KEMENANGAN PEMBERONTAKAN TALIBAN DI AFGHANISTAN TAHUN 2021
Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Strata-1
OLEH :
FAJARNINGRUM AKHMADY
201710360311240
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
ii
iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI
iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
v ABSTRAKSI
vi
vii
KATA PENGANTAR
Segala puji bagi Allah SWT atas segala nikmat dan karunia yang diberikan kepada peneliti sehingga penelitian skripsi ini dapat dirampungkan. Sholawat serta salam juga penulis haturkan kepada Rasulullah SAW. Penelitian ini ditulis sebagai tugas akhir setelah menyelesaikan seluruh mata kuliah wajib yang disajikan oleh Program Studi Hubungan Internasional. Bahasan penelitian yang ditulis ini merupakan kajian studi yang sangat diminati oleh peneliti dengan judul penelitian yakni “ Kemenangan Pemberontakan Taliban di Afghanistan Tahun 2021”.
Proses pengerjaan penelitian ini tidak luput dari bimbingan, dukungan, dan saran dari berbagai pihak sehingga dalam beberapa lembar yang diselipkan dalam penelitian ini peneliti menuliskan ucapan terima kasih sebagai berikut :
1. Puji syukur kepada Allah SWT atas limpahan rahmat, karunia dan rezeki- Nya yang membuat peneliti dapat merampungkan penelitian ini.
2. Ucapan terima kasih dan apresiasi besar peneliti tujukan kepada diri peneliti sendiri atas komitmen kuatnya untuk melanjutkan penulisan penelitian ini hingga dapat selesai dan dipresentasikan.
3. Ucapan terima kasih saja mungkin tidak cukup ditujukan kepada kedua Orang Tua yang selalu memberikan kepercayaan dan dukungannya atas segala keputusan yang peneliti ambil, termasuk segala keputusan dan proses penulisan skripsi ini.
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4. Ucapan terima kasih peneliti haturkan kepada kedua dosen pembimbing skripsi, Bapak Hafid Adim Pradana, M.A. dan Ibu Syasya Yunia Fadila Mas‟udi, M.StratSt yang telah memberikan waktu, tenaga, dan pikiran dalam memberikan bimbingan, dorongan serta saran dari awal hingga akhir penulisan skripsi.
5. Kepada bapak dan Ibu Dosen serta seluruh Staf Program Studi Hubungan Internasional, peneliti ucapkan terima kasih atas ilmu dan motivasi yang diberikan kepada seluruh mahasiswa selama perkuliahan.
6. Ucapan terima kasih dan apresiasi peneliti berikan kepada teman-teman yang telah membarengi dari awal perjalanan perkuliahan hingga sampai pada fase penulisan skripsi mereka adalah Mawaddah, Shavira, Tamara, Putri Ayuni, Dhiananda, Anita Juraida, dan Faizah Fitri.
7. Serta terakhir peneliti ucapkan terima kasih kepada teman-teman yang menjadi teman berproses selama perkuliahan, mereka adalah tergabung dalam kelas HI-E UMM 2017, BIMAGON MALANG, HIMAHI 2018/2019, AIESEC UMM, dan IISAUC Artemis yang namanya tidak bisa disebutkan satu-persatu.
Malang, 26 April 2022 Fajarningrum Akhmady
ix DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ... i
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ... iii
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ... iv
ABSTRAKSI ... v
KATA PENGANTAR ... vii
DAFTAR ISI... ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ... xii
DAFTAR GRAFIK ... xiii
BAB I ... 1
PENDAHULUAN ... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ... 6
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ... 6
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ... 7
1.5 Penelitian Terdahulu ... 7
1.6 Teori / Konsep ... 27
Insurgency Plan Concept – David Galula ... 27
1.7 Metode Penelitian ... 33
1.7.1 Jenis Penelitian ... 33
1.7.2 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ... 34
1.7.3 Teknik Analisa dan Pengumpulan Data ... 34
1.8 Hipotesa ... 35
1.9 Sistematika Penulisan... 35
BAB II ... 38
DINAMIKA KONFLIK AFGHANISTAN ... 38
2.1 Perang Melawan Invasi Uni Soviet 1979-1989 ... 38
2.2 Perang Saudara 1992-1996 ... 50
x
2.3 Konflik Aliansi Utara dengan Taliban 1996-2001... 57
BAB III ... 65
FASE PERKEMBANGAN PEMBERONTAKAN TALIBAN ... 65
3.1 Pembentukan Kelompok Pemberontak ... 65
3.2 Persatuan Front ... 72
3.3 Perang Gerilya ... 80
3.4 Perang Gerakan ... 92
3.5 Pemusnahan Pemerintahan yang Berkuasa... 106
BAB IV ... 115
FAKTOR PENDORONG PERKEMBANGAN DAN KEBERHASILAN PEMBERONTAKAN TALIBAN ... 115
4.1 External Support ... 115
4.1.1 Pakistan ... 117
4.1.2 Iran ... 123
4.2 Pembentukan Pasukan Reguler Pemberontakan ... 127
4.2.1 Perkrutan Massa yang Meluas ... 128
4.2.2 Pembentukan Pasukan Reguler ... 136
4.2.2.1 Front Lokal Taliban ... 137
4.2.2.2 Komisi Militer Taliban ... 141
A. Komisi Militer Quetta ... 142
B. Komisi Militer Miran Shah Syura ... 150
C. Komisi Militer Peshawar Syura ... 156
D. Komisi Militer Mashad ... 161
4.2.2.3 Pasukan Elite dan Pasukan Bergerak Taliban ... 164
4.3 Keseimbangan Kekuatan Pemberontak dengan Kontra Pemberontak ... 166
BAB V ... 175
PENUTUP ... 175
5.1 Kesimpulan ... 175
5.2 Saran ... 176
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ... 178
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Galula's Insurgency Plan Concept ... 32
Gambar 2. Rantai Komando Taliban 2016 ... 97
Gambar 3. Rantai Komando Taliban 2006 ... 145
Gambar 4. Rantai Komando Taliban 2013 ... 149
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Penelitian Terdahulu ... 20 Tabel 2. Sistematika Penulisan ... 36 Tabel 3. Dukugan yang Diberikan oleh Iran kepada Taliban (Mashad Office) Berdasarkan Sumber dari Pejabat Taliban di Mashad Office ... 125
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DAFTAR GRAFIK
Grafik 1. Status Distrik di Afghanistan 2017-2020 ... 103 Grafik 2. Jumlah Serangan Taliban 2003-2019 ... 104 Grafik 3. Perkembangan Status Distrik Afghanistan April-Agustus 2021 ... 114 Grafik 4. Jumlah Korban ANA dan ANP dalam Konflik di Afghanistan 2007- 2020 ... 169
178
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