BAB 5
KESESUAIAN TRANSPORTASI UMUM MASSAL TERHADAP POLA PERGERAKAN
Pola Pergerakan di Kota Surakarta
Pola pergerakan di Kota Surakarta dalam bagian ini dilihat dari pola pergerakan spasial dan pola pergerakan non spasial yang terjadi dalam penelitian yang didapatkan dari penghimpunan data yang dilakukan oleh peneliti. Pola pergerakan ini melihat seberapa tingkat karakteristik dari masing-masing sub variabel yang didapat yang mempunyai karakteristik yang sesuai untuk masyarakat untuk menggunakan angkutan umum massal yang berada di Surakarta.
Pembahasan ini pula untuk mengetahui sasaran pertama pada penelitian yaitu mengkaji pola pergerakan masyarakat perkotaan Surakarta. Hasil analisis dari data yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini dijelaskan sebagai berikut.
Pola Pergerakan Spasial
Pola pergerakan spasial yang terjadi di Surakarta di mempunyai karakteristik yang bergerak menuju pusat aktivitas kota dimana tarikan dari pergerakan merupakan pusat pendidikan di zona 21 dan 22, dimana terletak universitas untuk pelayanan tingkat nasional, dan pusat ekonomi di zona 2. Sedangkan untuk asal pergerakan ini mayoritas tersebar dari tiap- tiap zona secara rata dengan persentase terbesar yang menghasilkan bangkitan transportasi terbanyak adalah zona 18 dengan karakteristik zona merupakan zona perumahan penduduk.
Untuk detail pergerakan bisa dilihat di Gambar 5.1 Peta Pergerakan Antar Zona Transportasi di bawah ini.
Untuk pola pergerakan yang dapat dilayani oleh transportasi umum massal yang tersedia pada jangkauan pelayanan transportasi umum massal ini bisa dikatakan kurang dikarenakan zona-zona yang mempunyai pergerakan yang tinggi tidak ter-cover secara keseluruhan di wilayah zonanya. Dari pergerakan sebanyak 401 pergerakan yang dihimpun dalam survey penelitian ini, hanya sebesar 168 orang yang mempunyai potensi untuk penggunaan angkutan umum massal atau sebanyak 42% dengan tingkat potensi penggunaan sedang.
Dengan kurangnya cakupan jangkauan pelayanan rute bus ini masyarakat bisa menggunakan alternatif kendaraan umum feeder ataupun kendaraan pribadi dalam menjangkau pelayanan angkutan umum massal, maupun menggunakan kendaraan pribadi seutuhnya dalam melakukan pergerakan sehari-harinya.
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Gambar 5.1Peta Pergerakan Antar Zona Transportasi (Sumber: Analisis Peneliti, 2015)
Pola Pergerakan Non Spasial
Pola pergerakan non spasial ini menjelaskan karakteristik pergerakan di luar batasan ruang. Untuk pola pergerakan non spasial yang berada di Kota Surakarta ini cenderung memiliki karakteristik yang beragam untuk karakteristik yang mendukung potensi penggunaan angkutan umum massal di Surakarta. Uraian masing-masing sub variabel dalam pola pergerakan non spasial yaitu:
1. Waktu pergi pelaku pergerakan cenderung banyak yang berada di peak time pergerakan di Kota Surakarta, dimana peak time dari waktu pelayanan angkutan umum massal memiliki standar yang lebih bagi pelayanan masyarakat. Dengan penilaiannya berada yang berada dalam kategori TINGGI, karakteristik waktu pergi ini memiliki potensi penggunaan kendaraan umum yang tinggi.
2. Waktu pulang dari pelaku pergerakan ini berada dalam kategori SEDANG dimana penilaian waktu pulang pada peak time dan non peak time memiliki perbedaan yang tidak jauh.
3. Maksud pergerakan dari pelaku pergerakan yang mempunyai karakteristik yang berpotensi memiliki pergerakan rutin dimana dalam pergerakan keseharian ini bisa menghemat biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam melakukan pergerakan. Dalam maksud pergerakan ini mempunyai kategori untuk potensi penggunaan kendaraan umum massal yang SEDANG.
4. Kepemilikan kendaraan masyarakat ini mempunyai kecenderungan seseorang dalam menggunakan kendaraan umum bila kepemilikan kendaraan sama sekali tidak tersedia.
Untuk Kota Surakarta ini mayoritasmpelaku pergerakan mempunyai kendaraan sehingga potensi penggunaan ini dikatakan RENDAH.
5. Penggunaan kendaraan masyarakat pada saat survey ini menentukan pada keberlangsungan penggunaan kendaraan umum dimana kepemilikan kendaraan masyarakat diabaikan berdasarkan penggunaan kendaraan. Penggunaan kendaraan ini dipengaruhi oleh kemauan masyarakat menggunakan kendaraan umum yang disediakan oleh wilayahnya dilihat dari kualitasnya. Untuk penggunaan kendaraan umum ini mempunyai kategori RENDAH dalam potensi keberlangsungan penggunaan kendaraan umum.
Dari keseluruhan tingkatan potensi penggunaan keseluruhan sub variabel non spasial mendapatkan potensi yang SEDANG. Hal tersebut bisa dilihat dari kurangnya penggunaan kendaraan umum untuk pergerakan yang terjadi juga dilihat dari daya muat yang ada dalam kinerja moda angkutan umum massal.
Untuk meningkatkan penggunaan angkutan umum massal ini dalam teori Ceder (2013) (lihat: Gambar 2.1: Keberlangsungan Kendaraan Umum dalam Sudut Pandang Penumpang) bisa dilakukan dengan meningkatkan kenyamanan yang lebih pada angkutan
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gan Ke
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umum massal, tetapi hal pertama yang perlu dilakukan adalah dengan mencapai pelayanan yang memadai terlebih dahulu.
Kinerja Transportasi Umum Massal untuk Pelayanan Kota Surakarta
Kinerja transportasi umum massal ini membahas tentang kualitas angkutan umum massal di Kota Surakarta berdasarkan kinerja moda dan rutenya. Kinerja angkutan umum massal yang tinggi dapat mempengaruhi pilihan penggunaan kendaraan masyarakat beralih ke dalam angkutan umum. Pembahasan ini pula untuk mengetahui sasaran 2 dalam penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui kondisi pelayanan transportasi massal dalam pelayanan perkotaan Surakarta.
Kinerja Moda Transportasi Umum Massal
Untuk kinerja moda ini membahas seberapa besar kualitas angkutan umum massal dilihat dari pelayanan yang disediakan oleh kendaraan langsung terhadap masyarakat. Tingkat kinerja yang tinggi ini mempengaruhi kemauan masyarakat menggunakan kendaraan umum karena kendaraan umum akan dirasakan lebih dapat diandalkan dibandingkan kendaraan pribadi.. Untuk uraian kinerja masing-masing sub variabel kinerja moda dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
1. Waktu perjalanan dari angkutan umum massal ini dikategorikan SEDANG yang mempengaruhi kinerja moda berdasarkan kecepatan kendaraan angkutan umum massal dalam melayani penggunanya. Dalam melayani pergerakan, masyarakat lebih cenderung memilih kendaraan yang cepat dalam mencapai tujuannya, tetapi waktu perjalanan angkutan umum massal ini masih dirasa kurang. Hal tersebut dikarenakan kurangnya prasarana khusus yang memadai untuk melintasnya kendaraan seperti jalur khusus kendaraan umum yang memudahkan kendaraan umum dalam melayani masyarakat. Angkutan umum yang ada di Surakarta memiliki jalur yang sama dengan kendaraan umum yang melintasi jalan Surakarta sehingga terkena kemacetan juga di titik-titik tertentu di Surakarta.
2. Headways angkutan umum ini dalam peak time maupun non peak time dapat diandalkan masyarakat pengguna karena waktu yang singkat dalam menunggu kendaraan ini dirasa cepat. Tingkat pelayanan headways ini berada dalam kategori TINGGI dimana memudahkan masyarakat dalam penggunaan kendaraan umum dan juga dikarenakan oleh unit kendaraan yang memadai. Meskipun dalam kategori tinggi, pelayanan dari headways ini bisa ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan aturan timetable untuk kendaraan sehingga masyarakat mempunyai kepastian dalam menjangkau kendaraan selanjutnya.
3. Load factors ini mempunyai kategori RENDAH dikarenakan oleh kurangnya antusiasme masyarakat dalam penggunaan kendaraan umum. Hal ini juga berpengaruh pada pendapatan trayek angkutan umum yang melayani Kota Surakarta, dimana bila tidak bisa menutupi biaya
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commitri RENDri RENDto user
operasional, peran pemerintah dalam menyediakan kendaraan umum ini harus dilakukan dengan subsidi pemerintah demi keberlangsungannya angkutan ini.
Keseluruhan dari kinerja moda ini mempunyai tingkat SEDANG dimana kualitas pelayanan kendaraan ini tidak terlalu mempunyai pengaruh yang besar dalam membuat masyarakat berpindah menggunakan kendaraan umum.
Kinerja Rute Transportasi Umum Massal
Kinerja rute ini membahas seberapa besar kualitas angkutan umum massal dilihat dari keterjangkauan kualitas rute dalam menghampiri masyarakat untuk menggunakan kendaraan umum. Untuk uraian kinerja masing-masing sub variabel kinerja rute dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
1. Waktu pelayanan disini mempunyai kualitas yang RENDAH dilihat dari waktu operasional dari bus-bus umum ini tidak dapat menjangkau kebutuhan masyarakat. Meskipun waktu pelayanan dapat melayani peak time, tetapi belum bisa menjangkau pergerakan di dini hari.
2. Keberlangsungan rute dari bus-bus ini mempunyai kualitas yang SEDANG dimana banyak rute dari AKDP ini berputar-putar sehingga tidak langsung menuju tujuannya.
3. Jangkauan lokasi pemberhentian ini dirasa SEDANG dikarenakan rendahnya lokasi emberhentian dari AKDP
4. Overlapping rute ini mempunyai tingkatan yang RENDAH dikarenakan banyaknya terjadi himpitan antar rute.
5. Struktur rute ini mempunyai tingkatan yang RENDAH dikarenakan konsistensi dari rute ini tidak sesuai.
6. Hubungan rute mempunyai kualitas yang TINGGI dikarenakan oleh banyaknya perpotongan rute sehingga memudahkan perpindahan moda.
Menurut Ceder (2013) (lihat: Gambar 2.2: Keberlangsungan Kendaraan Umum dalam Sudut Pandang Pelaksana Jasa Transportasi) untuk meningkatan kinerja angkutan umum ini untuk keberlangsungannya diperlukan campur tangan dari pemerintah dalam membantu pengusaha angkutan umum dapat meningkatkan pelayanannya yaitu dengan cara privatisasi perusahaan kendaraan umum, pemudahan perijinan, maupun subsidi operasionalnya.
Ketersediaan Transportasi Umum Massal Terhadap Pola Pergerakan Kota Surakarta
Dilihat dari hasil analisis ketersediaan kinerja angkutan umum massal ini terhadap pola pergerakan yang menjadi potensi penggunaannya, kinerja moda yang memiliki kualitas yang SEDANG perlu dilakukan peningkatan kualitasnya dimana potensi penggunaannya pula SEDANG sedangkan diatas batas. Peningkatan kualitas moda ini dilakukan akar
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
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gunaannto usery ,y ,
keberlangsungan angkutan ini ada sejalan dengan kebutuhan angkutan umum untuk di masa mendatang. Peningkatan ini bisa menjadi bentuk investasi kota dalam memecahkan masalah transportasi dimana pertumbuhan kendaraan pribadi di Surakarta meningkat sebesar 7,5% di setiap tahunnya.
Untuk kualitas kinerja rute dan masyarakat yang melakukan pergerakan di dalam jangkauan pelayanan ini mempunyai kualitas yang SEDANG di bawah garis batas yang menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kualitas ini dirasakan akan percuma bila tidak adanya peningkatan pergerakan dalam masyarakat jangkauan pelayanan rute.
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