King of England also to pronounce himself "King of Ireland".
(2) All the top three figures in Zimbabwe's Government of National Unity sat together on a platform at the World Economic Forum's Africa meeting to pronounce their country open for business.
(3) His first wife died 13 years ago, and he struggled to find a new bride - and when he did, he found he could not pronounce her name, so he promptly renamed her Radhika.
(4) As a child she found his accent, a combination of Welsh and German, odd: "He always used to pronounce the Vs as Ws and of course as young children... this was very comical to us at the time."
(5) "When the paramedics arrived, the patient had no signs of life, was clinically dead," she said. "I made a determination based on that... to pronounce the patient dead."
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We can see from those sentences, they have the definition of the verb pronounce. In sentences (1) and (2) have the definition of declaring something in formal, official and public situation. In sentences (3) and (4), the verb pronounce has the definition to say words in a correct manner. Like in sentence (3), the person can not spell the name of his wife. In sentence (5), it has the definition of the verb pronounce to say that something is true. It means that the verb pronounce is used to clarify the thing that is already happened before. And in sentence (6), the definition of the verb pronounce is to give the legal judgement.
8. Say
The definition of say based on dictionaries:
Table 9: The meanings of the verb Say based on dictionary Oxford Advance suggest or give something as an example or a possiblity / to make thoughts, feelings, etc. clear to somebody by using words, looks, movements, etc. (2005: 1350)
To pronounce a word or sound / to express a thought, opinion,
explanation etc in words / to tell someone to do something / to state what people are allowed to do / to speak the fixed set of words that form a prayer etc / to suggest what you mean in an indirect way / to express an opinion that a lot of people
To express in words; state / to state as opinion or belief; declare / utter; pronounce / recite; repeat to report or allege; maintain / to express (a message,
35 have / to suggest or suppose that something might happen or might be true (2001: 1602)
From the table above, there are many definitions which are similar to the verb say. First, the definition is to speak to somebody using words. It means, the speaker use the verb say to speak to another person about what is in their mind in words. Second is to express an opinion on something. So this means that the speaker use say to deliver their opinion on something happen. Actually the first definition and the second definition is exactly the same, but when we see them again, they are different. The difference is in the content. In the first definition we can speak anything without intention to be answered, but for the second definition, to express an opinion on something must be at least need to be answered by the one who is given opinion. Then, another definition is to speak set of words that form a prayer.
The definition of the verb say can clearly seen in these sentences:
(1) They also say the government ignored their right as indigenous nations to be consulted about any development that affects them - a right enshrined in the constitution Mr Morales himself introduced.
(2) The Conservatives say the Welsh government should follow the Westminster coalition and freeze council tax.
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(4) Afghan investigators say the killer was a Pakistani and that the murder was plotted in the Pakistani city of Quetta.
(5) Correspondents say the Indian government faced serious problems during her month-long absence.
Sentences (1), (2), and (5) show us the definition of the verb say as to express an opinion on something. In sentence (1) is telling about an opinion that is given to the government. Sentence (2), an opinion to the Welsh government. Sentence (5) is telling us about the opinion of correspondents to the Indian government. Then, sentences (3) and (4) clearly tell us about the definition of the verb say that is to speak something to somebody. We can see that from sentences (3) and (4), the definition of to speak something to somebody is more like giving information to somebody. So, the speaker does not need to be answered.
9. Speak
The definition of speak based on dictionaries:
Table 10: The meanings of the verb Speak based on dictionary Oxford Advance or state something (2005: 1467)
To be able to speak a particular language / to say something that expresses your ideas or opinions (2001: 1742)
To utter with the speaking voice; pronounce / to give a recitation of; declaim / to express orally; declare / address; accost; hail / to use or be able to use in speaking /
To utter vocally and articulately / to express or make known with the voice / to declare in writing or printing, or by any
means of communication /
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to indicate by other than verbal means (1993: 1127)
to use, in oral utterance (2001: 1259)
The definition of the verb speak from the table is to say or state something whether it is ideas or opinions. It means in this definition, the speaker used the verb speak to say what is in their mind about something. But it is also can be means has a conversation with somebody. The other definition is to be able to use particular language. It means, the verb speak is used when the speaker say something about particular language.
These are some sentences that the verb speak is applied:
(1) “I will do my best to speak the truth, and even if it annoys the disbelievers, the truth must be preached,” Mr. Khan said in an interview. (2) Tyler City was known as “a place you could get out of the city and speak
your mind,” he said.
(3) The EU's member states are often keen to speak their minds on issues of such significance but on this one, of whether to back the unilateral bid for statehood, most have been careful to keep their differences private.
(4) “I’m Pam Fields, I can speak Portuguese, French and Italian fluently. I know you’re a global company. Surely you need me.”
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(6) Many young indigenous people cannot speak their tribal language or understand the culture.
Those sentences show us the definition of the verb speak. Sentences (1), (2), and (3) show us that speak is used to say something in our mind, whether it is ideas or opinions. Like “speak the truth” in sentence (1), “speak your mind” in sentence (2), and “speak their minds” in sentence (3), in these three sentences clearly show us the definition that speak is used to say what is in our mind. Then sentences (4), (5), and (6) are telling us about the verb speak is used to say something about particular language. We can see from those three sentences, there must be the kind of the language and also the word “language” itself. It sign that the verb speak is used to say something about language.
10. State
The definition of state based on dictionaries:
Table 11: The meanings of the verb State based on dictionary Oxford Advance
To formally write or say something, especially in a careful and clear way / (usually passive) to fix or announce the details of something,
especially on a written document (2005: 1497)
To formally give a
piece of information or your opinion, especially by saying it clearly (2001: 1777)
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The definition of the verb state based on the table is formally to say or write something in a careful and a clear way. It means the verb state is used to attach another person’s saying or statement, whether it is orally or written by the speaker. That is why there must be done carefully n clearly, because the speaker used another person’s saying.
The definition of the verb state can be clearly understand through these sentences:
(1) The university has stated a total budget for bursaries but we need to know urgently what that means for individual students and how much of their fee income will go to support access for the poorest students.
(2) The paper stated wages had been reduced by 18.3% and on average, new senior managers were paid 8.7% less than the previous postholder.
(3) In the email, Mr Wilson said an assessment form filled out by the theatre after Davidson's previous appearance on 15 August 2004 stated the comedian was "very rude to staff. Arguments over figures, drinks etc, and personal comments that are not acceptable".
(4) Glasgow South MP Tom Harris has also stated his interest in becoming the new Labour leader in Scotland.
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(6) It is claimed he falsely stated a bomb was being taken on board a New York-bound aircraft at either Gatwick or Heathrow airports.
From the six sentences above there two kinds of the use of the verb state. First is to attach a person’s saying from written media. In sentences (1), (2), and (3) the definition of the verb state is to attach from written media. Like in sentence (1) the word “university” is telling us about the written thing, because it does not mean the university talk but the word “university” means the rule of the university which is already written. In sentences (2) and (3) were already clearly that stated there means to attach from media. We can see from the use of the word “the paper” and “in the email”, from this two things we can know that it is taken from written media.
Second definition of the verb state is to attach a person’s saying from oral. In sentences (4), (5), and (6), there are no such kind of paper or something written, but it is directly said the person who tell or saying the sentences.
11. Talk
The definition of talk based on dictionaries:
Table 12: The meanings of the verb Talk based on dictionary Oxford Advance feelings, ideas etc / to discuss something,
usually something
To say things to someone,
especially in a conversation / to discuss something with someone, especially an importantor
To deliver or express in speech; utter / to make the
subject of conversation or discourse; discuss / to influence, affect, or cause by
41 serious or
important / to say words in a language / to say things that are/are not sensible / informal used to emphasize an amount of money (2005: 1565)
serious subject / to produce words in a language (2001: 1856)
talking / to use (a language) for conversing or communicating
(1993: 1202)
progressive
tenses) to focus on; talk about (2001: 1335)
From the table above, we can say that the definition of the verb talk is to say things that you have in your mind whether it is information, feeling or ideas. Beside that, another definition of the verb talk is to discuss something, usually something serious. And also the verb talk have meaning in informal is used to emphasize an amount of money.
These are the examples of using the verb talk in sentences:
(1) Get it wrong and he will face accusations of talking the economy down and damaging market confidence, or of expressing implausible optimism and raising expectations that cannot be fulfilled.
(2) Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani was quoted by Pakistani newspapers on Monday as saying the government was ready to talk peace with militants. (3) China and Australia talk prisoner transfers.
(4) Southern Union to Talk Merger With Williams.
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From those five sentences above, we can see that in sentence (1), the verb talk is having meaning to say things that you have in your mind whether it is information, feeling or ideas. In sentences (2), (3), and (4), the verb talk refers to discuss something seriously. We can feel it is a serious problem when we read those sentences. Beside that in those sentences, they involve two sides in disussing the problem. Then in sentence (5), we can see clearly that the verb talk is used to emphasize an amount of money.
12. Tell
The definition of tell based on dictionaries:
Table 13: The meanings of the verb Tell based on dictionary Oxford Advance somebody to do
something / to distinguish one thing or person from another (2005: 1579)
To give someone
facts or information about
something / to say that someone must do something; order (2001: 1871)
Count; enumerate / to relate in detail; narate / to give utterance to; say / to make known; divulge; reveal / to express in words / to
communicate / to announce or proclaim / to utter (the truth, a lie, etc.); speak / to express in words (thoughts,
feelings, etc.) / to reveal or divulge (something secret or private) / to say positively / to discern or recognize; identify
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something / to order or command / to enumerate; count (2001: 1346)
From the table above, there are some similarities on the definition from those dictionaries of the verb tell. The first definition is to give information to someone. This definition means that the verb tell is used when the speaker want to say something or a secret to someone in order to make him known. And the second definition is to order somebody or advise somebody to do something. This means that the verb tell can be used for asking or command someone to do something that the speaker ask.
The definition will be more clearly in these sentences:
(1) Residents tell stories of poor people getting into debt or teenagers stealing from home to fund their gambling addictions.
(2) "It's time for the public to hear her tell her story, as she lived it," said publisher Lynn Grady.
(3) By talking about their experiences and being involved in TALKadoption activities, these young people have a voice to tell people about their emotions, helping others support them in the best possible way.
(4) "It really frustrates me when artists go 'I'm going to Great Ormond Street' and they tell the paparazzi," said Jessie.
(5) Tell us what song you’d like to hear performed, by whom and why.
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We can see from those six sentences can show us the definition of the verb tell. Most of them is showing about the definition of giving information to someone. Like in sentences (1), (2), (3), (4), and (6), the verb tell is used to deliver information to the people who does not know it yet. Especially for sentences (2) and (3), the verb tell there is used to say something secret to another person. But it is stil including to giving information. And for sentence (5), it is the example to explain the definition of the verb tell to order or command someone to do something.
13. Utter
The definition of utter based on dictionaries:
Table 14: The meanings of the verb Utter based on dictionary Oxford Advance sound with your voice; to say something (2005: 1690)
Formal or literary To make a sound with your voice, especially with difficulty / to say things (2001: express in words (1993: 1302)
To give audible, especially verbal, expression to; speak or pronounce / to
emit (cries, notes, etc.) with the voice / to give forth (a sound) otherwise than with the voice / to express by written or printed words / to make publicly known; publish (2001: 1441)
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The definition can clearly understand from these examples:
(1) But then Rappe uttered the words that would damn the star: "He did this to me."
(2) In court documents released on Wednesday, prosecutors said Mr Enright, 21, got into Mr Sharif's cab, then asked if he was Muslim and uttered an Arabic greeting.
(3) Of course being a fighter Rob survived, but then doctors said he would never talk again. A year later though and he uttered his first words.
(4) Strapped to a gurney and flanked by several execution officers, US convict Teresa Lewis uttered her last words. "I just want Kathy to know I love you and I'm very sorry," she said.
(5) As Jesus hung on the Cross he uttered a number of words. At one point he said 'Father Forgive them for they do not know what they are doing.' (6) Robertson, who had worked for the probation service for 17 years, said he
only pushed Mr Bitti out of his way because he had felt threatened, and denied he had uttered a racial slur.
46 14. Verbalize
The definition of verbalize based on dictionaries:
Table 15: The meanings of the verb Verbalize based on dictionary Oxford Advance
formal to express your feeling or ideas in words (2005: 1698)
(formal) to express something in words (2001: 2007)
To name or describe in words (1993: 1312)
To express in words (2001: 1451)
From the table above, the definition of the verb verbalize according those four dictionaries is to express your feeling or ideas in words. In other words, the verb verbalized is used to put in words what is in our mind. And sometimes verbalize is used to say something that is difficult to say.
These sentences can help us to understand the meaning of the verb verbalize: (1) At times looking as if his skin was about to be melted off by an inner rage,
the head of Bank of America was the only banker who actually verbalized his disgust, calling one question “crazy” and (appropriately) dismissing another by clipping, “I don’t know what you’re talking about.”
(2) Since his epiphany on May 21, Muller has verbalized the concerns -- you could even say the fears -- that are probably kicking around in other people's innards.
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(4) The Knicks trailed by 50-42 at halftime before Nelson verbalized his feelings in a diatribe laced with some salty words.
(5) Later, Agassi verbalized the image many people had of him, a kid who had watched too much MTV and hadn't played enough schoolyard hoops with his peers.
(6) It is not easy for me to write this letter to you since it is still painful for me to think of what happened that night and verbalize my thoughts logically. Those sentences above help us to understand the definition of the verb verbalize by applied it in sentences. The verb verbalize is used to express what we have in our mind, but it is difficult to say. Verbalize has meaning to put in words but this is not the same meaning like another verbs which have meaning to speak that is to say or express in words. But it is more limited for something like our deep concern about something, wishes or desire, and also thoughts. In sentences (1) and (4) we can see the person in the sentence can easily say something that actually for another person is difficult to say like a disgust or diatribe. In sentences (2) and (3), we can see that the verb verbalize is used to express our concern and desire. And in sentences (5) and (6), the verb verbalize is used to elaborate what is in our mind into words. So, from those sentences above actually the function of the verb verbalize is to elaborate what is in our thought or mind, whether it is concern, desire, wishes, or feeling.
48 15. Vocalize
The definition of vocalize based on dictionaries:
Table 16: The meanings of the verb Vocalize based on dictionary Oxford Advance words to express something / to say utter; specif: sing (1993: 1323)
To make vocal; utter; articulate / to endow with a voice; cause to utter (2001: 1462) The verb vocalize has the definition to use words to express something. It means the verb vocalize is used to help us in expressing our ideas, or feelings. The definition of the verb state can be clearly understand through these sentences:
(1) Before anyone could react, and certainly before he could properly consider his audience, Grandneanderdad vocalized his frustration.
(2) After Jason Giambi finally did something right yesterday in his first home game as a Yankee, digging a throw out of the dirt, a stadium full of Yankees fans vocalized the derision they would normally save for a visiting working stiff.
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as those meteoric stars who just seem to step out of college and into the pages of Vogue.
(4) Few sopranos have vocalized this music more exquisitely than Ms. Fleming did. The warmth and amber colors of her sound and the limpid beauty of her phrasing were affecting.
(5) Chang eliminated hometown favorite GUY FORGET as a crowd of 18,000 vocalized their displeasure.
Those sentences above help us to define the verb vocalize. We can see that five sentences there, use the verb vocalize to express the feeling and opinion about something. In sentences (1), (3), (4), and (5) is used to deal with feeling. In sentence (1) and (3), the feeling is showed by the word “frustation”, in sentence (4) is showed by the word “exquisitely”, and in sentence (5) is showed by the word “displeasure”. In other way sentence (2) is deal with opinion of somebody. It is showed by the word “derision”. From those sentences, the writer finds one similarity between each sentence, that is vocalize is used to represent the feelings and opinions of some people.
16. Voice
The definition of voice based on dictionaries:
Table 17: The meanings of the verb Voice based on dictionary Oxford Advance
To tell people your feelings or opinions about something (2005:
To tell people your
opinions or feelings about a particular subject
To express in words; utter (1993: 1323)
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1708) (2001: 2019) tone of, as the
pipes of an organ / to utter with the voice / to pronounce with vibration of the vocal cords (2001: 1463)
From the table above, we can see that the definition of the verb voice is to tell people your feelings or opinions about something. It means that the verb voice is used to express our feeling and opinions that we have in our mind and heart. In other words, we say what our thought and heart want to say.
These sentences can help us understanding the definition of the verb voice: (1) Ms. Garvin said a series of meetings was in progress to allow discussion of
the plan among residents, some of whom have already voiced opinions about what they would like to see at such a site.
(2) Similarly, New Trier High School stopped blocking many sites this year after teachers voiced concerns that the filtering had grown oppressive. (3) In the third round, spectators voiced their opinion of Hill not with boos but
“moos” and the clanging of cowbells as he walked the course.
(4) Both the US and EU have voiced concern over the legitimacy of the trial. (5) Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has voiced his support for
Barack Obama's assertion that peace between Israel and the Palestinians can only come through negotiations between the two parties themselves. (6) Former US police chief Bill Bratton has voiced his disappointment at not
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These sentences above are helping us to understand the definition of the verb voice. Sentences (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) are telling us about the use of the verb voice to say the opinion of the speaker. It is known by the help of the words “opinion” itself, “concern” and “support”. These words help us to decide whether it is opinion or feeling. And sentence (6) has the meaning to say the feeling of the speaker.
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B. The Semantic Features of English Verbs meaning to speak
In this analysis, componential analysis analyzes four areas. They are content, condition, and reason. Content is the substances in the speaking. Condition is the situation of someone in speaking something. Reason is the purpose of doing speaking or why someone does the speaking. The definition of each verb is taken from the analysis of the first problem.
1. to articulate
The verb to articulate means to speak the thought or ideas and feeling into words in a formal situation. Beside that it is used to say something that is difficult to say. Sometimes it also used to spell words in a good articulation. In using this verb sometime need braveness. And sometime in using this verb involve another person to express the thought or feeling. The purpose is to give clarity of something. The semantic features are
Table 18. Semantic features of the verb to articulate
Content Condition Reason
+ Thought / Ideas + Word spelling + Something that is
difficult to say − News
− Information + Feeling − Speech − Something that
you don’t feel,
+ Need braveness + Involve another
person − Informal − Publicly
+ Giving clarity
− Pronounce or declaring something
− Exchange information − Impart knowledge − Give information to
somebody
− give or convey a true impression of something − represent something by a
symbol or a sign − make known something
hidden
− using particular language − attach another person’s
