View of THE DIASPORA FEATURES OF AMERICAN-BORN INDONESIANS IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



Noor Vatha Nabilla



THE DIASPORA FEATURES OF AMERICAN- BORN INDONESIANS IN UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA

Noor Vatha Nabilla

ƒ—Ž–ƒ•Ž——†ƒ›ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•ƒ†ŒƒŠƒ†ƒ

ƒ‹Žǣ‘‘”Ǥ˜ƒ–ŠƒǤ̷ƒ‹ŽǤ—‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†



Abstract: ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ …ƒ „‡ –”‹‰‰‡”‡† „› •‘‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• •—…Š ƒ•

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ ‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‹• –Š‡ †‹•’‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹… ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡ –‘ ‘–Š‡”

…‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’—”’‘•‡•„—–•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”‹‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†ƒ––‡’––‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‹‘”‹–› •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ Š‘•– Žƒ†Ǥ Š‹• •–—†›

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•†‘‡„›‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”†‘‡•‹ƒ‹–Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡† ‹ –Š‡  ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡›

‘˜‡† –‘ †‘‡•‹ƒǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ „› ˜‹†‡‘ …ƒŽŽ ƒ†

”‡…‘”†‹‰ ƒ—†‹‘Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ •—…Š ƒ• –‡š– ‡••ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† ƒ•

•—’’‘”–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „› —•‹‰ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• –Š‡‘”›

’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ƒ† ”‡ƒ•‘• ƒ† ‹’ƒ…–• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ „› Šƒ‘

ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–••Š‘™•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ•

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ†‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ‘–•’‡ƒ‹‰†‘‡•‹ƒ™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡

Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ™Š‡ –Š‡› ‘˜‡† –‘

†‘‡•‹ƒ•‹…‡–Š‡›…‘—Ž†‘–•’‡ƒ†‘‡•‹ƒ‘” ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ˆŽ—‡–Ž›Ǥ

Keywords: Indonesian diaspora, cultures, diaspora features, language solutions

INTRODUCTION



‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡• –Šƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Š‡ –‡” †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‡ƒ• –Š‡

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹…‰”‘—’–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”‹‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†ƒ––‡’––‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘‡Žƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡›”‡‡„‡”‹–Š‡‹”‰”‘—’•‘…‹‡–›ƒ•ƒ

ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹‘”‹–›•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‹Š‘•–Žƒ†ȋŠƒŽ‹ƒ†Ƭƒ‰‡ƒ—ǡͳͻͻͷǢ‡‡˜‡•Ƭƒ‹ǡ

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media





THE DIASPORA FEATURES OF AMERICAN- BORN INDONESIANS IN UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA

Noor Vatha Nabilla

ƒ—Ž–ƒ•Ž——†ƒ›ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•ƒ†ŒƒŠƒ†ƒ

ƒ‹Žǣ‘‘”Ǥ˜ƒ–ŠƒǤ̷ƒ‹ŽǤ—‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†



Abstract: ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ …ƒ „‡ –”‹‰‰‡”‡† „› •‘‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• •—…Š ƒ•

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ ‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‹• –Š‡ †‹•’‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹… ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡ –‘ ‘–Š‡”

…‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’—”’‘•‡•„—–•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”‹‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†ƒ––‡’––‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‹‘”‹–› •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ Š‘•– Žƒ†Ǥ Š‹• •–—†›

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•†‘‡„›‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”†‘‡•‹ƒ‹–Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡† ‹ –Š‡  ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡›

‘˜‡† –‘ †‘‡•‹ƒǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ „› ˜‹†‡‘ …ƒŽŽ ƒ†

”‡…‘”†‹‰ ƒ—†‹‘Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ •—…Š ƒ• –‡š– ‡••ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† ƒ•

•—’’‘”–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „› —•‹‰ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• –Š‡‘”›

’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ƒ† ”‡ƒ•‘• ƒ† ‹’ƒ…–• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ „› Šƒ‘

ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–••Š‘™•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ•

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ†‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ‘–•’‡ƒ‹‰†‘‡•‹ƒ™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡

Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ™Š‡ –Š‡› ‘˜‡† –‘

†‘‡•‹ƒ•‹…‡–Š‡›…‘—Ž†‘–•’‡ƒ†‘‡•‹ƒ‘” ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ˆŽ—‡–Ž›Ǥ

Keywords: Indonesian diaspora, cultures, diaspora features, language solutions

INTRODUCTION



‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡• –Šƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Š‡ –‡” †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‡ƒ• –Š‡

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹…‰”‘—’–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”‹‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†ƒ––‡’––‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘‡Žƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡›”‡‡„‡”‹–Š‡‹”‰”‘—’•‘…‹‡–›ƒ•ƒ

ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹‘”‹–›•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‹Š‘•–Žƒ†ȋŠƒŽ‹ƒ†Ƭƒ‰‡ƒ—ǡͳͻͻͷǢ‡‡˜‡•Ƭƒ‹ǡ



ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‡Žƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡‹‰”ƒ–‡–‘Š‘•–Žƒ†Ǥ

‡”•™‹ŽŽ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ’‘‹–• ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒŒ‘” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǣˆ‘”…‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘

–‘‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡–Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•ƒŽ‹‡…›Ǥ ‘”…‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘…‘•‹•–•

‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ™ƒ”ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡…–ǡ‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ

†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡”‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡•‡…‘†’‘‹–•‹…‡‹’”‘˜‹‰‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ

ƒ––‡’– –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ „‡––‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… •‹†‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ –Š‹”† ’‘‹–

‡…‘’ƒ••‡• –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •’‡ƒ‡”• ‹ ƒ ‡–Š‹… •‘…‹‡–›ǡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹…

‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† ‡…‘‘‹… „ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹• ‘ˆ —•‡ ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–Š‹…„ƒ…‰”‘—†•ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡•

Ž‹˜‡‹ ‘–Š‡”…‘—–”‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –Š‡‹‘”‹–›ǡ –Š‡›

‡‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– ƒ† •—”˜‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡™ •‘…‹‡–›ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡ǡ‡–…Ǥ

‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ …‘†—…–‡† ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡

’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Šƒ–‹ƒ Ƭ ƒ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ƒ† ƒ…™ƒ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ Šƒ˜‡

‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ……—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•‘ˆ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Š‘•–Žƒ†ǤŠƒ–‹ƒƬƒ

ȋʹͲͲͶȌ†‹•…—••‡†–Š‡ƒ……—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Š•‹ƒǦ‡”‹…ƒ™‘‡–Šƒ–™‡–

†›ƒ‹…ǡ …‘–‡•–‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š †‹ƒŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• ƒ† ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –

‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ……—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•”‘‘–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡…—Ž–—”‡ǡŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽǡƒ†

–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…•‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠ‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†Š‘•–Žƒ†ǤŠ‹Ž‡ǡƒ…™ƒȋʹͲͳͶȌ‡š’Ž‘”‡†

–Š‡ ƒ……—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› –Š‡ ‹‹‰”ƒ– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ Š‡

ƒ‡•ƒ‡‘˜‡ŽǤ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ……—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘

†‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‹ ‡”‹…ƒǤ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– •Š‘™‡† †‹Ž‡ƒǡ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†

•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†„‡Ž‘‰‹‰•‹Š‘•–Žƒ†ǤŠ‹••–—†›‹•

…‘†—…–‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡••‹…‡‹–‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡•‡…‘†

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ™Š‘Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ȋˆ”‘ʹͲͳͲ–‘ʹͲͳͻȌǤ

Š‹••–—†›†‹•…—••‡•–Š‡ƒ……—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ•ƒ

•‡…‘†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ™Š‹Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡Ǥ

Ž‡–…Š‡” ȋʹͲͳͳȌ ƒ† ‹†•‘‰ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† –Š‡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ‘ˆ

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‹†‡–‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š •’‘”– ƒ† —•‹…Ǥ Ž‡–…Š‡” ȋʹͲͳͳȌ †‹•…—••‡† ƒ„‘—–

Š‘™”‹–‹•Š•‹ƒȋƒ‹•–ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒȌƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ƒ•ƒ‹•–ƒ‹›‡–

•–‹ŽŽ „‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š …‹–‹œ‡ –‡•–‡† „› ™Š‹…Š …”‹…‡– –‡ƒ –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ •—’’‘”–

ȋ„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹•–ƒƒ†”‹–‹•Š–‡ƒȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–‹‡•

–‡† –‘ „‡ ˆŽ—‹†ǡ …Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† Š›„”‹†Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‹†•‘‰ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†

–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ—•‹…ƒ‘‰†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ‹–Š‡ǡǡ—”‘’‡ǡƒ†•‹ƒǤŠ‡•–—†›

•Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ’Žƒ›‹‰ —•‹… ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” Š‘‡Žƒ† …ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ†

‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† ”‡…ƒŽŽ –Š‡ Š‘‡Žƒ† ‡‘”› –‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–› ‹ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



Noor Vatha Nabilla

•–—†‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• ƒ„‘—– •‹‹Žƒ” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ †‘‡•‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ

‡…‡ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š

‡–Š‹……—Ž–—”‡‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ‹–Š‡Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘–‡–ƒ†…‘–‡š–

ƒ”‡ ’‘••‹„Ž› –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‹• •–—†› …‘–”‹„—–‡• ƒ ‡™ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•Ǥ

‘–Š‡””‡Žƒ–‡†•–—†›Šƒ•„‡‡…‘†—…–‡†„›Šƒ‘ȋ†ǤȌ–Šƒ–†‹•…—••‡†

–Š‡Š‹‡•‡†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ‹–Š‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•Ž‘•––Š‡‹”Š‹‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ

”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†› –Š‡ ‹•’‹”‡• –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” –‘ …‘†—…– •‹‹Žƒ”

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•̵•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‘”‡™Š‹Ž‡

–Š‡›™‡”‡‹–Š‡Ǥ–Š‡Ž’•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”–‘†‘–Š‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š–Š‡

‹• †‹•…—••‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› …‘„‹‡•

Šƒ‘ ȋ†ǤȌ ‘–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… •‘Ž—–‹‘ –Š‡› †‹† ™Š‡ –Š‡› ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ…ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰†‘‡•‹ƒǤ



LITERATURE REVIEW 

The Reasons and Impacts of “Not Speaking Chinese”

Š‡”Œ‘—”ƒŽƒ”–‹…Ž‡ǡŠƒ‘ȋʹͲͳͷȌŠƒ•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘’‘‹–•

‘™Š›‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”Š‹‡•‡ƒ”‡‘–•’‡ƒ‹‰Š‹‡•‡ƒ†‹–•‹’ƒ…–•ǤŠ‡”‡

™‡”‡ –™‘ •—„Ǧ’‘‹–• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „ƒ””‹‡” ‹ ‡”‹…ƒ •‘…‹‡–›ǡ ƒ†

‡’Šƒ•‹•‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–•—„’‘‹–‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‰Ž‹•Š‹•—•‡†‹ƒŽ‘•–

ƒŽŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹‡”‹…ƒ•‹…‡‹–‹•–Š‡‹”ˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡

ƒŒ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ•‘—•‡‰Ž‹•ŠǤ–„‡…‘‡•ƒ

ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ’ƒ”‡–•‹ˆ–Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡…ƒ‘–ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†

–Š‡”‡ •‹…‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• —•‡† ƒ• ƒ †ƒ‹Ž› Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •—…Š ƒ•

‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–‹•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡̶‘–…‘’‡–‡–‡‘—‰Š̶’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ

Š‡’ƒ”‡–•—•–„‡™‘””‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡™‹ŽŽ‰‡–†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘

–Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‡ˆ‹…‹‡…›Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”‡–• –Š‡ †‡…‹†‡ –‘ —•‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ

Š‹‡•‡ǤŠ‹•’‘‹–”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡•‡…‘†•—„’‘‹–‘ˆ̶’Šƒ•‹•‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘̶Ǥ

†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– –Š‹‰• ‹ Š—ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ –Šƒ– •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡

ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡”‹…ƒ —•‡• ‰Ž‹•Šǡ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒŽ•‘—•–

•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Š‘”‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”Ǥ

—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰Š‹‡•‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ‘–•’‡ƒ‹‰

Š‹‡•‡ ˆ‘” Š‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹’ƒ…– ‹• –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ …”‘••Ǧ

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•—…Šƒ•„‡–™‡‡‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”Š‹‡•‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media



•–—†‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• ƒ„‘—– •‹‹Žƒ” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ †‘‡•‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ

‡…‡ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š

‡–Š‹……—Ž–—”‡‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ‹–Š‡Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘–‡–ƒ†…‘–‡š–

ƒ”‡ ’‘••‹„Ž› –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‹• •–—†› …‘–”‹„—–‡• ƒ ‡™ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•Ǥ

‘–Š‡””‡Žƒ–‡†•–—†›Šƒ•„‡‡…‘†—…–‡†„›Šƒ‘ȋ†ǤȌ–Šƒ–†‹•…—••‡†

–Š‡Š‹‡•‡†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ‹–Š‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•Ž‘•––Š‡‹”Š‹‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ

”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†› –Š‡ ‹•’‹”‡• –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” –‘ …‘†—…– •‹‹Žƒ”

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•̵•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‘”‡™Š‹Ž‡

–Š‡›™‡”‡‹–Š‡Ǥ–Š‡Ž’•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”–‘†‘–Š‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š–Š‡

‹• †‹•…—••‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› …‘„‹‡•

Šƒ‘ ȋ†ǤȌ ‘–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… •‘Ž—–‹‘ –Š‡› †‹† ™Š‡ –Š‡› ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ…ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰†‘‡•‹ƒǤ



LITERATURE REVIEW 

The Reasons and Impacts of “Not Speaking Chinese”

Š‡”Œ‘—”ƒŽƒ”–‹…Ž‡ǡŠƒ‘ȋʹͲͳͷȌŠƒ•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘’‘‹–•

‘™Š›‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”Š‹‡•‡ƒ”‡‘–•’‡ƒ‹‰Š‹‡•‡ƒ†‹–•‹’ƒ…–•ǤŠ‡”‡

™‡”‡ –™‘ •—„Ǧ’‘‹–• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „ƒ””‹‡” ‹ ‡”‹…ƒ •‘…‹‡–›ǡ ƒ†

‡’Šƒ•‹•‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–•—„’‘‹–‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‰Ž‹•Š‹•—•‡†‹ƒŽ‘•–

ƒŽŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹‡”‹…ƒ•‹…‡‹–‹•–Š‡‹”ˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡

ƒŒ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ•‘—•‡‰Ž‹•ŠǤ–„‡…‘‡•ƒ

ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ’ƒ”‡–•‹ˆ–Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡…ƒ‘–ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†

–Š‡”‡ •‹…‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• —•‡† ƒ• ƒ †ƒ‹Ž› Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •—…Š ƒ•

‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–‹•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡̶‘–…‘’‡–‡–‡‘—‰Š̶’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ

Š‡’ƒ”‡–•—•–„‡™‘””‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡™‹ŽŽ‰‡–†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘

–Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‡ˆ‹…‹‡…›Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”‡–• –Š‡ †‡…‹†‡ –‘ —•‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ

Š‹‡•‡ǤŠ‹•’‘‹–”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡•‡…‘†•—„’‘‹–‘ˆ̶’Šƒ•‹•‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘̶Ǥ

†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– –Š‹‰• ‹ Š—ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ –Šƒ– •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡

ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡”‹…ƒ —•‡• ‰Ž‹•Šǡ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒŽ•‘—•–

•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Š‘”‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”Ǥ

—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰Š‹‡•‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ‘–•’‡ƒ‹‰

Š‹‡•‡ ˆ‘” Š‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹’ƒ…– ‹• –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ …”‘••Ǧ

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•—…Šƒ•„‡–™‡‡‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”Š‹‡•‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”



‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•Ǥ Š‡‹” ‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–• ƒ• –Š‡ ‹ Š‹‡•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ‘Ž› …ƒ

ƒ•™‡”‹–‹„ƒ•‹…Š‹‡•‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–…ƒ…—––Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š

‘–Š‡” Š‹‡•‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

…‘‡…–‹‘Ǥ–‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡›Ž‘•‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡Š‹‡•‡Š‹•–‘”›ƒ†

’‘••‹„Ž› „‡ Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ• ̶†‹•Ž‘›ƒŽ–›̶ „› ‘–Š‡” Š‹‡•‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ’‘‹– ‹•

”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡š– ’‘‹–ǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ”‡” ‘ˆ ”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ – ‹•

‹’‘”–ƒ–•‹…‡‘‡‘ˆŠ‹‡•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‹•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•’‡ƒŠ‹‡•‡Ǥ–

‹• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– ˆ‘” ‡”‹…ƒǦ‘” Š‹‡•‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‹‰Š …‘ˆ‹†‡…‡ –‘ •’‡ƒ

Š‹‡•‡ „”ƒ˜‡Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ •’‡ƒ Š‹‡•‡ ˆŽ—‡–Ž›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒŽ•‘

ƒˆˆ‡…–• –Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‹‰• –Šƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡” „‡–™‡‡ •‹ƒ ƒ† ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ”‡

Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–›ǡ Š›„”‹†‹–›ǡ ƒ† †‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”

Š‹‡•‡–Šƒ–Žƒ…‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰Š‹‡•‡ƒ›‹’ƒ…––Š‡‹”ƒ—–Š‡–‹…‹–›ƒ•Š‹‡•‡

•‹…‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†ƒ•–Š‡…”‹–‡”‹‘‘ˆƒ—–Š‡–‹…‹–›ǤŠ‡›…ƒ„‡ƒ……—•‡†

ƒ•̶ˆƒ‡Š‹‡•‡̶‘”̶ˆƒ‹Ž‡†Š‹‡•‡̶ǤŠ‡•‡‘–‹‘•ƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›–‘

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‡”‹…ƒǦ‘” †‘‡•‹ƒ –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ •‹‹Žƒ” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •–—†›

ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ–Šƒ–̶†‘‡•‘–•’‡ƒ†‘‡•‹ƒ̶Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡

ˆ‘…—•‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ–Š‹••–—†›‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘‰‹˜‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰

†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ

The Feature of Diaspora and Language Solution•



‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ’‘‹–• ‘—– –Š‡ ‹‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǣ ȋͳȌ ‹•’‡”•ƒŽ

ȋ–Š‡›†‹•’‡”•‡†ˆ”‘‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŠ‘‡Žƒ†ȌǡȋʹȌ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ȋ–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†

–Š‡ –‘ ‹‰”ƒ–‡ •—…Š ƒ• ™‘”‹‰ǡ •–—†›‹‰ǡ ‡–…ǤȌǡ ȋ͵Ȍ ‡‘”› ȋ–Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡‘”› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” Š‘‡Žƒ† •—…Š ƒ• Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‹•–‘”›ǡ ‡–…ǤȌǡ ȋͶȌ

ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡ ȋ–Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ †‡•‹”‡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” Ž‘…ƒŽ‹–› ƒ†

…—Ž–—”‡ȌǡȋͷȌ”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ȋ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘”‡–—”Š‘‡Žƒ†Ȍǡȋ͸Ȍ‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ȋƒ

•–”‘‰ ‡–Š‹… ‰”‘—’ …‘•…‹‘—•‡•• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ †‹•–‹…–‹˜‡‡••Ȍǡ ȋ͹Ȍ

Ž‹‡ƒ–‹‘ȋ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ……‡’–‡†„›Š‘•–Žƒ†ȌǡȋͺȌ’ƒ–Š›ȋ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ

ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡’ƒ–Š› ‘” …‘Ǧ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š ‡–Š‹… ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡ ‹

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘—–”‹‡•Ȍǡ ƒ† ȋͻȌ ‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ ȋ–Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹•–‹…–‹˜‡ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ†

–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ ˆ‘” ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹• ‹ Š‘•– Žƒ†ȌǤ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡† –‘

†‘‡•‹ƒǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘‡‡†‡†–‘ˆ‹†

‘—– –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ –Š‡› —•‡† –‘ …‘—‹…ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” †‘‡•‹ƒ

ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ

Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ ‹‰—ƒ ”ƒ…ƒǡ

‘‹‡‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡‘Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹†‰‹‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹š‹‰ǡ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

Š‹ˆ–‹‰ǡ ‹š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† ‘””‘™‹‰ ƒ† ‘ƒ™‘”†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •–—†›

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



Noor Vatha Nabilla

ƒ„‘—–†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒŠƒ•‘–

„‡‡ …‘†—…–‡† ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ †‹† ‘–

’”‘˜‹†‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… †‹•…—••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

Ž•‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” —•‡• Šƒ‘ ȋʹͲͳͷȌ –Š‡‘”› –‘ ƒ†† ‘”‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡• ƒ†

†‡‡’‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•Š‡Ž’–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡

‰ƒ’•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ—–—”‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ„›ƒ•™‡”‹‰

–Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘•ǣ ȋͳȌ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•

•Š‘™„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™Š‡–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘

†‘‡•‹ƒǫǢƒ†ȋʹȌ‘™†‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Š‘•–Žƒ†…—Ž–—”‡

™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡†‹ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘†‘‡•‹ƒǫ

METHOD 

Data collection



Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”

†‘‡•‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ȋ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ȌǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡†‘‡•‹ƒ™Š‘™‡”‡„‘”‹–Š‡

Ǥ‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡•‹„Ž‹‰•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘†‘‡•‹ƒ™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡͹ƒ†ͻ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ͳ

™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡” •‹•–‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ʹ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡” •‹•–‡”Ǥ Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’—”’‘•‡• •‘

–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ•™‡”•™‡”‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‡‡†‡†ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ—•‡†™ƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡

•‡–‡…‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ•…”‹„‡†ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…Š‘•‡

„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ …‘ˆ‘”‹–› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• ƒ•

†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǤŠ‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒ””ƒ‰‡† •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡

ƒ•™‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ǡ •Š‡ …‘†—…–‡† ˜‹†‡‘ …ƒŽŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ† ”‡…‘”†‡† ‹–Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘•

”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• ƒ• †‘‡•‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Š‡ǡ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Ž‹•–‡‡† ƒ† –”ƒ•…”‹„‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ —’’‘”–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘

—•‡†™Š‡‹–™ƒ•‡‡†‡†Ǥ

Data analysis



 –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ”‡ƒ† ƒ†•‡Ž‡…–‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦ

”‡Žƒ–‡††ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ‹™‘”†•–‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media



ƒ„‘—–†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒŠƒ•‘–

„‡‡ …‘†—…–‡† ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ †‹† ‘–

’”‘˜‹†‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… †‹•…—••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

Ž•‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” —•‡• Šƒ‘ ȋʹͲͳͷȌ –Š‡‘”› –‘ ƒ†† ‘”‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡• ƒ†

†‡‡’‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•Š‡Ž’–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡

‰ƒ’•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ—–—”‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ„›ƒ•™‡”‹‰

–Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘•ǣ ȋͳȌ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•

•Š‘™„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™Š‡–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘

†‘‡•‹ƒǫǢƒ†ȋʹȌ‘™†‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Š‘•–Žƒ†…—Ž–—”‡

™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡†‹ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘†‘‡•‹ƒǫ

METHOD 

Data collection



Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”

†‘‡•‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ȋ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ȌǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡†‘‡•‹ƒ™Š‘™‡”‡„‘”‹–Š‡

Ǥ‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡•‹„Ž‹‰•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘†‘‡•‹ƒ™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡͹ƒ†ͻ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ͳ

™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡” •‹•–‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ʹ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡” •‹•–‡”Ǥ Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’—”’‘•‡• •‘

–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ•™‡”•™‡”‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‡‡†‡†ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ—•‡†™ƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡

•‡–‡…‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒ•…”‹„‡†ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…Š‘•‡

„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ …‘ˆ‘”‹–› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• ƒ•

†‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǤŠ‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒ””ƒ‰‡† •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡

ƒ•™‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ǡ •Š‡ …‘†—…–‡† ˜‹†‡‘ …ƒŽŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ† ”‡…‘”†‡† ‹–Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† •‘‡ “—‡•–‹‘•

”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• ƒ• †‘‡•‹ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒǤ Š‡ǡ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Ž‹•–‡‡† ƒ† –”ƒ•…”‹„‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ —’’‘”–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘

—•‡†™Š‡‹–™ƒ•‡‡†‡†Ǥ

Data analysis



 –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ”‡ƒ† ƒ†•‡Ž‡…–‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦ

”‡Žƒ–‡††ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ‹™‘”†•–‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡



’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”†‹•…‘—”•‡•‹†‡–ƒ‹Ž–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤ‡š–ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘•‹•–‡†

‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‡› –‡”• ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† –‘ „‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘

reasons and/or impacts “not speaking Indonesian” „› Šƒ‘ ȋʹͲͳͷȌ ƒ† –Š‡

ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ –Š‡”

•‘—”…‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• •‘ –Šƒ– ‹– ƒ††‡† ‘”‡

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡†–Š‡ƒ‹•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‹•

•–—†›Ǥ

 FINDINGS

—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• —•‡† „‘–Š †‘‡•‹ƒ ƒ† ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ’”‡•‡–‡†‹–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‹•™Š‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ•™‡”‡†

‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ƒ•‡†–Š‡–‘

–‡ŽŽƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•™Š‡–Š‡›•–‹ŽŽŽ‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ǡ•—…Šƒ•Š‘™–Š‡›

‡™ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†‹–•…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ–ˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–

–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–•–ƒŽ‡†–‘–Š‡‹‰Ž‹•Šǣ

 š…‡”’–ͳǣ

Ayah sama mama kalo ngomong ke kita pakai Bahasa Inggris, kebanyakan pakai Bahasa Inggris.ȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ͳǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

›†ƒ†ƒ†‘–ƒŽ‡†–‘—•„›—•‹‰‰Ž‹•Šǡ‘•–Ž›‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

ͳǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š…‡”’– ͳ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‹– …ƒ „‡ ‘™ –Šƒ– ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡› ƒ”‡

†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–•…ƒ•’‡ƒ†‘‡•‹ƒǡ–Š‡›…Š‘‘•‡–‘—•‡‰Ž‹•Š

‘•–Ž› ƒ• †ƒ‹Ž› …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – •‡‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

̵••‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹…‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Š‡”‡‹•‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‹•‡š…‡”’–•‡‡•–‘

ƒŽ‹‰™‹–ŠŠƒ‘̵•ȋʹͲͳͷȌ‹†‡ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„ƒ””‹‡”‹‡”‹…ƒ•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

Š‡›…‘—Ž†„‡’‹…–—”‡†ƒ•̶‘–…‘’‡–‡–̶’‡‘’Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘•’‡ƒ

‹‰Ž‹•ŠˆŽ—‡–Ž›Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒŽ•‘‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–•

™‡”‡‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ–Š‘‡ƒ†–Š‡›™‡”‡–ƒ‡…ƒ”‡„›ƒƒ›ǣ

 š…‡”’–ʹǣ

Mama sama ayah kerja terus, tapi ada pembantu, jadi kita mandi sendiri…

pembantunya orang sini.ȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ͳǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

‘ƒ††ƒ†™‡”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•™‘”‹‰ǡ„—––Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ›ǡ•‘™‡–‘‘ƒ„ƒ–Š

ourselves… the nanny is American. (Participant 1, ʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 ‹…‡–Š‡‹”ƒ›‹•ƒŽ•‘‡”‹…ƒǡ–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–••‡‡‡†–‘–Š‹–Šƒ–

–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• •Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ •’‡ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š ˆŽ—‡–Ž› ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ

†‘‡•‹ƒ ‘” ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– •…Š‘‘Ž ƒŽ•‘ —•‡†

‰Ž‹•ŠǤ – ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• Šƒ‘ ȋʹͲͳͷȌ ƒ„‘—– ’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



Noor Vatha Nabilla

”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›–Š‡•‡‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”†‘‡•‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–‘•–Ž›

‰Ž‹•Š”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‘‡•‹ƒǤŠ‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹’ƒ…–•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ•ƒƒ”‡”

‘ˆ ”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ …”‹–‡”‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‡–‹…‹–› ȋŠƒ‘ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ ™Š‹…Š

‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Šƒ– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ”‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‘–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”’‹•

”›•–ƒŽ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ –Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘ …ƒ „‡ ƒ •‡”‹‘—• –Š”‡ƒ– –‘ ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡

‡š–‹…–‘ˆ‹‘”‹–›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‡›–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‘‡•‘…‹ƒŽ

‰”‘—’ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡‡˜‹†‡…‡‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…†‹•–‹…–‹‘Ǥ

–Š‹• …‘–‡š–ǡ –Š‡ …‘’—Ž•‹‘ –‘ •’‡ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š ˆŽ—‡–Ž› ƒ‡• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

Ž‘•‡–Š‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹…‡‹–…‘•‹†‡”•ƒ•‹‘”‹–›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‰Ž‹•Š‹•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š

‹‹–•ƒ–‹˜‡…‘—–”›‹••–”‘‰‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ž‹˜‡–Š‡”‡

Šƒ˜‡‘…Šƒ…‡–‘‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘”‰ƒȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Šƒ–

’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡–ƒ‰Ž‡† ™Š‡ …‡”–ƒ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘” ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ”‡

ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡š…‡”’–ʹ‹’Ž‹…‹–Ž›•Š‘™•‘‡‘ˆ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•

“dispersal” and “motivation” (Cohen, 2008) since their parents dispersedˆ”‘

Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†‘˜‡†–‘ˆ‘”™‘”‹‰Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–••–‹ŽŽ

–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡…—Ž–—”‡™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡‹ǣ

 š…‡”’–͵ǣ

Ayah sama mama ngajarin bahasa Indonesia tapi cuma sedikit. Contohnya makan, mandi, kayak gitu. [...] Kami pernah tanya “Bahasa Indonesianya ini apa?” tapi jarang. Seperti “ma what is the meaning of tahu? Bakso too”. Kalo nggak “ma itu apa ma?” tapi tanyanya pake Bahasa Inggris. ȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ͳǡ

ʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

› †ƒ† ƒ† ‘ –ƒ—‰Š– —• †‘‡•‹ƒ „—– Œ—•– ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒƒ

ȋ‡ƒ–Ȍǡ ƒ†‹ ȋ–ƒe a bath), something like that. […] We ever asked “Bahasa Indonesianya ini apa?” (What is the Indonesian of this?) but it was rare. Like

“Ma, what is the meaning of tahu (tofu)? Bakso (meatball) too”. We also asked like “Ma, itu apa ma?” (Ma, what is that?Ȍ„—–™‡ƒ•‡†‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

ͳǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 

 š…‡”’–Ͷǣ

Mama sama ayah memperkenalkan budaya Indonesia dan Jawa kayak makanan, baju khas gitu pernah, baju daerah, makanan kyk soto, sama nasi goreng, mi goreng, nasi. Karena kebanyakan disini makan roti […] Ayah kadang masak soto, rawon, bakso. […] Ayah masih dengerin dangdut. Aku suka dangdutǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

‘ƒ††ƒ†‹–”‘†—…‡†—•ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡••—…Šƒ•

ˆ‘‘†ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘•–—‡Ǥ ‘‘† •—…Š ƒ• •‘–‘ ȋ›‡ŽŽ‘™ •‘—’Ȍǡ ˆ”‹‡† ”‹…‡ǡ ”ƒ™‘

(black soup), rice. Here (in the USA), we often ate bread. […] My dad sometimes cooked Soto, rawon, and meatball. […] Dad still played dangdut (at home). I like

†ƒ‰†—–ȋ†‘‡•‹ƒ—•‹…ȌǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media



”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›–Š‡•‡‡”‹…ƒǦ‘”†‘‡•‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–‘•–Ž›

‰Ž‹•Š”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‘‡•‹ƒǤŠ‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹’ƒ…–•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ•ƒƒ”‡”

‘ˆ ”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ …”‹–‡”‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‡–‹…‹–› ȋŠƒ‘ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ ™Š‹…Š

‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Šƒ– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ”‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‘–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”’‹•

”›•–ƒŽ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ –Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘ …ƒ „‡ ƒ •‡”‹‘—• –Š”‡ƒ– –‘ ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡

‡š–‹…–‘ˆ‹‘”‹–›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‡›–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‘‡•‘…‹ƒŽ

‰”‘—’ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡‡˜‹†‡…‡‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…†‹•–‹…–‹‘Ǥ

–Š‹• …‘–‡š–ǡ –Š‡ …‘’—Ž•‹‘ –‘ •’‡ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š ˆŽ—‡–Ž› ƒ‡• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

Ž‘•‡–Š‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹…‡‹–…‘•‹†‡”•ƒ•‹‘”‹–›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‰Ž‹•Š‹•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š

‹‹–•ƒ–‹˜‡…‘—–”›‹••–”‘‰‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ž‹˜‡–Š‡”‡

Šƒ˜‡‘…Šƒ…‡–‘‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘”‰ƒȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Šƒ–

’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡–ƒ‰Ž‡† ™Š‡ …‡”–ƒ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘” ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ”‡

ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡š…‡”’–ʹ‹’Ž‹…‹–Ž›•Š‘™•‘‡‘ˆ†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•

“dispersal” and “motivation” (Cohen, 2008) since their parents dispersedˆ”‘

Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†‘˜‡†–‘ˆ‘”™‘”‹‰Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–••–‹ŽŽ

–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡…—Ž–—”‡™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡‹ǣ

 š…‡”’–͵ǣ

Ayah sama mama ngajarin bahasa Indonesia tapi cuma sedikit. Contohnya makan, mandi, kayak gitu. [...] Kami pernah tanya “Bahasa Indonesianya ini apa?” tapi jarang. Seperti “ma what is the meaning of tahu? Bakso too”. Kalo nggak “ma itu apa ma?” tapi tanyanya pake Bahasa Inggris. ȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ͳǡ

ʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

› †ƒ† ƒ† ‘ –ƒ—‰Š– —• †‘‡•‹ƒ „—– Œ—•– ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒƒ

ȋ‡ƒ–Ȍǡ ƒ†‹ ȋ–ƒe a bath), something like that. […] We ever asked “Bahasa Indonesianya ini apa?” (What is the Indonesian of this?) but it was rare. Like

“Ma, what is the meaning of tahu (tofu)? Bakso (meatball) too”. We also asked like “Ma, itu apa ma?” (Ma, what is that?Ȍ„—–™‡ƒ•‡†‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

ͳǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 

 š…‡”’–Ͷǣ

Mama sama ayah memperkenalkan budaya Indonesia dan Jawa kayak makanan, baju khas gitu pernah, baju daerah, makanan kyk soto, sama nasi goreng, mi goreng, nasi. Karena kebanyakan disini makan roti […] Ayah kadang masak soto, rawon, bakso. […] Ayah masih dengerin dangdut. Aku suka dangdutǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

‘ƒ††ƒ†‹–”‘†—…‡†—•ƒ„‘—–†‘‡•‹ƒƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡••—…Šƒ•

ˆ‘‘†ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘•–—‡Ǥ ‘‘† •—…Š ƒ• •‘–‘ ȋ›‡ŽŽ‘™ •‘—’Ȍǡ ˆ”‹‡† ”‹…‡ǡ ”ƒ™‘

(black soup), rice. Here (in the USA), we often ate bread. […] My dad sometimes cooked Soto, rawon, and meatball. […] Dad still played dangdut (at home). I like

†ƒ‰†—–ȋ†‘‡•‹ƒ—•‹…ȌǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ



 ‡š…‡”’– ͵ ƒ† Ͷǡ ‹– …ƒ „‡ •‡‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”‡–• •–‹ŽŽ –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ†

ƒ•™‡”‡† –Š‡ ™Š‡‡˜‡” –Š‡› ƒ•‡† ƒ„‘—– †‘‡•‹ƒǤ – ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡›

—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡„ƒ•‹…†‘‡•‹ƒǡƒ•–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹–Š‡‡š…‡”’–•Ǥ

Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• Šƒ‘ ȋʹͲͳͷȌ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ Žƒ…‹‰ •’‡ƒ‹‰

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•…”‘••Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹••Š‘™™Š‡–Š‡›

‘˜‡† –‘ †‘‡•‹ƒǤ Š‡› –‘Ž† –Šƒ– –Š‡› …‘—Ž† ‘– —†‡”•–ƒ† ™Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡

–ƒŽ‡†ƒ„‘—–ǣ

 š…‡”’–ͷǣ

[…] whenever people talk (in Indonesian or Javanese), I can’t understand what they said. […] They tried to speak to me by using English. I didn’t understand

™Šƒ––Š‡›–ƒŽ‡†ƒ„‘—–Ǥȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ͳǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 –Š‡‡š…‡”’–ͷǡ•Š‡–‘Ž†ƒ„‘—–™Š‡•Š‡‘˜‡†–‘†‘‡•‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡

ˆ‹”•– –‹‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– •Š‡ †‹† ‘– —†‡”•–ƒ† ™Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –ƒŽ‡† ‹

†‘‡•‹ƒ‘” ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡•‹…‡•Š‡‘Ž›‡™–Š‡„ƒ•‹…†‘‡•‹ƒǤŽ•‘ǡ•Š‡•ƒ‹†

–Šƒ––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–”‹‡†–‘•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Š–‘–Š‡ǡ›‡–•Š‡•–‹ŽŽ…‘—Ž†—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ

Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…”‘••ǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‘Ž›‡™–Š‡

„ƒ•‹… †‘‡•‹ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ –”‹‡† –‘ –ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‡™

ƒ„‘—––Š‡„ƒ•‹…‰Ž‹•Šǡ•‹…‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•†‹†‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ–ƒ†‡–Š‡‹”

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡™‡”‡…—–ƒ––Š‡‘‡–ȋŠƒ‘ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‹‡š…‡”’–Ͷǡ–Š‡›‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–•‹–”‘†—…‡†–Š‡

–‘ †‘‡•‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ …—Ž–—”‡ ‹ ˆ‡™ ™ƒ›•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• …‘‘‹‰ †‘‡•‹ƒ

ˆ‘‘†ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•–—‡ǡƒ†Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘†‘‡•‹ƒ—•‹… ȋdangdutȌǤ–•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡›•–‹ŽŽƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡…—Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘‡Žƒ†‡˜‡

™Š‡–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡ˆƒ”ˆ”‘‹–ǤŠ‹•‹†‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘„‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

‹••‹‰ –Š‡ Š‘‡Žƒ†ǡ ”‡…ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‡‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‘‡Žƒ† …—Ž–—”‡ǡ

‹–”‘†—…‹‰ –Š‡ …—Ž–—”‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” …Š‹Ž†”‡ •‘ –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ˆ‡‡Ž ˆ‘”‡‹‰ –‘ –Š‡‹”

Š‘‡Žƒ†Ǥ ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ʹ ‡˜‡ ƒ†‹––‡† –Šƒ– •Š‡ Ž‹‡† †ƒ‰†—–Ǥ – …ƒ „‡

…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• „› ‘Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ƒ• ̶‡‘”›̶ ƒ†

̶ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡̶•‹…‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ†–Š‡

™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Ž‘…ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘•—’’‘”–•—‰̵•ȋʹͲͳͶȌ

‘–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‰Ž‘…ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ȋ„Ž‡†‹‰‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ†Ž‘…ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ȌǤ–‡ƒ•–Šƒ–

–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• †‘ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› •—…Š ƒ• •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‘–

–Š‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”Ž‘…ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ„—–•–‹ŽŽƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Ž‘…ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ‘”‹–…ƒ

„‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Š›„”‹†‹–› ȋŠƒ„Šƒǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‹‘‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡›

‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” †‘‡•‹ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ …‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡ †‡’‡†‡…‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ

†‘‡•‹ƒǣ

 š…‡”’–͸ǣ

Kami pernah diajak waktu acara 17 Agustus. Kami berkumpul di lapangan untuk merayakan 17 Agustus.ȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



Noor Vatha Nabilla

‡ ™‡”‡ ‹˜‹–‡† –‘ –Š‡ …‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡…‡ ƒ›Ǥ ‡

‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‹ƒ›ƒ”†–‘…‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡‹–Ǥȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 Š‡ ‡š…‡”’– ƒ„‘˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‡”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ …‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰ ‘‡ ‘ˆ

†‘‡•‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †ƒ›• ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” †‘‡•‹ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ƒ• ƒ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ

feature “memory”, it is also considered as “solidarity” because it is a

…‘•…‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ …‹–‹œ‡• ƒ† †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‘ˆ

ƒ‘–Š‡” …‘—–”› ȋ‘Š‡ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •–”‘‰ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”

‡–Š‹… ‰”‘—’ …‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” …‘—–”› †‡’‡†‡…‡ ƒ›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒŽ•‘–‘Ž†–Š‡•–‘”›ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”•…Š‘‘Ž™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹ǣ

 š…‡”’–͹ǣ

ƒ‹•‡‘ŽƒŠ†‹•Žƒ‹…•…Š‘‘ŽǤ”ƒ‰Ǧ‘”ƒ‰›ƒ…ƒ’—”Ǥ†ƒ›ƒ‰†ƒ”‹”ƒ„ǡ

‡”‹ƒǡ •‹ƒǤ ȏǤǤǤȐ —”—›ƒ ƒ†ƒ ›ƒ‰ †ƒ”‹ ”ƒ„ǡ ƒ†ƒ ›ƒ‰ ‡‰‰ƒǡ …ƒ’—” Ǧ

…ƒ’—”Ǥȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

‡•–—†‹‡†‹•Žƒ‹……Š‘‘ŽǤŠ‡•–—†‡–• ™‡”‡‹š‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ ™‡”‡”ƒ„‹ƒ

•–udents, American students (white people), Asian students. […] Some of the

–‡ƒ…Š‡”• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”ƒ„‹ƒǡ •‘‡ ™‡”‡ ‘– ȋ‘–Š‡” ”ƒ…‡•Ȍǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‹š‡†Ǥ

ȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

 š…‡”’–ͺǣ

ȏǤǤǤȐ‡Šƒ†Ž—…Šƒ–•…Š‘‘ŽǤ‡ƒ–‡„‡ƒ•ƒ†–ƒ…‘•‘”Ž‹‡ƒ›–Š‹‰ǡ”ƒ„‹ƒ

ˆ‘‘†ƒ†•‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡–Šƒ–ǤȏǤǤǤȐȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ



”‘ –Š‡ ‡š…‡”’–• ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”‡–• ’—– –Š‡ ‘ •Žƒ‹… •…Š‘‘Ž

™Š‡”‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Š‘‡Žƒ†ƒ•–Š‡ǤŠ‡‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–

–Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘–Š‡” ”ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• •—…Š ƒ• ”ƒ„‹…ǡ ‡”‹…ƒ ȋ™Š‹–‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ȍǡ

ƒ†•‹ƒǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•‡š…‡’–‡”‹…ƒȋ™Š‹–‡’‡‘’Ž‡ȌƒŽ•‘…ƒ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†

ƒ• †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” …‘—–”‹‡• ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …—Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ…‰”‘—†•Ǥ Š‡

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹…Ž—†‡• ƒ• ̶–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡̶ ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ȋ‘Š‡ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ – ‹•

‹†‹…ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹”‘’‡‡••ƒ„‘—–’Ž—”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ǤŠ‡ƒŽ•‘’‘‹–‡†‘—–

–Š‡‡—‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ–•…Š‘‘Žˆ‘”Ž—…Šǡ•—…Šƒ•„‡ƒ•ǡ–ƒ…‘•ǡƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒˆ‘‘†Ǥ

Š‡‹” •…Š‘‘Ž •‡‡• –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ –‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡‹” •–—†‡–• ™‹–Š

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”ƒ…‡• „› …Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ‡—Ǥ • ‹– ‹• ‘™ –Šƒ– –ƒ…‘ ‹• –Š‡

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘‘†ˆ”‘‡š‹…‘ǤŠƒ–‹†‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•…ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡

ƒ‘‰ –Š‡Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒŽ•‘ •Šƒ”‡† –Š‡‹” •–‘”› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹”

•–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”†‘‡•‹ƒƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™Š‡–Š‡›‘˜‡†–‘†‘‡•‹ƒǤŠ‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ƒ•‡†–Š‡Š‘™–Š‡›ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›…‘—Ž†•’‡ƒ†‘‡•‹ƒƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ǣ

š…‡”’–ͻǣ

—•–’”ƒ…–‹…‹‰ǡ›ƒ—–›–ƒ—‰Š–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹†‘‡•‹ƒˆ”‘‰Ž‹•ŠǤ

Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–ǡŽ‹‡…Š‹…‡ǡ›ƒǤȋƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ʹǡʹͷȀͷȀʹͲʹͳȌ

š…‡”’–ͳͲǣ