An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Grammar of a language is very important when we want to master a language. In

linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of

clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. There are so many scopes

in grammar. Some of them are direct and indirect speech which concern to the way

to communicate to the others.

Direct speech is a communication activity when people (first person) share their

feelings or messages to the others (second person) directly. In direct speech the

original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in

quotation mark. There are 2 parts in building a direct speech, they are reporting

clause and reported clause. Reporting clause is the initial of a sentence in direct

speech. Whereas reported clause is the part of direct speech which marked with

quotation mark (“) and ended by quotation mark (”).

In writing direct speech, there are so many rules that we have to obey such as

quotation marks, commas, periods, punctuations, and the used of capital words. It is

so crucial to follow the rules because in direct speech we have to write the speaker’s

exact words.

The easiest way to find the using of direct speech is in conversation because we

use it daily in our lives. We use in sharing and talking to our families or even our

societies. Someone speaks directly to a person uses direct speech and you talk to

your friend use direct speech. So the used of the direct speech is so close to our lives

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Indirect speech is a communication activity when the speaker (second person)

tries to share the ideas from the first person to the others (third person) without

omitting the message. Indirect speech is also called reported speech or indirect

discourse. Grammatically, indirect speech used of certain syntactic structure such as

content clause and infinitive phrase.

In indirect speech some changes are made. For example, person is changed

because of the change of the speaker or the listener. In addition, in some languages

such as English, there is a change of tenses which called the sequence of tenses. In

some languages such as Latin, there is a change of mood. Latin switches from

indicative to the infinitive (statement) or the subjunctive (question). In indirect

speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word

“that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect

speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second

part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

The researcher felt so interesting to choose this theme and so curious to the

ability of the students. There are so many reasons why the researcher choose direct

and indirect speech as the title. The main reason is the students have learned about

direct and indirect speech and the researcher felt so interesting to measure the ability

of the students in this matter. The researcher feels curious about this phenomenon

and tries to find the causes of this matter.

Direct and indirect speech is one of the topics which can be found in the

vocational high school students’ English book. It means that it is needed for the

vocational high school students. The students are expected to know and understand

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Mastering language is so important for us but sometimes we will find some

errors or mistakes when we analyze it. It usually happens especially when we use the

second language. It occurs because the structure, grammar, and syntax of our first

and second language are rather different.

Error analysis is an activity to identify, classify, and interpret or describe the

errors made by someone in speaking or in writing and it is carried out to obtain

information on common difficulties faced by someone in speaking or in writing

English sentences.

Another thing, which should noticed is the procedure of error analysis. The

twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation program in SMK Raksana 2

Medan are second language learners, because they study English based on our

Government curriculum no. 412. As the second language learners, they will also

make errors in using the language in written and/or spoken.

Researcher has considered that the object of this research is errors made by

twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in

using Direct and Indirect Speech. Since the purpose of this research is to study errors

and to know what generally causing the students make errors.

Based on the explanation above, I am interested in doing research entitled “An

Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made by Twelfth Year Students

of Hospitality Accommodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan”.

1.2Problem of the Study

Based on the reason above, there are some questions to be answered, such as:

1. What types of errors do the twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in

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2. What is the dominant type of error in using direct and indirect speech made by

twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan?

3. What causes of errors do the twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation

in SMK Raksana 2 Medan make in using direct and indirect speech?

4. What is the dominant cause of error in using direct and indirect speech made by

twelfth year students of hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan?

1.3Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problem, the objectives of the analysis are:

1. To find out the types of errors which are made by twelfth year students of

hospitality accommodation in SMK Raksana 2 Medan in using direct and indirect

speech.

2. To find out the dominant type of error which is made by twelfth year students of

speech.

3. To find out the causes of errors which are made by twelfth year students of

speech.

4. To find out the dominant cause of error which is made by twelfth year students of

speech.

1.4Scope of the Study

In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been

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discuss direct and indirect speech that covers: simple present tense, present

continuous tense, simple past tense, and present perfect tense. I chose the above

tenses for students in grade twelfth because those are the basic tenses and they have

known about the tenses especially using direct and indirect speech in these tenses

well.

1.5Significance of the Study

Theoretical purpose of the study is to contribute to teaching skills and

development of teachers’ qualities. While practical purpose is after a systematic

analysis, the teacher can determine the level of every learner and the knowledge that

is still to be taught. In other words, it tells the teacher how far towards the goal the

learner has progressed and what remains for him/her to learn. It also can be a

feedback for the teacher reflecting how effective he/she is in their teaching style and