Lampiran 1 Data penjualan sepeda motor dan jumlah motor di Indonesia
Jumlah Kendaraan di Indonesia
Jenis kendaraan bermotor Tahun Pertumbuhan 2010 2011 Kendaraan Persentase Mobil penumpang 8.129.091 8.744.731 615.640 8 Bus 1.071.718 1.986.514 914.796 85 Kendaraan beban 3.268.586 4.310.046 1.041.460 32 Sepeda motor 59.755.257 69.074.773 9.319.516 16 Kendaraan khusus 265.407 270.162 4.755 2 Total 72.490.059 84.386.227 11.896.168 16
Sumber : Korps lantas polri 2012
Spare part pemakai bahan polimer PP dan komposit fiber glass untuk moped:
1.
Box luggage bahan PP GF 10% (tipe LR21VT by Chisso Corporation atau
AF11002LF by Taralon Polyalloy) (500 gr)
2.
Drive chain case bahan PP (110 gr)
3.
Fender Rear bahan PP (500 gr)
4.
Case battery bahan PP (100 gr)
5.
Cover battery bahan PP (100 gr)
6.
Case air cleaner bahan PP (100 gr)
Spare part pemakai bahan polimer PP dan komposit fiber glass untuk matic:
1.
Cover front lower bahan PP (550 gr)
2.
Cover inner lower bahan PP (500 gr)
3.
Cover center bahan PP (250 gr)
4.
Step floor bahan PP (400 gr)
5.
Cover Under bahan PP (500 gr)
6.
Fender rear bahan PP (600 gr)
7.
Box luggage bahan PPFG (500 gr)
Tahun
Produksi
Penjualan Total Unit Motor
HONDA
YAMAHA
SUZUKI
Jumlah total
2006
2.340.168
1.458.561
568.041
4.366.770
2007
2.141.015
1.833.506
637.031
4.611.552
2008
2.874.589
2.468.610
794.577
6.137.776
2009
2.681.163
2.613.080
447.640
5.741.883
Lampiran 2 Produksi rotan di Indonesia
Sumber : Asosiasi Pengrajin Rotan Indonesia (APRI, 2012)
Lampiran 3 Foto tahapan penelitian ekstraksi selulosa kulit rotan dengan metode
fermentasi Aspergillus niger
Year
Production
ton/th
1985
120.000
2005
149.993
2006
127.865
2007
274.559
2008
262.681
2009
368.286
2010
556.000
2011
696.000
Aspergillus niger
Kulit rotan
Selulosa kulit rotan
Fermentasi
Lampiran 4 Indexing pola XRD dan JCPDS selulosa kulit rotan metode
fermentasi
Indexing pola XRD selulosa kulit rotan metode fermentasi
2θ d Area FWHM ACS Strain 15.908 5.5665 1012 0.478 3477.268 2.09E-06 21.521 4.1257 3506 0.864 824.7262 0.00356 21.973 4.0417 3956 0.947 19313.67 0.00015 28.263 3.155 1277 0.362 80903.345 2.9E-10 28.558 3.123 292 0.106 11076.31 1.33E-06 38.342 2.345 354 0.262 667.65874 0.00469 42.047 2.147 947 0.488 599.5654 0.000517 46.405 1.955 834 0.525 898.7156 0.00333 47.475 1.913 465 0.376 2527.2792 0.001155 55.889 1.644 499 0.446 393.3248 0.007683 56.388 1.630 272 0.272 612.1465 0.027104 59.736 1.547 492 0.492 14751.358 0.000196 66.559 1.404 185 0.166 3464.165 1.86E-05
Lampiran 5 Karakteristik fiber glass
Senyawa A-Glass C-Glass D-Glass E-Glass AR-Glass R-Glass S-2 Glass
Oxide % % % % % % % SiO2 63-72 64-68 72-75 52-56 55-75 55-60 64-66 Al2O3 0-6 3-5 0-1 12-16 0-5 23-28 24-25 B2O3 0-6 4-6 21-254 5-10 0-5 23-28 24=25 CaO 6-10 11-15 0-1 16-25 1-10 8-15 0-1.2 MgO 0-4 2-4 0-5 4-7 9.5-10 BaO 0-1 Li2O 0-1.5 Na2O+K2 14-16 O 7-10 0-4 0-2 11-21 0-1 0-0.2 TiO2 0-0.6 ZrO2 1-18 Fe2O3 0-0.5 0-0.8 0-0.3 0-0-8 0-0-8 0-0.5 0.001 F2 0-0.4 0-1 0-0.3
Lampiran 6 Pola XRD sampel nanopartikel SKR t
u= 3 jam
2θ h A FWHM ACS η 11.28 15.5 331.3 0.731 283.204 0.0136 14.23 32.8 1374.1 1.137 217.798 0.0023 17.61 34.7 816.8 0.623 327.74 0.0032 19.43 41.7 1068.6 0.731 237.057 0.0273 22.35 52.2 3661.6 1.951 477.982 0.0061 26.15 35.6 536.1 0.623 304.925 0.0050 28.82 21.8 939.3 1.192 516.713 0.0001 32.42 48.9 2136.7 1.246 151.95 0.0293 34.22 16.1 687.3 1.516 649.897 0.0045
Keterangan :
FWHM = Full Wide Half Maximum
ACS = Atomic Crystal size
η
= Regangan mikro
Karakteristik A-Glass C-Glass D-Glass E-Glass ECR-Glass R-Glass Densitas 2.44 2.55 2.11 2.58 2.72 2.54 Indek refraksi 1.54 1.533 1.47 1.56 1.58 1.55 Titik leleh (0C) 705 750 771 846 882 952 Anneling (0C) - 588 521 657 - - Titik Strain (0C) - 522 477 615 - 736 Perpanjangan (%) 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.8
Lampiran 7 Densitas, diameter, dan kadar air nanopartikel serat kulit rotan
Cuplikan Waktu ultrasonikasi (Menit) M1 M2 M3 M Densitas (g cm 4 -3 Diameter (nm) ) Kadar air (%) Non surfaktan 60 18.9632 44.7575 21.4707 35.9385 0.2214 1464.1 7.92 120 18.9632 44.7575 21.4871 43.9297 0.7530 373.3 9.94 180 18.9632 44.7575 21.5957 36.828 0.2492 146.3 8.20 Tween 80 60 18.9632 44.7575 21.5272 43.7483 0.7176 525.92 13.82 120 18.9632 44.7575 21.413 43.909 0.7427 694.94 15.70 180 18.9632 44.7575 21.5065 43.2957 0.6350 651.98 20.77Densitas kulit rotan sebelum difermentasi dengan metoda Archimedest
W
air= W
udara- F
8.61
= 10.31 – ρ
archimedest fV
B8.61
= 10.31 – 1 V
g
B10 V
10
BV
= 1.7
BF
= 0.17
arcLampiran 8 Pola difraksi serat kulit rotan metoda mekanik
[°2Th.]
d-sp[Å]
FWHM
Area
Height
16.6153
5.33565
1.1021
38.32
35.25
21.5056
4.13212
0.7872
128.69
165.73
22.5353
3.94559
0.7872
128.08
164.94
34.3926
2.60763
1.8893
28.89
15.5
Lampiran 9 Foto sintesa nanopartikel serat kulit rotan dengan metoda ultrasonik
75 μm
nanopartikel
PSA
TEM
SEM
XRD
Ultrasonik
Pemanasan berstirer
Lampiran 10 Distribusi ukuran partikel berdasarkan pengujian PSA (Volume,
Number dan Intensity Distribution)
Lampiran 11 Karakteristik polipropillen
TYPICAL PROPERTIES UNITS
Tipe-tipe polipropilin BJS-MNR BJS-MG BJS-809H BJH-MNR BJHHS -MNR BJHH-2119 Tensile Strength at Yield kg/cm2 290 285 250 290 295 295 Elongation at Break % >500 >500 >500 >500 >500 45 Flexural Strength kg/cm2 340 360 330 360 395 360 Flexural Modulus kg/cm2 13500 12800 13000 14000 14700 12800
Charpy Impact strength
230C kg/cm2 100 >300 >300 70 65-70 90-95
-100C kg/cm2 55 75-80 80-85 50 35-40 65-73
Izod Impact Strength
230C kg/cm2 20 >25 >25 9 8 11.8
-100C kg/cm2 4.5 6.5 7.8 3.8 4.3 5.2 Heat Distortion Temperature o C 110 116 110 110 110 105
Gloss % 80% 80 80 80 70 65
Rockwell Hardness (R Scale) R scale 95 87 91 96 86 86 Melt Flow Index g/10 min 1.5 1.5 2.4 4 8 8 Melting temperature C
121-163
Sifat termal polipropillen :
Nama kimia
: poli (1-metiletilena)
Formula kimia
: (C
5H
6)
Monomer
: Propilena (Propena)
x
Kristalinitas
:
-
Amorf
: 0.85 g cm
-
Kristalin
: 0.95 g cm
-3Titik lebur
: 165
-3 0Suhu transisi kaca
: 10
C
0
Titik degradasi
: 286
C
0
Sumber : katalog PT AHM
Lampiran 12 JCPDS-ICCD polipropillen
Lampiran 13. Suhu leleh proses termoplastik berbagai jenis polimer
Resin Berat jenis Suhu leleh termoplastik (0C)
PP 0.85 – 0.90 200 - 300 LDPE 0.91 – 0.93 160 -240 HDPE 0.93 – 0.96 200 – 280 Polistirena 1.05 – 1.08 180 – 260 ABS 0.99 – 1.10 180 - 240 PVC 1.15 – 1.65 160 - 180 Asetil selulosa 1.23 – 1.34 180 - 260 Nylon 1.09 – 1.14 260 - 290 Poli karbonat 1.120 260 - 290 Poli asetat 1.38 185 - 225
Lampiran 14 Penggunaan berbagai jenis polimer di Indonesia
Sumber : Inaplas 2010
000 ton
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2009
Polietilen
52.573 55.135 57.550
60.965 63.516
8,22 %
-10 %
Polipropilin 31.220 33.315 35.775
36.875 40.955
PVC
27.101 27.617 28.495
29.295 29.920
Polistiren
10.530 10.955 11.105
11.485 11.735
ABS
4.471
5.003
5.319
5.594
5.849
PET
7.730
8.588
9.263
9.912
10.516
Lampiran 15 Setting mesin injeksi molding pada sintesa komposit PP-FG
Setting mesin injeksi molding pada sintesa bionanokomposit
44
oC
57 detik
Lampiran 16. Gambar pengujian mekanik
Lampiran 18 Data uji kelenturan dan kekerasan
Data uji kelenturan
Name Flexural Strength Slope of Deflection Curve Modulus Elasticity Bending Kgf/cm2 Mpa (kgf/cm) Kgf/cm2 Mpa A 444.61 45.37 30.36 22654.71 2311.71 B 457.37 46.67 35.9 27187.35 2774.2 C 471.99 48.16 32.39 23851.37 2433.81 D 443.37 45.24 35.41 27393.46 2795.25 E 437.77 44.67 40.39 30121.92 3073.67 F 431.54 44.04 26.19 19761.26 2016.45 G 425.01 43.37 29.02 20229.63 2064.25 H 435.28 44.42 34.16 25956 2648.57 I 438.2 44.71 26.95 20576.94 2099.69 J 430.92 43.97 39.49 29750.83 3035.8 K 433.1 44.19 9.87 7385.33 753.61 L 432.17 44.1 29.51 22090.22 2254.1 M 452.08 44.13 324.92 230706.58 23541.5 N 444.23 45.43 49.43 36744.44 3749.43 O 427.5 43.62 34.34 25608.73 2613.14 Cuplikan 1 435.9 44.48 26.46 19362 1975.71 Cuplikan 2 691.34 70.54 21.31 14888.99 1519.28 Standard ≥ 75 ≥ 3100
Data pengujian kekerasan
Material Hardness Rockwell (HRR)
1 2 3 avg std A 96.9 102.6 99.5 99.67 B 97.6 98.9 89.9 95.47 C 80 74 87.7 80.57 D 79.2 79.4 94.1 84.23 E 81.8 874 83.4 84.2 F 99.4 98.7 95.5 97.87 G 102 100.5 77.2 93.23 H 82.7 81.4 91.7 85.27 ≥ 94 I 80.3 78.3 56.4 71.67 J 93.9 91.8 61.5 82.4 K 95.6 94.6 95.3 95.17 L 101.9 100.9 77.5 93.43 M 85.5 85.7 81.6 84.27 N 76.3 75.6 75.8 75.9 O 72.4 72.8 87.2 77.47 Cuplikan 1 101.3 103.6 94.7 99.87 Cuplikan 2 94.2 97.9 90.9 94.33
Lampiran 19 Molding skrinkage ratio
Cuplikan Molding direction MD Shrinkage ratio Transverse direction TD Shrinkage ratio
A 238.54 1.23% 79.74 2.6% B 237.6 1.61% 79.23 2.79% C 239.34 0.89% 79.55 2.39% D 238.49 1.25% 79.42 2.55% E 238.39 1.29% 79.55 2.39% F 237.58 1.62% 79.32 2.67% G 238.01 1.45% 79.52 2.43% H 238.51 1.24% 79.36 2.63% I 238.4 1.28% 79.5 2.45% J 238.44 1.27% 79.3 2.7% K 238.18 1.37% 79.54 2.4% L 238.22 1.36% 79.76 2.13% M 237.96 1.47% 79.43 2.54% N 236.8 1.95% 78.68 3.56% O 236.95 1.88% 79.17 2.86% Cuplikan 1 236.82 1.94% 79.04 3.02% Cuplikan 2 240.2 0.54% 80 1.84%
Data pengujian molding skrinkage (%) dengan penambahan coupling agent
Bionanokomposit
konsentrasi filler +
PPMA 3%
MD
MD shrinkage
ratio
TD
MD shrinkage
ratio
5%
237.00
1.86%
79.06
2.99%
10%
237.05
1.84%
79.10
2.94%
Keterangan :
1.
Mold Direction
= 241,5 mm
2.
Transverse Direction = 81,5 mm
3.
Cuplikan 1
= Filler 0% (Polipropillen)
4.
Cuplikan 2
= Komposit PP-FG
5.
Cuplikan A-E
= biokomposit penguat 1 mm.
6.
Cuplikan F-J
= biokomposit penguat 150 μm.
7.
Cuplikan K-N
= bionanokomposit penguat 20 nm.
Lampiran 21 Foto sintesa bionanokomposit metode injeksi molding
