Dr. Ir. Syaubari, M.Sc
Dr. Mahidin, ST., MT.
Azas Teknik
Splitter C o n d e n s e r G a s b u a n g R e a k t o r I R e a k t o r • R e d u c i n g g a s j j N , H2 10 N j - 6 6 % H2- 3 3 % H30 N2 H2 H20 Mixer P r o d u k F c - 9 8 % F e OS y i a h K u a l a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s
J u d u l B a k u A Z A S T E K N I K K I M I A Penult* Dr. I r . S y a u b a r i , M . S c , d a n D r . M a h i d i n . S T . , M T . S e t t i n g l a y o u t T i m P r a c e t a k U m y U h U n i v e r s i t y P r e * * D e t a i n C o v e r T i m P r a c e t a k U n a y i a h U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s P e n e r b i t S y i a h K u a l a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s K a m p u s U n i v e r s i t a s S y i a h K u a l a J l . T g k . C h i k P a n t e K u l u T e l p . ( 0 6 5 1 ) 7 5 5 2 4 4 0 . 7 5 5 1 8 3 5 F a x . 7 5 5 1 8 3 5 D a r u s s a l a m , B a n d a A c e h 2 3 1 1 1 C e t a k a n p e r t a m a : D e s e m b e r 2 0 0 9 I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 7 9 - 8 2 7 8 - 6 8 - 6 D i c e t a k O l e h Perdana M u l y a Sarana J l . S o s r o N o . 1 6 - A M e d a n 2 0 2 2 4 T d p . ( 0 6 1 ) 7 7 1 5 1 0 2 0 . 7 3 4 7 7 5 6 F a x . ( 0 6 1 ) 7 4 5 7 7 5 6 E m a i l : a s r u l m e d a n @ g m a i l . c o m C o n t a c t p e r s o n : 0 8 1 2 6 5 1 6 3 0 6
PRAKATA
B u k u A z a s T e k n i k K i m i a i n i m e m b e r i d a s a r i n f o r m a s i d a n k e t r a m p i l a n t e r t e n t u y a n g d a p a t d i g u n a k a n b e r u l a n g k a l i d a l a m r a n g k a i a n m a t a k u l i a h b e r i k u t n y a . P r o f e s f i T e k n i k K i m i a m e n y a n g k u t t e k n o l o g i d a r i i n d u s t r i p r o s e s d a n k i m i a . K e l o m p o k i n d u s t r i p r o s e s d a n k i m i a m e m p r o d u k s i b a h a n d a r i s a t u a t a u s e j u m l a h b a h a n b a k u . D i d a l a m p r o s e s p r o d u k s i n y a , b a h a n b a k u m e n g -a l -a m i p e r u b -a h -a n k i m i -a . f i s i k -a -a t -a u k e d u -a n y -a . D -a l -a m k e l o m p o k i n d u s t r i i n i , b i a s a n y a r e a k t o r k i m i a , t e m p a t r e a k s i k i m i a t e r j a d i , m e r u p a k a n p u s a t d a r i p a b r i k , m e s k i p u n a d a i n d u s t r i y a n g t e r m a s u k k e l o m p o k i n i y a n g t i d a k a d a r e a k s i k i - m i a n y a , m i s a l n y a i n d u s t r i g a r a m , p e n y u l i n g a n m i n y a k b u m i , p e n c a i r a n g a s a l a m d a n s e b a g a i n y a . T u g a s u t a m a i n s i n y u r T e k n i k K i m i a : 1 . M e n g e m b a n g k a n d a n m e r a n c a n g p r o s e s d a n a l a t - a l a t p r o s e s . 2 . M e n g o p e r a s i k a n , m e n j a l a n k a n , m e n g e n d a l i k a n , d a n m e m e l i h a r a p a b r i k . 3 . K o n s t r u k s i , p e n d i r i a n s u a t u p a b r i k ( d a l a m b a t a s - b a t a s t e r t e n t u ) p r o s e s B e b e r a p a t u g a s l a i n d a p a t j u g a d i l a k u k a n m e s k i p u n b u k a n t u j u a n n y a , a n t a r a l a i n : p e n j u a l a n d a n p e l a y a n a n ( s a l e s 8c s e r v i c e ) , m a n a g e m e n t a t a u p e m a s a r a n , d a l a m l i n g k u n g a n i n d u s t r i p r o s e s , b a h a n - b a h a n a t a u p e r a l a t a n n y a . H i j u a n u t a m a y a n g h e n d a k d i c a p a i d a l a m p e n u l i s a n i n i a d a l a h : 1 . U n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n k e t r a m p i l a n p e m e c a h a n m a s a l a h s e c a r a s i s t i m a t i s . 2 . M e m p e l a j a r i k e s e d m b a n g a n m a t e r i 3 . M e m p e l a j a r i k e s e t i m b a n g a n E n e r g i 4 . B a g a i m a n a m e n y e l e s a i k a n p e r h i t u n g a n y a n g r u m i t S a r a n b u a t p e m b a c a b u k u i n i , b a c a l a h s a s a r a n s e b e l u m d a n s e s u d a h s e t i a p b a g i a n t e k s n y a . P a h a m i l a h s e t i a p c o n t o h s o a l d a n s e l a l u m e n c o b a m e n y e l e s a i k a n u l a n g c o n t o h t e r s e b u t t a n p a m e l i h a t b u k u . L a t i h a n s o a l a k h i r b a b s a n g a t m e m b a n t u u n t u k m e m a h a m i m a t e r i d e n g a n b a i k d a n m e r u -p a k a n t o l a k u k u r t i n g k a t -p e n g u a s a a n b a g i -p e m b a c a . U c a p a n t e r i m a k a s i h t a k t e r h i n n g a k e p a d a k o l e g a p e n g a s u h m a t a k u l i a h A z a s T e k n i k K i m i a y a n g t e l a h m e m b e r i m a s u k a n d a n s u m b a n g a n p e n u l i s a n A Z A S T E K N I K KIMIA VUNSYIAH dan semua pihak atas teriaksananya penulisan buku ini hingga percetakan. BandaAceb Tim Renyusun
DAFTARISI
K A T A P E N G A N T A R v D A F T A R I S I -.. v i i D A F T A R G A M B A R - J » D A F T A R T A B E L x i i i B A B I P E N D A H U L U A N 1 1 . 1 L A T A R B E L A K A N G 1 1 . 1 . 1 D e f i n i s i T e k n i k K i m i a d a n S a r j a n a T e k n i k K i m i a ... 2 1 . 1 . 2 D a s a r P r o s e s T e k n i k K i m i a 3 1 . 1 . 3 N e r a c a M a s s a 5 1 . 1 . 4 L a n g k a h - l a n g k a h P e m b u a t a n N e r a c a M a s s a 6 1 . 1 . 5 P e n y e l e s a i a n N e r a c a M a s s a 7 B A Bn
P E N G A N T A R P E R H I T U N G A N T E K N I K K I M I A 8 2 . 1 P E R S A M A A N S T O I K I O M E T E R I R E A K S I K I M I A 8 2 . 2 S I S T E M D A N K O N V E R S I S A T U A N 9 2 . 2 . 1 D i m e n s i 9 2 . 2 . 2 S a t u a n 1 0 2 . 2 . 3 S i s t e m S a t u a n 1 0 2 . 2 . 4 K o n v e r s i 1 2 2 . 2 . 5 K o m p o s i s i • 1 4 2 . 2 . 6 K o n s e n t r a s i 1 5 2 . 3 P R I N S I P N E R A C A M A S S A 1 5 2 . 4 P E R U M U S A N M A S A L A H N E R A C A M A S S A 1 6 2 . 4 . 1 I f e r i a b e l - v a r i a b e l N e r a c a M a s s a 1 6 2 . 4 . 2 N e r a c a M a s s a d a n S i f a t - s i f a t n y a 1 8 2 . 4 . 3 T a h a p a n P e n y e l e s a i a n N e r a c a M a s s a 2 0 2 . 5 A N A L I S I S D E R A J A T K E B E B A S A N 2 6 o A C I C T C M M i n n I T M I T2 . 6 . 1 H i m p u n a n P e r s a m a a n N e r a c a 3 0 2 . 6 . 2 A n a i i s i s D e r a j a t K e b e b a s a n 3 3 2 . 7 K O N F I G U R A S I - K O N F I G U R A S I K H U S U S S I S T I M M U L T I U N I T 3 6 2 . 7 . 1 S i s t i m d e n g a n A l i r a n D a u r - u l a n g 3 6 2 . 7 . 2 S i s t i m d e n g a n a l i r a n p i n t a s 3 8 2 . 8 R A N G K U M A N 4 1 2 . 9 L A T 1 H A N 4 1 2 . 1 0 G L O S S A R I U M 4 2 2 . 1 1 D A F T A R P U S T A K A 4 2 B A B
m
N E R A C A M A S S A S I S T E M R E A K S I K I M I A 4 3 3 . 1 N E R A C A M A S S A K O M P O N E N S I S T E M R E A K S I T U N G G A L . . 4 3 3 . 1 . 1 K o n s e p L a j u R e a k s i 4 5 3 . 1 . 2 K o n v e r s i d a n R e a k t a n P e m b a t a s 4 7 3 . 1 . 3 A n a l i s a D e r a j a t K e b e b a s a n 5 0 3 . 2 N E R A C A M A S S A K O M P O N E N S I S T E M R E A K S I K I M I A B A N Y A K 5 5 3 . 2 . 1 T i n g k a t P e r o l e h a n 5 5 3 . 2 . 2 A n a i i s i s D e r a j a t K e b e b a s a n U n i t B a n y a k 5 8 3 . 3 R A N G K U M A N 6 2 3 . 4 L A T I H A N 6 2 3 . 5 G L O S S A R I U M 6 3 3 . 6 D A F T A R P U S T A K A 6 4 B A B I V P R I N S I P D A S A R N E R A C A U N S U R 6 5 4 . 1 P R I N S I P D A S A R P E R S A M A A N N E R A C A U N S U R 6 5 4 . 1 . 1 M a t r i k s A t o m d a n P e r s a m a a n U r a u m N e r a c a 6 7 4 . 1 . 2 P e n y e l e s a i a n A l j a b a r N e r a c a U n s u r 7 3 4 . 1 . 3 A n a i i s i s D e r a j a t K e b e b a s a n 7 7 4 . 2 P E R B A N D I N G A N N E R A C A U N S U R D E N G A N N E R A C A Z A T . 8 5 4 . 3 P E N E R A P A N N E R A C A M A S S A U N S U R 9 3 4 . 3 . 1 P e m b a n g k i t G a s S i n t e s i s 9 4 V i i i A Z A S T E K N I K KIMIA 4 . 3 . 2 P e n e r a p a n P a d a S i s t e m d e n g a n S t o k h i o m e t r i T k k L e n g k a p 1 0 3 4 . 4 N E R A C A M A S S A R A N G K A 1 A N P R O S E S 1 0 7 4 . 5 R A N G K U M A N 1 0 9 4 . 6 L A T I H A N 1 1 0 4 . 7 G L O S S A R I U M 1 1 2 4 . 8 D A F T A R P U S T A K A 1 1 2 BAB V G A S D A N U A P 1 1 3 5 . 1 G A S I D E A L 1 1 3 5 . 1 . 1 H u k u m - h u k u m u n t u k G a s I d e a l 1 1 3 5 . 1 . 2 C a m p u r a n G a s I d e a l 1 1 7 5 . 1 . 3 G a s N y a t a 1 2 0 5 . 2 T E K A N A N U A P J E N U H 1 2 6 5 . 2 . 1 P e r u b a h a n T e k a n a n U a p J e n u h D e n g a n S u h u 1 2 8 5 . 2 . 2 P e r u b a h a n U a p J e n u h d e n g a n T e k a n a n 1 2 9 5 . 2 . 3 T e k a n a n U a p Z a t C a i r M u l t i K o m p o n e n 1 3 0 5 . 2 . 4 K e j e n u h a n 1 3 1 5 . 3 P A R S I A L S A T U R A T I O N D A N H U M I D I T Y 1 3 4 5 . 3 . 1 N e r a c a M a s s a P e n g e m b u n a n d a n P e n g u a p a n 1 3 6 5 . 4 R A N G K U M A N 1 3 9 5 . 5 L A T I H A N 1 4 0 5 . 6 G L O S S A R I U M 1 4 1 5 . 7 D A F T A R P U S T A K A 1 4 1 B A B V I P R I N S I P D A S A R N E R A C A E N E R G I 1 4 2 6 . 1 D E F I N I S I 1 4 2 6 . 1 . 1 S i s t i m S a t u a n E n e r g i 1 4 4 6 . 1 . 2 B e n t u k - b e n t u k E n e r g i 1 4 5 6 . 2 H U K U M K O N S E R V A S I E N E R G I 1 5 1 6 . 3 R A N G K U M A N 1 5 3 6 . 4 L A T I H A N 1 5 4 A Z A S TEKNIK KIMIA i x6.6 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 155
B A B
vn
N E R A C A E N E R G I S I S T I M TANPA R E A K S I K I M I A 156
7.1 TABEL KUKUS 156 7.2 NERACA ENERGI YANG TIDAK TERSEDIA TABEL
TERMODINAMIKA 167 7.3 ANALISIS SISTIM TANRA REAKSI 175
7.4 NERACA E N E R G I UNTUK SISTIM REAKSI KIMIA 178 7.4.1 Neraca Energi untuk Reaksi TUnggal 181 7.4.2 Neraca Energi untuk Reaksi Kimia Jamak 184 7.4.3 Neraca Energi untuk Reaksi Kimia 186
7.5 RANGKUMAN 189 7.6 LATIHAN 190 7.7 GLOSSARIUM 1 9 1 7.8 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 192 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP PENUUS 193
G a m b a r 1 . 1 C o n t o h A l i r a n P r o s e s P e m b u a t a n A m o n i a 4 G a m b a r 2 . 1 P r o s e s P e m u r n i a n A i r L a u t 1 9 G a m b a r 2 . 2 K o l o m D i s t i l a s i 2 2 G a m b a r 2 . 3 P r o s e s P e m i s a h a n A l u m i n a 2 4 G a m b a r 2 . 5 . D i s t i l a s i A z e o t r o p i k 2 9 G a m b a r 2 . 6 S i s t e m M e l i b a t k a n D u a U n i t P r o s e s 3 1 G a m b a r 2 . 7 S i s t e m E v a p o r a s i 4 T a h a p 3 5 G a m b a r 2 . 8 S i s t i m d e n g a n A l i r a n D a u r - u l a n g 3 6 G a m b a r 2 . 9 S p l i t t e r A l i r a n 3 7 G a m b a r 2 . 1 0 S i s t i m d e n g a n A l i r a n P i n t a s 3 8 G a m b a r 2 . 1 1 P r o s e s e v a p o r a s i d a n a d a b y p a s s 3 9 G a m b a r 3 . 1 B l o k D i a g r a m P r o s e s O k s i d a s i A m o n i a k 4 9 G a m b a r 3 . 2 B l o k D i a g r a m P r o s e s P e n g h i l a n g a n C O 5 1 G a m b a r 3 . 3 B l o k D i a g r a m P r o s e s P e n g h i l a n g a n C O D u a T a h a p 5 2 G a m b a r 3 . 4 P r o s e s O k s i d a s i P a r s i a l E t i l e n 5 7 G a m b a r 3 . 5 Flowsheet R e d u k s i M a g n e t i k 5 9 G a m b a r 4 . 1 P r o s e s D e h i d r o g e n a s i P r o p a n a 6 6 G a m b a r 4 . 2 F l o w s h e e t S i n t e s a F b r m a l d e h i d a 6 9 G a m b a r 4 . 3 A l i r a n P r o s e s P r o d u k s i A s a m S u l f a t 7 3 G a m b a r 4 . 4 A l i r a n P r o s e s P r o d u k s i U r e a 7 5 G a m b a r 4 . 5 A l i r a n P r o s e s H i d r o g e n a s i 7 6 G a m b a r 4 . 6 A l i r a n P r o s e s G a s i f i k a s i B a t u b a r a 7 8 G a m b a r 4 . 7 F l o w s h e e t K o n d e n s a s i P a r s i a l u n t u k A l i r a n G a s . . . . 8 5 G a m b a r 4 . 8 F l o w s h e e t P e n y e d i a a n K a u s t i k 8 6 G a m b a r 4 . 9 . R a n g k a i a n P r o s e s P r o d u k s i A s e t a l d e h i d a 1 0 7 G a m b a r 6 . 1 S e b u a h s i s t i m d a n l i n g k u n g a n n y a 1 4 2 G a m b a r 6 . 2 K e d u d u k a n r e l a t i f b e n d a t e r h a d a p r e f e r e n s i 1 4 5 G a m b a r 6 . 3 E n e r g i p o t e n s i a l k a r e n a k e d u d u k a n r e l a t i f s i s t i m p e r p i p a a n 1 4 6 G a m b a r 6 . 4 S i s t i m a l i r a n fluida 1 4 7
