ArrHr SouncEs or lruooruestnru Pourtcnl lsuh,t's FRttunr: rue MRsvultrt tru Rnnospgct. Recrrur TnENDS tn lslrh'ttc RrvvRltsv. Volume 6, Number 2,1999

Volume 6, Number 2,1999

ArrHr

SouncEs or lruooruestnru Pourtcnl lsuH,t's FRttunr: rHE Spltr Berwee ru rHe NRHourut UmruRnruo

ruE MRsvultrt tru

Rnnospgct

R6my Madinier and Andr6e Feillard

Recrrur TnENDS tN lslRH'ttc RrvvRltsv rru MnuvsrR

Muhammad Syukri Salleh

Lnw nruo Pourrcs rN posT lruoepruorrucE INDoNESIA:

A Cnse Sruov or ReltctousnruoAonrCouRTS Ratno Lukito

T naur' M u Hnnnnv OBSERVANcES

rN THE Hrsronv or

Brucrulu

R. Michael Feener

$II]DHllfl,Al|ilfi

Eotronrer- Boeno' Harurt Nasutiott MnstLtltu M. Qurnish Shihab A. Aziz Dnhlnn M. Satria Eft'endi Nabilnh Lubis M. Yunan Yusuf Konnrudditr Hidayat M. Ditt Syantsuddin Muslin Nasution Wahib Mu'tlti Eotron-tx-Csmr' Azytmnrdi Azrn EortoRs, Sait'ul Mujani Hendro Prnsetyo lohan H. Meulennn Didin Synt'ruddin Ali Munhanif Assrsreurs ro rHE EDrroR:

Arie.f Subhan Onnn Fathurrahnnn Hetri Nurttni

ENclsn Lerucuecr Arvson,

Riclnrd C. Kraince

AResrc Larucuect AovtsoR,

N ursanrad

CovpR Dmrclrn,

S. Prinkn

STUDIA ISLAMIKA USSN 0215-0492) is a journal published quarterly by tlrc lnstitut A;ittnn lslam Ne.geri (/AIN, the State _{Institute t'or} Islamic Studiei Syarif Hirlayatullah, lnkarta. 6TT DEPPEN No. |29/SK/DITIENIPPG/STT/197il and sponsored by the

Departnent of Religious At'fairs of the Republic of Indonesia. It specializes in Indonesnn Islanic sttulies, antl is intended to communicate original researclrcs and current issues on the subiect. This journal u,snnly zoelcomes _{contributions t'rom} scholars of related disci-ltlines.

All nrticles pLrblished do not necessarily rEresent the oieus of the journal, or otlrcr

itrstitutitttrs to tohich it is affilinted. They are solely the aiezus of tlrc authors. The articles

ctutninerl in this jounnl lnae been ret'ereetl by the Board of Editors.

M.

Arskal

Salim

Min

NizAm

al-QadA'

al-Munfarid ilA

NizAm

Majlis

al-QudAt:

DirAsAt

fi

Tahwil

Usus

al-eadA'

I '.r 1A A . A

Dl

tnounlslva

_J

Abstract: "7he _{translation of Islam"-to quote M.B. Hooker-constitutes}

one

irnporant

dimension

in

the Islamization process:

it

_is the lneans through

uhkh

Islamic principles come into the [ocal context. In Indone-sia, the translation of Iskm can be seen, among other things,

in

the legal

institution, The "solitary judge"

(takim

tunggaf as

it

is knoun in early

Islan is transformed into the 'Judicial assembly" (majlis hakim/.

In

the

first

systen, the solitary judge, kadi is the only judge responsible

_for

the irnp[ernentation of Islamic law, ubile

in

the second sytiem, rhe judicial

assernb/y, legal decisions are made collectiaely and intsohte at least tbree judges.

The transformation of legal institution begun to appear in seaenteentb

century Matararn Kingdom, the _Javanese Islamic hingdorn in Indonesta, particularly under the reign of Sulwn

Agung(t6t3-G4r.

Suban Agung establisbed ?engadilan Pradara"-uhich

liter

became ?eneadilan

Se-rambi"-as a _forrnal religious judiciary

_in

the kingdom,

ani

appointed

rbe penghulu (the _{Javanesekadi) as the head of}

_tie

pengadirai.

_In

_the

proces of legal decision-making, other judges _{co,mingfroi the urama} as-sisted rhe penghulu. Thqt always held a deliberarion

_for

eaery legal deci-sion they made, including a"&tises

_for

the sultan. concerning

tii,

t

132 M. Arskal Salim

fornation,

it is irnportant to note that the judicial assembly is the result

of

the ntentioned "translation of Islarn"

in

the Jaaanese context. This

judi-cial systern had existed since the pre-lslarnic period, especially

in

the Ma'

laphtt kingdom

in

tbe _fourteenth century). Tbe Negara Kertagama, a .lavanese text deriz;ed from the Maiaphit period, related that the king vas

always assisted by tuo judges (dharmadhyaksa)

in

making a legal and

ez;en politicaldecision. The dharmadhyaksa acted as _iudges in addition

to being spiritual leaders, on behalf of the religious

beli$

either Hindu

dan Buddbist, uhich preouiled

in

the kingdom'

In

the hierarclry of the

kingdorn, their position uas direct/y under the control of the

king

not under the Prirne Minister (Adipati)uhich uas responsible

_for

the admi' nistratioe affairs of tbe kingdom. Given to thisfact, it can be said that, in

the context of tegal tradition, Islarn uas accepted lnare 4s the source

of

legal decision-as legal Principle-rather than a unified legal system'

In

the context of Matararn kingdom, this assumption is supported by

the _fact that tbe kingdom was claimed as an inheritor of Majaphit. Sultan

Agwn g l.ads one of the Mataram rulers responsible

_for

the _formulation

of

tbe _{Javanese-lslarnic} tradition, where pre-blamic institutions @ere reaived

in Islamic tenns,

In

this respect, the continuity of preJslamic tradition,

including its legal aspect, became one of the main concerns of the Ma-td.ram rulers. Tltus the judicial assembly-not the solitarT judge-uas es'

tablished

in

the Mataram kingdom on the basis of the legal

tadition

en-trenched

in

the preJslamic Majaphit kingdom in lava. This judicial

as-sembly is

_for

tbat reason

dfficub

to

_f.nd

in

other Islamic kingdorns in

Java, such as Banten dan Dernak.

Dffirentfrom

Mataram, both Banten and Dernak had a solitary judge, the kadi, uho uas responsible

_for

the

performance of Islarnic

laa

in

the kingdoms.

In

Banten, moreouer, the

kadi was

in

a position independent

_from

tbe intervention of the ruler.

The Kadi, who uas knoun

uith

the title Pakih Najrnuddin since 1650,

held an important role both in legal and political decisions.

The absence of judicial assembly in Banten and Dernak' could be

ex-plained by the _fact that rhese tuo kingdoms uere established alongside an intensice Islarnization in Java.

In

this process, the state

_{formation-in'}

cludingthe political structure of the state-utas established in line

uith

the

adoption of Islam by the sociery. Islarn therefore became part andparcel

of

tbe state _forrnation of Dernak and Banten. It uas the reason that these two kingdorns had no concerns

_for

the reviaal of preJslamic _Javanese tradi-tion like Matdrdm. On the contrary, both Demak and Banten reere more Islamic in orientation by Middle East standards. And the existence of the

solitary judge laas one of the salient _features of this orientation.

M.

Arskal

Salim

Min

NizAm

al-QadA'

al-Munfarid ilA Nizam

Majlis

al-QudAt:

DirAsAt

fi

Tahwil

Usus

al-QadA'

bi

IndrinisivA

Abstraksi: _{"Pmwjunahan Iskm" -meng4ttp isnkh} M'B' Hooker-meru' pakan satu dirnmsi pntingdalam proses bkmisasi. "Penterjemahan" di sini

mengdtu pada wtu proses di mana

niki'nilai kkm

diekspresikan seialan

dengan konreks lokal masyarakat Nusantma- Salah satu bukti paling jelas dari pro *s "pen wjemahan hkm" di Ind.onaia ada/ah /embaga bukum. Sistern

hakirn tungal yang dikenal dalam sejmah

kkm

aual mengakmi transfor'

masi mmjadi nmjelis hakim. Pada sistem pmzmd, hahirn tunggal, kzdi 4d4'

l alt satu-s atunyd ordn g yan g bmzngun g _i auah dakrn implemenasi h ukurn

klarn. Semenara itu padz sistem kedLn, majlis hakim, keputusan'keputusan

hukurn diteapkan secara kolektif dmgan melibatkan setidaknyatiga orang

hakirn.

Transfonnasi lernbaga hukum

ini muki

berlangsung pada keraiazn Mataram di _Jaua abad kc- 1 7, upatnya masa kekuasazn Sulun Agun g (t6 t

3-1 64

_r.

Dia rnen dirikan Pmga.dilan Pradata-kernud'ian menjadi P rn gadil an Serarnbi-sebagai rnajlis hakim revni keraiaan. Bersarnaan fungan itu, ia

juga rnen gan gkzt pen ghulu sebagai pemimpin pmgadilan. Dalam proses

prn-buaun hukurn di pengadilan, pmgbulu dibantu dtu orang hakim dari hz' langan ularna^ Mereka smantiasa mekkukan musyazaarah dalarn

tnenetdp-kan setiap keputasan hukurn, termasuk nasehat untuk Sulun.

Berkaitan dengan tansforrnasi ini,

pnting

dicatat, kebera.daan rnajlis bakim ini pada dasarnya lebih merupakzn

hail

dari proses "pmteriemahan Islarn"

sryrti

disebutkan di atns. Majlis hakim merupakan institusi hukurn

yang telah dihrnal jauh sebelurn blam berkembang di unah Jaua, tepdtnyd pada nasa kerajaan Majapahit di abad kc-H. Tefu Negara Kenagama,

ni'

salnya-satu teks klasik _{Jaua dari}

ptode

Majapahit-mmcaut bahw'a raia

sen an ti asa diban tu duz oran g h akirn (dhar madhyaksa) dakm rn en eupkan

keputusan hukurn dan juga

_politik

Mereka, dharmadhyaksa, bmindak se' 133 Studia Islaniha. Vol. 6. No. 2. 1999

134 II. Arskal Salin

bagai hakirn, di sampingpemimpin spiritual, d.tas ndlna d.gamdydng hidup di kerajaan Majapahit, Hindu dan Budha- I-ebib dari itu, merekz

menetn-pati posisi penting di kerajaan. Mereka kngsung berada di bauah kontrol raja, bukzn di bawah Adipaiyangmenangani masalalt administrasi

kera-jaan.

Dengan dernikian, jelas babw,a dakm konteks tradisi hukum di Nusan-tara,Islarn berfungsi lebih sebagai surnber keputusan hukum-sebagai

prin-sip hukum-ketirnbang sebagai sistem hukum yang utuh. Dakm kasus kua-jaan Maararn, asurnsi ini didukungfaka bahua kerQaan tuxbut memang diklaun sebagai peuaris kerajaan Majapahit. Sulan Agung smdiri, yang

tE-lah berjasa dalarn perumusan Islam-Jaua, banyak mmgbidupkan kembali tradisi _Jatua pralslam dzhm terma-terma bdru yang diangkzt dari

tadisi

Islam. _ladi, upaya menghidupkan kembali tradisi pralskm, termasuk di bidang bwkurn, rnenjadi satu _Whdtian pengLtasd Mataram. Demikianlah,

sistern maj lis hakirn-bukan hakim

tungal-didirikan

di Mauram dengan

berbasis pada tradisi bukum yang telah berkembang kuat padz masa prd-Islant di kerajaan Majapahir.

Oleb karena itu, sistem majlis hakim ini tidak ditemukan di kerajaan-kerajaan Islarn lain di _Jauayang lebih berorientzsi Iskm, khususnya Banten dan Demak. Berbeda den gan di Maaram, baik Bantm maupun Demak me-n erapkan sistern bakim tungal, yakni kadi, sebagai pihak yang menetzpkdn

kepwtusan hukurn di kerajaan. Bahkzn di Banten kzdi memilikiposisi inde-penden dari inten:ensi penguzsa kerajaan. Kddi di Banten, yang sejak 1650

dikenal dengan gelar Pakih Najmuddin, memegdng _{Wdndn penting} bdik di bidanghukurn rnaupun politik.

Keberadazn sistern hakirn tungaldi Banten dzn Demak seknjutnyabisa dijelaskzn rnelalui

_faka

bahua dua kerajaan tersebut berdiri sejalan, aau

berbarengan, dengan proses klarnisasi yang intensif di anah _Jawa^ Dalam

proses ini, rnaka pernbentukan kerajazn-termasuk tentu saja struktur poli-tik k erajaan

-diban gun sejalan dengan proses penerimaan Iskm sebagai

aga-rna dan ideologr polirik" Oleh karma itu, klam dengan mud.ah menjadi bagizn dzri penbangunan politik kerajaan Dernak dan Bantm. Hal ini tentu saja berbeda dengan kerajaan Matzrarn yangmengkkim sebagai paoaris Maja-pahit. Pen grusa Matararn berupaya men _{ghidupkan kembali tradisi Jaua} pra-Islarn. Banten d"an Demak, sebaliknya, lebih mengaru pada sistem bukum

yang sudah dikenal dcngan dunia Islam, sistem hakim tunggal.

Di In don esia, sistern naje lis hahim ini kcmudian terus berbembang. Pada

masa kolonialisrne Belanda, keberadaan rnQlis ini diperkuat meklui keteap-an hukum pmerinalt, Santsblad ahun 1882, dan pada masa Indonesia mer-dekn rtelalui Undang-UndangNo. 7 uhun 1989 rtnangPeradikn Agarna.

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