SOAL TES TERTULIS
OLIMPIADE SAINS
NASIONAL
Yogyakarta
20 Mei 2015
BIDANG GEOGRAFI
TIM OLIMPIADE GEOGRAFI INDONESIA
(TOGI)
Direktorat Pembinaan SMA
Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Menengah
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
Republik Indonesia
No. Peserta : ________________________________________ Sekolah : ________________________________________ Provinsi : ________________________________________
Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Tes Tertulis:
1. Tes dilaksanakan selama 180 menit, dimulai dan diakhiri secara serempak dan ditandai dengan aba-aba dari pengawas di masing-masing kelas.
2. Peserta tidak diperkenankan membawa peralatan komunikasi (HP, Tablet, atau komputer), di atas meja hanya terdapat alat tulis yang disediakan oleh panitia.
3. Peserta diperkenankan menggunakan kalkulator.
4. Antar peserta tidak diperkenankan untuk saling berkomunikasi selama tes berlangsung.
5. Tidak diperkenankan meninggalkan ruangan selama tes berlangsung, jika dalam keadaan darurat mohon menghubungi pengawas di masing-masing kelas.
6. Setiap soal dinilai berdasarkan poin yang dicantumkan pada setiap bagian akhir soal.
7. Isilah jawaban dengan uraian yang singkat namun jelas dan dengan menggunakan tulisan tangan yang baik dan benar serta mudah dibaca
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Bagian ini diisi oleh Juri
Nilai: No.1
Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
1. Iklim dunia sangat dipengaruhi oleh sirkulasi arus global yang membawa air hangat dari daerah ekuator ke daerah subtropis, dan air dingin dari daerah subtropis ke daerah ekuator. Sirkulasi arus global ini disebut sebagai gyre, dan terdapat di seluruh samudera dengan pola tertentu.
a. Gambarkan pola sirkulasi arus global dunia (gyre) pada peta di bawah ini! (4 poin)
Gambar 1. Peta Dunia
b. Jelaskan karakteristik gyre tersebut, meliputi arah putarannya, karakteristik arusnya, serta nama-nama bagiannya! (6) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Siklus hidrologi atau disebut juga siklus air adalah proses, yang didukung oleh energi matahari, yang menggerakan air antara lautan, langit, dan tanah. Artikel berikut menjelaskan sedikit lebih banyak tentang siklus air, di mana air bersirkulasi dari tanah ke udara dalam suatu siklus yang berkelanjutan. a. Tuliskan nama-nama proses yang terdapat pada siklus hidrologi tersebut pada sketsa di bawah
ini! (4)
Gambar 2. Siklus Hidrologi
b. Bagaimana kaitan siklus hidrologi dengan perhitungan kesetimbangan air? (2)
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. Berdasarkan pengetahuan anda, jelaskan faktor-faktor input dan output dari air di suatu tempat
di permukaan bumi! Tuliskan persamaan kesetimbangan air untuk menghitung jumlah air di permukaan bumi berdasarkan faktor input dan output tersebut! (4)
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Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
3. Wilayah pesisir Parangtritis Yogyakarta banyak didominasi oleh gumuk pasir (sanddunes). Pembentukan Gumuk pasir dipengaruhi baik oleh proses alami dan manusia. Gambar 3 berikut ini menunjukan hubungan keruangan (spasial) proses alami yang berlangsung di kawasan tersebut.
Gambar 3. Proses Pembentukan Gumuk pasir Parangtritis
a. Bagaimana pengaruh faktor-faktor alami (iklim, cuaca dan geomorfologi) dalam proses pembentukan Gumuk pasir.? (10)
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b. Sebutkan dua tipe gumuk pasir (sanddune) yang mungkin terbentuk di kawasan Parangtritis! (2) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. Pada waktu-waktu tertentu di wilayah laut Parangtritis dan sekitarnya dijumpai banyak ikan.
Bagaimana hal ini bisa terjadi? Kaitkan jawaban saudara dengan faktor meteorology! (3) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
4. Keberhasilan produk pertanian sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor faktor lahan dan lingkungannya. Untuk mendapatkan produk pertanian yang optimal, konservasi lahan pertanian haruslah dijalankan. a. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan konservasi pertanian! (2)
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ b. Jabarkan konservasi tanah apa yang dapat dijalankan untuk menjaga kesuburan lahan! (5) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. Berikan contoh budaya pertanian yang telah menjalankan konservasi lahan seperti tersebut di
atas dalam kaitannya dengan tipe pertanian! (3)
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Tanda Tangan Peserta
5. Perhatikan tabel dan gambar berikut ini
Tabel 1. Perubahan Luas Laguna Segara Anakan 1924-2011
Tabel 2. Perkembangan Mata Pencaharian Di Kecamatan Kampung Laut, 1980-2011
Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
a. Berdasarkan data pada Tabel 1 dan foto pada Gambar 4, menurut saudara fenomena faktor fisik apa yang menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan luas segara anakan? (2)
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ b. Jelaskan secara singkat fenomena tersebut! (4)
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. Konsekuensi Tabel 1 dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2 dan tabel 3, fenomena apa yang paling
mencolok yang bisa saudara cermati? (4)
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Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
6. Salah satu sub bidang dalam geografi adalah geografi pembangunan dan ekonomi, yang terkait dengan keruangan dalam kaitannya dengan strategi pembangunan dan penentuan lokasi serta distribusi barang dan jasa.
a. Pemilihan lokasi yang tepat sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan suatu industri. Jelaskan faktor-faktor yangh harus dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan lokasi industri! (2)
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Apa itu konsep strategi pembangunan wilayah melalui kutub-kutub pertumbuhan (growth pole
growth center)? (2) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Apakah strategi kebalikan dari “Strategi kutub-kutub pertumbuhan”? Jelaskan! (2)
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d. Pemasaran/bisnis internasional adalah penerapan dari geogragfi ekonomi antar Negara , jelaskan berbagai strategi memasuki pasar internasional-global (berbisnis dengan pelaku bisnis dari dua Negara atau lebih)! (2)
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ e. Walter Christaller terkenal dengan teori “Tempat Pusat” (Central place Theory), coba
digambarkan dan diuraikan ! (2)
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Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
7. Perhatikan peta tektonik yang menggambarkan interaksi antara Lempeng India-Australia dengan Lempeng Eurasia. Interaksi tersebut telah menghasilkan banyak titik episenter gempa bumi yang tersebar di Pegunungan Himalaya hingga Sumatra dan Jawa.
Gambar 5. Peta Tektonik Wilayah Asia
a. Buatlah gambar penampang skematik Utara – Selatan yang memotong India – Himalaya – Tibet, dan gambar penampang skematik Utara – Selatan yang memotong Sumatra melalui P. Nias. Lengkapi pada gambar penampang tersebut gejala-gejala tektonik yang memang seharusnya ada pada masing-masing penampang (palung, subduksi, sesar, pelelehan batuan, gunung api, dsb.) (6)
b. Berilah arsir pada peta tektonik di Gambar 5 yang merupakan jalur wilayah yang bergunung api! Jelaskan mengapa jalur gunung api tersebut tersebar di wilayah yang diarsir dan tidak di wilayah lainnya! (3) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Gempa Nepal 25 April 2015 berbesaran 7,9 telah menghancurkan sebagian besar ibukota Nepal, Kathmandu. Apakah penyebab timbulnya gempa bumi dahsyat itu? Jelaskan secara rinci lebih dari sekedar fenomena tabrakan antar lempeng! (4)
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ d. Pada peta di atas tercantum tahun 2004 dan 2005. Peristiwa apa yang terjadi pada masing-masing
tahun tersebut? (2) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Olimpiade Sains Nasional 2015 Bidang Geografi Tes Tertulis
8. Sebagai seorang calon geografer yang akan mengikuti IGeO 2016 di Beijing-China, tentunya anda harus memahami pengetahuan umum geografi China. Perhatikan Peta Wilayah China dan negara-negara sekitarnya pada Gambar 6 di bawah ini!
a. Warnailah menggunakan pensil warna kuning, wilayah-wilayah yang diklaim pemerintah China sebagai daerah teritorial mereka! (2)
b. Tempatkanlah pada peta tersebut kota-kota utama di China berikut ini: (2) - Beijing - Guangzhou - Shanghai - Taipei - Hongkong - Wuhan
c. Gambarkan letak Tembok Raksasa China pada peta tersebut dengan pensil warna coklat, serta jelaskan maksud dari China membangun Tembok Raksasa tersebut! (2)
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ d. Gambarkanlah ilustrasi sebaran penduduk di China pada peta tersebut sehingga dapat terilustrasikan dengan jelas di mana daerah yang memiliki densitas penduduk tinggi, sedang hingga rendah! (2)
e. Buatlah garis tebal warna merah pada peta tersebut yang menunjukkan daerah gempa Nepal tanggal 25 April 2015 lalu! Mengapa gempa tersebut dapat menyebabkan korban jiwa yang begitu banyak hingga mencapai 10.000 korban jiwa? (2)
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