i
DEVIANT CHARACTER OF CHANTAL PRYM
IN PAULO COELHO’S
THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
AGNES YUDITA LARASATININGRUM Student Number : 014214025
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
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BeeiN’ GreeN
kermit the frog -The Muppet
Show-It's not that easy bein' green
Having to spend each day the color of the leaves When I think it could be nicer bein' red or yellow or gold
Or something much more colorful like that
It's not easy bein' green
It seems you blend in with so many other ordinary things And people tend to pass you over 'cause you're Not standin' out like flashy sparkles on the water
Or stars in the sky
But green is the color of Spring And green can be cool and friendly-like
And green can be big like an ocean Or important like a mountain
Or tall like a tree
When green is all there is to be It could make you wonder why But why wonder, why wonder?
I am green and it'll do fine It's beautiful
And I think it's what I want to be
-diTa-v
This Undergraduate Thesis is Dedicated to
Jesus Christ
for His blessings
My Parents: Opi and Mama
for their caring and incessant love
My Sisters: Pucha and Cimbul
for their inspiration
My Lovely Fiance: D1
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Life is a matter of choice. “We can not appreciate happiness without experiencing suffer is this life”. I have learned about it through experiences that sometimes made me down and upset. However, after I have finished this thesis, I also realized that life is not always a matter of choice. Life should be a struggle. Struggle to be a better person start from this moment. First of all I would like to thank Jesus Christ, My Lord and my Savior who has given me all this blessing and best life in this world. I believe that I will not be anything without Him. Jesus has given me all the experiences in life that have developed me to be the way I am now.
Furthermore, I probably will not be able to finish my thesis without the advice and guidance from my sponsors. I would like to give million thanks to Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, S.S., M.Hum who had helped me a lot in doing my thesis, and who had overwhelmed me with support, patience and willingness to spend his valuable time to help me. My deepest gratitude also goes to Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti, S.S. who has given me input and suggestion in finishing my thesis. I would also give my gratitude to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum who has given me support and guidance to be a good student in English Letters Department.
viii
encouraging me to do the best in my life, she is the most caring mother in the whole world. To Fusca Lina Widyaningrum and Maria Linda Wahyuningrum my two lovely sisters who always inspire me to be a stronger woman in this life, they are the best sisters in the world. To Mikael and Bernadine, my cutest cousins who always make me laugh in my days.
I would also thank my beloved friends Cisca, Risa, Lintang, and Endra who have given me all the best time in Sadhar. I feel so lucky to have you all. My thank is also given to my friend Eka Dina, without her I will never have the inspiration to finish this thesis. My greatest thanks goes to Danie “the Kidd”, who never gives up to encourage me to do the best I can do in life.
I also would like to thank all my ’01 friends in English Letters, who has given me the best experience in my life. Thanks for making me the person who I am right now. To all of the English Letters’ Staff, I would also give my best regard, because without all their help I will not be able to finish my study here. Also to all the library staff in Sanata Dharma University, who always accompany me in my research time.
I also would like to thank my dearest friends in ‘Pleasure Shop’, Mike, Roy, Ocki, Anto and Kubon, who always make me have fun everyday. Also to the greatest group band ever “End of Julia” keep on struggle my brothers.
Last but not least, I would also dedicate my special thank to my fiancé Iwantara, the man who has given me love, spirit and support to finish this thesis. Thanks for everything.
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A. Background of the Study ………. 1
B. Problem Formulation……… 6
C. Objective of the Study……….. 6
D. Definition of Terms………. 6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………. 8
A. Review of Related Studies……….. 8
B. Review of Related Theories……… 10
a. Theory on Character……… 10
b. Theory on Characterization………... 11
c. Theory on Setting……… 12
d. Theory on Society………... 14
e. Theoretical Conception of Deviance……….. 17
C. Theoretical Framework……….. 21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………. 23
A. Object of the Study……….... 23
B. Approach of the Study……….. 24
C. Method of the Study……… 25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………. 27
A. The Characteristics of Chantal Prym……… 28
B. The Characteristics of Viscos Society……… 37
C. Chantal’s Deviance……….. 48
a. The Labeling as Deviant……… 49
b. Sanction as Deviant……… 52
c. Motives and Behavior……… 53
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION..……… 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 57
xi ABSTRACT
AGNES YUDITA LARASATININGRUM.Deviant Character of Chantal Prym as Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
Society is never static. It is undergoing change and it is always in process. Deviant behavior, then, can play a role in the process of social organization. Deviance can take a variety of forms, sometimes approved and encouraged by society; or they may be destructive and rejected by society. Deviant behavior is potential to contribute to both social and cultural disorganization and reorganization. One of the theories of deviance is named Labeling Theory. Social groups create deviance by making the rule whose infraction constitutes deviance. The brilliant novel of Paulo Coelho entitledThe Devil and Miss Prympresents the issue of deviance through the character of Chantal Prym. Chantal lived in Viscos, a remote village which contains a few inhabitants. The village seems to have rules and Chantal wants to break them. It’s very hard to do because Viscos is strong in their togetherness sentiment. Then, the unsupported situation in Viscos, brings a big consequence to Chantal. She has to accept the reality being labeled as deviant by her society. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process. Chantal is labeled as a deviant because a particular group so defines her.
The writer of this thesis formulates three questions in order to guide the writer to stay focus on the topic of this analysis. They are: “How is Chantal, the main character, in The Devil and Miss Prym depicted?”. “How are the characteristics of society she lived in presented?”. “How can Chantal be labeled as a deviant by her society?”. The general objective of this thesis is to examine that Chantal’s labeling process as a deviant is influenced by socio-cultural situation in her society.
The method used in gathering data was library research. The primary data is the novel entitledThe Devil and Miss Prym,by Paulo Coelho. The secondary data are some books about society, deviance, character and also internet media to find criticism about the primary data. Sociological approach is also applied since the topic of this thesis concerns on society. Sociological approach is an approach that has something to do with analyzing society and social organization.
xii ABSTRAK
AGNES YUDITA LARASATININGRUM.Deviant Character of Chantal Prym in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Masyarakat selalu berproses. Mereka mengalami perubahan dan selalu dalam proses. Penyimpangan mempunyai peran dalam proses terbentuknya aturan sosial. Penyimpangan memuat bermacam bentuk, beberapa diterima dan didukung masyarakat, atau kemungkinan merusak dan ditolak masyarakat. Perilaku menyimpang berpotensi memberikan kontribusi dalam proses disorganisasi maupun reorganisasi sosial dan kebudayaan. Salah satu teori mengenai perilaku menyimpang adalah teori cap,“labelling theory”. Masyarakat menciptakan penyimpang dengan membuat kaidah / peraturan yang pelanggarannya mengakibatkan perilaku menyimpang. Sebuah novel cerdas dari Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Devil and Miss Prym menampilkan persoalan mengenai perilaku menyimpang melaui tokoh Chantal Prym. Chantal tinggal di Viscos, sebuah desa terpencil yang hanya memiliki sedikit penduduk. Desa ini memiliki kaidah – kaidah dan Chantal ingin melanggarnya. Ini sangat sulit dilakukan karena desa ini memiliki rasa kebersamaan yang sangat kuat. Keadaan yang tidak mendukung di Viscos mengakibatkan konsekuensi pada Chantal. Dia harus menerima resiko dianggap sebagai penyimpang oleh masyarakat. Menjadi penyimpang melibatkan proses pelabelan. Dia menjadi penyimpang karena masyarakat memberi label begitu.
Penulis skripsi ini merumuskan tiga pertanyaan. Yaitu ; “Bagaimana Chantal, tokoh utama dalam The Devil and Miss Prym, digambarkan?”. Bagaimana sifat dari masyarakat dimana dia tinggal ditampilkan?”, “ Bagaimana Chantal bisa dilabeli sebagai penyimpang oleh masyarakatnya?”. Tujuan umum dari skripsi ini adalah untuk memeriksa pelabelan Chantal sebagai penyimpang akibat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan nilai nilai tradisi dalam masyarakat.
Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah riset perpustakaan. Data utama adalah sebuah novel berjudul The Devil and Miss Prym. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai kemasyarakatan, penyimpangan, penokohan, dan juga media internet untuk mengetahui kupasan novel. Pendekatan sosiologi juga digunakan dalam skripsi ini secara skripsi ini menyoal tentang masyarakat. Pendekatan Sosiologi adalah pendekatan yang menjabarkan masyarakat dan aturan-aturan di dalamnya.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
People differ from each other in their appearance and behavior as well. Variation in behavior occurs even though we have norms and roles that specify what should happen and what people should do in almost any given situation. Social differentiation is not only tolerated but expected in social interaction, it is all because its establishment will provoke some variations in life. For Peter L. Berger in Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective.
From most of us the yoke of society seems easy to bear…..because most of the time we ourselves desire just that which society expect to us. Society not only determines what we do but also what we are. (Berger, 1963: 93-94). Thus, from the statement above, an individual learns to control his actions in accordance with expectations of the society. We expect people to be different from ourselves in behavior and appearance, and we would be very surprised if they were not. At a particular point, however, when differences has broken norms and values of the society, social differentiation becomes social deviation. Social deviation is placed in higher level, which means that social differentiation is still tolerated but social deviation is not, it will cause a sanction from society.
individual variations and differences, is predictable because it is in accordance with mutually understood norms. However, some behavior is contrary to generally accepted norms, and it is called deviant behavior. (Clinard, 1985: 47).
The sociology of deviance is the sociological study of deviant behavior, the recognized violation of cultural norms, and the creation and enforcement of those norms (Landis, 1971: page 240). The field of deviance is primarily defined by theories used to explain deviance. For example, Labeling Theory by Howard S. Becker, Strain Theory by Robert K. Merton, Functionalism and etc. Furthermore, for the next explanation, this thesis will focus on Labeling Theory of deviance.
Howard S. Becker, a leading sociologist, in Outsiders discuss the labeling aspect of deviance. He states ;
social group create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process. One is deviant because a particular group defines him. (Becker, 1964: 12).
So, it is sure that behaviors or characteristics of individuals are deviant when they are defined that way by members of society. Labeling theory suggest that deviance is caused by the deviant person being labeled by people surround him.
Some deviant, therefore, is pushing against the boundaries set by group. In its manifestation, the presence of deviance can not be separated from conformity. People tend to conform to the expectations from society than become a deviant. For one thing, it is less painful to conform. When an individual acts according to the norms, the group or society will accept him without any tendency.
Nevertheless, on the contrary of the discussion above, deviant behavior is not easy to identify and analyze for a number of reasons. For one thing, as Professor Stanton Wheeler suggests, norms are difficult to portray definitely.
Deviant behavior, ordinarily, is defined as conduct that runs afoul of social norms. But norms are not blueprints outlining in compulsory detail how people should act. They are abstract standards of conduct that people re expected to approximate in their daily activities, and this means that there are many varieties of behavior, many shades of difference, which fit within the compass of the norm. (Wheeler, 1967: 605-606).
Wheeler goes on to say that people always have a little doubt about limits of a norm. Individuals constantly review these limits through discussion, experimentation in behavior, or they decide to bring it to the court or other social institution in difficult cases. Then, it can be concluded that the labeling of deviant is very relative. What is defined as deviant by one group maybe defined as normal by another. The definition of deviance depends on the variable being defined and the group doing the defining.
portraying the phenomenon of deviance in their story. For example is the brilliant novel of Paulo Coelho entitled The Devil and Miss Prym. The story takes place in Viscos, a remote village which is so far from civilization. As with any group, the people in Viscos are strong in their community spirit. This feeling arises as the consequence of their togetherness sentiment. They believed in myth told that any bad luck happens in this village today is the result of some mistakes in the past
Chantal Prym, the youngest in Viscos, is the main character in this novel. She was a young and rather beautiful barmaid in the only hotel in Viscos. The village seems to have rules and Chantal wants to break them. It is very hard to do because Viscos is full of hypocrite people. They tend to live in “peaceful” fake in spite of struggle for a new better life. Then, the unsupported situation in Viscos brings a big consequence to Chantal. She has to accept the reality being labeled as deviant by her society. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process. One is a deviant because a particular group so defines him / her.
then, by seeing through both of the dimension of complexity above, the reader can understand that not all deviance is intended or detected: and some deviants may be secretive in their behavior, while others are falsely accused.
Furthermore, the main reason why the writer of this thesis is interested in analyzing this novel is that because the struggle of the main character is very inspirational. Although she has to face many obstacles and boundaries in her life, especially being labeled as a deviant by her society, she never gives up to reach her aims. Paulo Coelho, as the author of this novel, could make the readers feel sympathetic towards Chantal. By reading this novel, the readers could understand that living in a society is very complex. We have to adapt to the society where we live in so that we can be accepted. Through the character of Chantal we can learn that being a deviant is not always bad. Because deviant is only a label from society, we know ourselves better than others.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation above, the writer forms three questions in the way to analyze and find out the phenomenon of the main character in being deviant in Paulo Coelho’sThe Devil and Miss Prym. The problems can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Chantal, the main character, inThe Devil and Miss Prymdepicted? 2. How are the characteristics of society she lived in?
3. How can Chantal be labeled as a deviant?
C. Objective of the Study
The general objective of this thesis is not only to find out the characters presented inThe Devil and Miss Pyrm, but also to understand the story more clearly. After relating the situation reflected in the text, the writer began to realize that the phenomenon of the main character as a deviant was influenced by socio-cultural situation in that society.
D. Definition of Term 1. Deviance
William Graham Sumner in his bookFolkways. He shows that “ Deviance is not a quality of the act of the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an offender.” (Sumner, 1956: 19)
2. Myth
Keen and Valley Fox in Your Mythic Journey define myths as the “interlocking stories, rituals, rites, and custom that inform and give the pivotal sense of meaning and direction to a person, family, community, or culture” (Fox, 1989: 26)
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review Of Related Studies
The writer finds there are several studies done on Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Those studies are mostly done on essays. Firstly, there is an essay done by Sarah Crawford. In her essay she stated that The Devil and Miss Prym has the timeless quality and parable. In this stunning new novel, Paulo Coelho dramatizes the struggle within every soul between light and darkness, and its relevance to our everyday struggles: to dare to follow our dreams, to have the courage to be different and to master the fear that prevents us from truly living.The Devil and Miss Prymis a story charged with emotion, in which the integrity of being human meets a terrifying test. (http://www.shopireland.ie/books/detail/0007116055/The-Devil-and-Miss-Prym/)
of adventure and insight into human behavior. Paulo Coelho doesn’t just write, he crafts his magnificent tales that examines what it is to be human and what it is that makes us human, warts and all. (http://www.dooyoo.co.uk/printed-books/coelho-paulo-in-general/419777/)
Thirdly, Robert Andrews states in the bookFundamental Care of Souls about Paulo Coelho and his novel, The Devil and Miss Prym, “His book has had a life-enchanting impact on millions of people”. In The Devil and Miss Prym, Paulo Coelho’s takes as his starting point the basic theme of good versus evil. Are humans inherently good or is there always a set of circumstances that can make them turn to bad. Human greed, cowardice fear and the subject of temptation are dramatized in the most compelling way. What at first appears to be a simple tale, is in fact something much complicated – because the choice between good and evil is not always simple to make. (Andrews, 2001: 48).
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
a. Character
b. Characterization
Characterization refers to the representation of persons in a narrative or dramatic works by means characters’ actions, speech, or physical appearances (Baldick, 1990: 34). A character can be different from others as each of them is attributed each own particular personality and physical attributes.
According to Holman and Harmon, there are three basic methods of characterization. Firstly, the characterization may be in the shape of explicit presentation or direct exposition about the character. The presentation may be in the form of an introductory block or it may also appear piece by piece throughout the story. Secondly, the characterization may not use any explicit exposition, if not a little, but may use action instead. From the character’s action, the reader expected to infer some attributes of the character. Finally, the reader has to understand by himself or herself about the character since there is no direct comment exposition given by the author. It is a presentation from within a character (Holman and Harmon, 1976: 81)
way one dresses oneself. It can also be seen from other character’s opinion or ideas about the character through their conversation. Besides giving a direct comment, an author may also give a direct knowledge of what the character is thinking about ( his or her thought). Characterization can also be done by placing the character in a certain situation to see how he or she reacts to it. It can also be done by tracing the character’s past life as it can be revealed in a direct exposition of another characters’ knowledge about the past or the character’s own initiative to reveal his or her past (Murphy, 1972: 161-173).
Characterization must follow three principles in order to be convincing. Firstly, the characters in the story must have consistency in the way they behave. This consistency might be broken if only there is sufficient reason to explain this change of behavior. Secondly, whatever the characters do, they must have clear motivations especially when they break the consistency of their behaviors. Finally, the characters must appear lifelike or plausible. (Perrine, 1974: 69)
2. Theory on Setting
1981 : 175). Holman and Harmon also include spiritual background as part of setting (1986 : 465). There are four elements that help to create setting in a story, namely: 1.The real geographical location that includes the topography and scenery; the setting may also be the indoor location like the physical arrangements of the furniture or the position of windows and door of a room.
2. The characters’ occupations and daily attitudes or activities of living.
3. The time or era in which the action happens, for examples: the year, the season, or it might be an epoch in history, etc.
4. The general environment through which the characters act or move; which may include the characters’ religious background, mental or emotional conditions, as well as the social and moral conditions (1986:465)
According to Van de Laar and Schooderwoerd, a setting refers to the place where and the time at which the story happens. That is to say the writer should prepare the scene that contributes something toward the reader’s knowledge of the plot of the story. Similar to characters, the setting can be drawn from the real but it is not taken straightly from the reality which means there should be a kind of distortion to suit the purpose of the novel (1958: 172). The setting of time in a story then can be related to the factual time at which certain historical events took place.
work. In a certain way it may stands as a symbol as well (Rohberger & Woods, 1971 : 22), and may imply a theme of the story (Stanton, 1965:18)
3. Theory on Society
Society is an organization of people who live in a place around us. We are the part of society. There are various society forms, such as village or rural society, a nation, and an urban society. In the society, there are a lot of persons who have various values and desires. In his book, An Introduction to Sociology,Vander Zander says that society forms can be small community such as a tribal community of several dozen people and it can be large community such as a modern nation-state with hundreds of millions of people (Zanden,1988:101). Furthermore, R.M Maciver and Charles H. Page say :
“Society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties” (Maciver, 1949: 5)
honored or considered to be a leader, he or she can influence the society through his or her way of thinking and his or her behavior.
There is also likeness which is possessed by every person in the society. The likeness is like the likeness of values, desires, interests, and purposes. Society is formed from the likeness and also from the difference from every individual. Maciver and Page say that without likeness there will not be the sense of “belonging together”. Without the sense of likeness there could also be no society because of no mutual recognition. Society exists if every person resembles one and another in some degree, in body, and in mind. However, society also depends on differences as it depends on similarities. If people are absolutely alike, the social relationship which they have built would be limited. Perhaps, it is like a hundred or may be a thousand of ants or bee. It will be only little give and take. It will be only very little contribution from one person to another (Maciver, 1949:7)
4. Society in the Novel
Concerning its literal meaning, society in the novel or fictional society can be understood in the same way as that of the society in the real life. It also points to be idea of human relationship or human association in a certain area in which people live together sharing common opinions, values, beliefs, and customs (Rose, 1977: 87-89). Society provides various facts of life such as human experiences, events, social conditions, institutions, values, norms, social backgrounds or place, etc. All of these become the object of literature. Though this real society is imitated into imaginative or fictitious society of literary work, it is not identical with that of literary work. It, however, stands outside the work.
Fictional society or society in the novel can be understood in the same way. It is important, however, to see this society of literary works as something which does not really exist in reality as it exists as a result of an author’s imagination. Langland in Society of the Novel defines society as a medium in fiction in which characters exist, act, respond, and define themselves (Langland, 1984: 4,9,19). She defines society in a wider sense as follow :
Speaking about society’s role in the novel, Langland mentions that society is basically “a context or background within which, and against which, characters define themselves” (Langland, 1984:7-8).
5. Theoretical Conceptions of Deviance
In the absence of a generally agreed-upon theory of deviant behavior, Jack P. Gibbs suggests that there are a number of different conceptions of deviance.
“We are today in the conceptualization stage of scientific development as it pertains to human behavior, and these various conceptions are constantly changing”. (Gibbs, 1966: 9-14)
Some older conceptions assumed that there was something inherent in deviants which distinguish them from non-deviants. Historically, criminals were viewed as biologically distinctive in one way or another. While this perspective has been rejected generally by today’s scholar’s, there is another older view which is just now being challenged. Gibbs calls this “analytical conception”. Rather than assume that criminals are inherently deviant, this notion assumes that deviant acts are inherently injurious to society. In other words, there has been shift from an interest in the character of the actors to an interest in the characteristic of their acts.
the pioneers of this perspective was William Graham Sumner in his bookFolkways. He set out to show that almost any form of human behavior is normative somewhere in the world. “ Deviance is not a quality of the act of the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an offender. According to Labeling Theory, deviants are those who have been labeled as such; therefore, much depends upon whose rules we are considering”. (Sumner, 1956: 19)
Additional problems concerning the complex nature and role of deviancy arise when we realize that not all deviance is intended or detected. In Norms, Values, and Sanctions, Judith Blake and Kingsley Davis point out that there are four possible relationships between people’s motives and their behavior. Both motives and behavior may conform to or deviate from expected and accepted standards. The variations can be depicted as follows :
The Possible Relationships between Motives and Behavior BEHAVIOR
Conforming Deviating
Conforming + / + (1) + / - ( 2)
MOTIVE
Deviating - / + ( 3) - / - ( 4)
do not know the rules, because the nature of the social situation, or because they are incapable of conforming. Others, by way of contrast, intend to deviate but do not do so (category 3). These people may be deterred from violating the norms because they wish the social rewards for approved behavior or because they want to avoid the penalties for deviation. Furthermore, those falling into category 3 may not deviate in behavior because they lack the social and cultural opportunity to do so. (1964, page 468)
Nevertheless, there is still another dimension of complexity, some deviants are falsely accused and others maybe secret deviants. According to Howard Becker in Outsiders : Studies in The Sociology of Deviance, there are four possible categories, using the variable of perception.
The Possible Relationships between Perceptions and Behavior
Conformist Behavior Deviant Behavior
Perceived as Deviant falsely accused non-deviant pure deviant
Not Perceived as Deviant conformist secret deviant
conform but are identified by society s deviants. So long as they are so perceived, the falsely accused maybe treated as pure deviants. Conversely, in every society, there is an unknown number of people who are never detected as a deviant. Until they are so perceived, they are treated as a conformist in the community. In summary, then, deviance is difficult to identify and analyze; since norms are difficult to portray definitively, deviant behavior may take variety of forms, including new and unanticipated directions; not all deviance is intended or detected; and some deviants may be secretive in their behavior, while other are falsely accused.
Obviously, deviance drives many functions. It is useful to the social order and perpetuated by the community. In The Functions of Social Conflict, Lewis A. Coser suggests several ways to conceive of the functions of deviant behavior. He indicates how does deviant behavior contribute the social order and then analyze the more subtle implications. These functions of deviance can be explained in four ways
to deviate in ways which would be intolerable for ordinary group members. Cosers also underscores the importance of deviation through time, as well as from one social setting to another. Overtime, deviant behavior may become acceptable behavior, and the innovator maybe canonized as a saintly conformist.
D. Theoretical Framework
All the theories such as character and characterization, setting, society, deviance, and socio-cultural situation of the novel as the extrinsic data that have been mentioned before, will be taken to analyze the study. In the study, the writer will take the library research to gather the data. Then the sociological approach is used since the analysis also related to the socio-cultural condition in the novel.
characterization is also applied by the writer of this thesis in order to build a clear analysis.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
In this undergraduate thesis, the writer uses the novel by Paulo Coelho entitles The Devil and Miss Prym as the object of this study. It is an English version of O Demonio E A Senhorita Prym, the Portuguese original edition, published by arrangements with Sant Jordi Asociados, Barcelona, SPAIN, copyright in 2000 by Paulo Coelho. The Devil and Miss Prym is translated by Amanda Hopkinson and Nick Caistor and published by Harper CollinsPublishers Hammersmith, London in 2001.
The Devil and Miss Prym is the conclusion to the trilogyAnd on the Seventh Day which began with By the River Piedra, I Sat Down and Wept and the hugely popularVeronika Decides to Die. Each of the three books focuses on a week in the life of ordinary people faced with a major life-changing force; be it love, death or power, it is Coelho's firm belief that "the profoundest changes take place within a very reduced time frame".
Although Viscos had 281 inhabitants, the village was controlled by a mere half dozen individuals who were very influential and had strong authority. They were: the hotel landlady, the priest, the mayor, the mayor’s wife, the blacksmith, and the owner of most of lands around the village. Another influential person in this village is Chantal Prym, not only because she’s the only young person in this village, but also because she is the main character in the story. Then, for the next discussion, she will be the focus on this thesis.
As with any group, the people in Viscos are strong in their community spirit. This feeling arouse as the consequence of their togetherness sentiment. They believed in myth told that any bad luck happens in this village today is the result of some mistakes in the past. The people lived in Viscos tend to live in peaceful fake than make a movement for a better life
B. Approach of the Study
Wilfred L. Guerin says inThe Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature in order to produce a good and clear analysis of literary work the writer needs to use one or more approaches, for example historical-biographical approach, moral-philosophical approach, formalistic approach, psychological approach, etc (Guerin, 1979: 25-155).
seeing literary work in relation with social condition depicts in the story. For Judson R. Landis in Sociology : Concepts and Characteristics, “there are a number of aspects to this sociological perspective. A major aspect is the tendency to see human behavior in the context of the group. To put it another way, the sociologist understand man’s behavior to be a product of his group affiliations. (Landis, 1971: 274-275). Rohrberger and Woods (1972: 9-10) stated that the major interest in sociological approach is to see the work in accordance with human interactions in socialization process. It can be emphasized that the work is in reference to society and every part of society, including the member, their interest, their action and what really happened in one society. It is defined as the attitudes and actions as subject matter. It is necessary that critic investigate the social problem it reflects. Sociological approach is an approach that has something to do with analyzing socialization, and it means that it concerns to the society including the condition of the society in the novel .
This approach is appropriate with the work because this study relates the character’s of Chantal Prym as the main character with the condition of society depicted in the novel.
C. Method of the Study
through close reading method. Secondly, the writer tried to find the criticism about this novel by using internet media and tried to find some books about society, deviance, myth, such Sociology : An Introduction, Contemporary Social Problems and other sources which are supporting the work of analysis.
The writer also read the other books related to the analysis; such as : A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, A Handbook to Literature, Glossary of Literature Terms, Encyclopedia Britannica, Introduction to Philosophy and Mythology,etc.
Thirdly, the writer formulated the problem and finding appropriate approach to be applied in the analysis. Three problem formulations had been formulated. First is how the main character is depicted in the novel. Second is what kind of society she lived in. The last is how Chantal could be labeled as deviant by her society
The next step was answering the problems. This was done through applying the theory in analyzing the work. The theories that are applied are the theory of deviance, theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, and theory of society and . It was found that the appropriate approach to be applied is sociological approach.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
Literature that is formed both in writing and oral is a work of art in which the author can express his feeling, thought, idea, or his experiences to other people. Literature is taken from imagination, adventure, experience, and even the culture of a place which is interesting to share with other people.
“ Literature in general does contain, incidentally, much information, especially much historical; and it is possible to derive from it great many facts dealing with customs, belief, or events in the past; but even the inclusion of this sort information will hardly in itself justify literature” ( Brooks, Purser and Warren, 1952: 1).
Novel as an example of literary work which introduces us into a living world that in some respect resembles to the world we live in, often use some phenomenon that truly appear in real life. One example is the brilliant novel of Brazilian author, Paulo Coelho, entitled The Devil and Miss Prym. The story was taken place in fictional place named Viscos, a remote village which is so far from civilization as to be unmarked on the map. The people living in Viscos knew that they would be the last generation settles there, because there were no babies have been born in years.
because she is the main character in the story. Then, for the next discussion, she will be the focus on this thesis.
A. The Characteristics of Chantal Prym’s
InLiterature for Composition, the word character has two meanings, they are, a figure in a literary work, and personalities or the mental and qualities of a figure. A figure in literary work means a person or an individual in the literary work, for example, Chantal Prym, the main character in this novel. Mental and moral qualities refer to the personalities of the figure or person in the literary work, for example, strong, weak, fussy, and kind. ( Barnet and Berman, 1988 : 71)
According to Holman and Harmon, there are three basic methods of characterization. In addition, M. J Murphy also presents other ways to characterize the character in the story. Furthermore, both Holman & Harmon’s theory and M.J Murphy’s theory of characterization will help the writer in analyzing the characteristics of Chantal Prym. In the novel The Devil and Miss Prym the characteristic of Chantal can be seen through many ways. Then, it will describe as follow.
1. She is Young
In the novelThe Devil and Miss Prym, the character of Chantal Prym is
“The first person he saw as he walked back to the village was a young woman sitting beside one of the many temporary rivers that melted high up in the mountain” (Coelho, page 7)
There is an explicit presentation from the author about Chantal Prym. A young woman who is described sitting beside the rivers is Chantal Prym. In addition, quotation above is coming from Stranger’s thought. So that, Murphy’s theory on characterization number two can also be used. That is character can be seen from other’s character opinion or idea.
2. Beautiful
Chantal has already known that she is beautiful. This reality can be analyzed from the quotation below.
“she went back to bed, tossed and turned for a while, then got up again and went to the bathroom where she examined her naked body in the mirror, spent a few moments worrying that soon she would lose her looks, then returned to bed.” (Coelho, page 28)
Furthermore, still continuing the explanation above, the beauty of Chantal is also confessed by society where she lives. This reality can be seen through the opinion of other character, that is mayor’s wife
“ The mayor’s wife was surprised by the priest reasoning – it was exactly what She had been thinking. The young woman is beautiful, she led men into temptation. (Coelho, page 136)
and also from how people in Viscos thought about Chantal relationship with any stranger and hunter who comes to Viscos.
“most drivellers, especially those who arrived alone, were always very quick to try and strike up conversation with the barmaid, Chantal Prym, possibly in hopes of a fleeing romance or whatever.” ( Coelho, page 21)
Viscos is well-known as a good place for hunting, and people in Viscos had already known that most of the hunters are interested to have short affair with Chantal. Chantal realizes that she is an attractive girl and she has used her beauty to seduce the hunters to have some affairs with her.
Furthermore, because both quotations above come from Viscos people thought, so Murphy’s theory of characterization number two is applied, that is one’s character can be seen from other character’s opinion about the character.
3. Orphan
Chantal Prym is the name of the main character in the novel of Paulo Coelho “The Devil and Miss Prym”.Chantal is told as an orphan. This fact can be seen from quotation below.
countrywoman, had eked out of a living as a dressmaker, saving every penny she could so that her granddaughter could at least learn to write and read. It seemed that life was always so unfair to her. ( Coelho, page 30)
From the quotation above, it is sure that Chantal is an orphan. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the word orphan means Child whose parents are dead. The fact that her father was gone and her mother was dead since she was born can make Chantal be categorized as an orphan. Then, Murphy’s theory of characterization number five is applied to analyze the reality that Chantal is an orphan .This theory focus on tracing the character’s past life as it can be revealed through character’s own initiative to reveal his or her past.
Chantal seems like to reveal her reality of being an orphan in order to get sympathy from others.
“..’You, on the other hand, believed your role as helpless orphan, someone who wants to be accepted at all cost’..” (Coelho, page 122)
4. Brave
Chantal has been growing as a brave woman. Her struggle of life since she was young had influenced her character. She has a big spirit to reach her aim. She has a strong courage in everything she wants. This situation force her to face any obstacle in front of her, though she has to confront all of members in Viscos.
“Chantal drank her coffee and hoped the day would pass quickly. She would destroy the village, she would bring Viscos to its knees that very night. The village would die within a generation anyway because it was a village without children -- young people had their children elsewhere, in places where people went to parties, wore fine clothes, traveled and engaged in ‘pointless exercises” ( Coelho, page 44)
The quotation above shows how brave Chantal is. She has a plan to destroy the village and she did it. As a consequence it means she has to fight against all the inhabitants in Viscos. Then, because the quotation comes from Chantal initiative, the fact that she is a brave character can be seen through her action. Holman and Harmon’s theory of characterization is applied here, which is the analysis may used an action instead of direct exposition. From the character’s action, the writer of this thesis is expected to infer an attribute of the character. In this case from the Chantal’s action to fight against the village, the writer can conclude that she is really brave.
5. Arrogant
“As she made her way back to the village, she regretted every single minute of her life; she cursed her mother for dying so young, her grandmother for having taught her to be honest and kind, the friends who had abandoned her and the fate that was still with her.” (page 46)
The quotation above comes from Chantal’s own consideration. So that, the truth that she is a young woman who feels unsatisfied about her life can be seen through her thought. Furthermore, M.J Murphy’s theory of characterization number three is applied by the writer of this thesis.
In addition, the fact that Chantal is regret about her life also can be seen from other’s opinion towards her. In this case is mayor’s wife’s opinion. Then, M.J Murphy’s theory of characterization number two is also used by the writer of this thesis in order to more emphasize the character of Chantal who is often feel unsatisfied and discontented about her life.
“She refused to be contented with the typical life of an inhabitants of Viscos. She was forever bemoaning the fact that she had to stay in the village, which all its faults, was nevertheless made up honest, hardworking people, a place where many people would love to spend their days.” ( Coelho, Page 136) It seems that Viscos people has already known that Chantal is discontented about her life in Viscos. She often refuses her status as Viscos people. This reality makes her be considered as an arrogant person. Then, Chantal’s relationship with other inhabitants is very lack of harmony.
6. Ambitious
Harmon’s theory of characterization is applied here because the explanation of Chantal’s characterization comes from her direct exposition.
“ My name’s Chantal. I work in the evenings at the bar of the hotel you’re staying” ( Coelho, page 8)
She works from early morning to evening when the bar closed. Actually she is bored about her daily life, but her needs of money forced her to accept the reality having a job as a barmaid in a small village.
“She was holding her dream in her hands, the thing she had always longed for, and which a miracle had set before her. Here was the opportunity to free herself from all those identical days and nights in Viscos and from the endless going back and forth to the hotel where she had worked since she was eighteen, from the yearly visits of all those friends whose families had sent them away to study and make something of themselves, from all absences she had long since grown used to, from the men who arrived promising her the world and left the next day without even a goodbye, from all the farewells and non-farewells to which she had long before accustomed” ( Coelho, Page 30)
“ Every day was another day spent waiting. Every night was a night when she might meet someone who would recognize her true worth. Everyman she took to her bed was the hope of leaving Viscos the following morning, never again to see those three streets, those stone houses with their slate roofs, the church with its cemetery beside it, the hotel selling local handicrafts that took months to make and were sold for the same price as mass-produced goods”.
( Coelho, page 31)
From both quotations above, it is sure that Chantal is very bored of her life in
Viscos. She feels tired of any single thing about Viscos. And she has lost interest in the place where she lived in since she was born.
her. She is obsessed to get a new life in somewhere out there of Viscos and she is willing to do anything to make it comes true.
Nevertheless, because there is no direct exposition in the novel which describes how bored Chantal is, the writer of this thesis used Holman and Harmon’s theory of Characterization which suggest that the reader of the novel has to understand by herself about the character since there is no direct comment exposition given by the author. It is a presentation from within a character.
7. Confident
Being a young woman who is beautiful and rather attractive, Chantal always believes that everyman will be interested in her, especially to have some affairs and take her to the bed. It can be seen through her thought when she met the Stranger in the forest.
“Chantal, however, had understood just about everything. Like an older men, he was obsessed with the idea of sex with a younger woman. Like all human beings, he thought money could buy whatever he wanted. Like all strangers, he was sure that young women from remote villages were naïve enough to accept any proposal, real or imaginary, provided it offered a faint chance of escape.” (Coelho, page 11)
In addition to the explanation above, Chantal’s characteristic of being a confident person also can be analyzed through the Stranger’s thought
“The stranger turned his gaze from the mountains and looked at the young woman in front of him. He had worked for many years with all kinds of people and he knew –almost of certain- what she must be thinking. She probably thought he had shown her the gold in order to impress her with his wealth, just as now she was trying to impress him with her youth and indifference.” (Coelho, page 13)
From the Stranger’s thought about Chantal, it can be emphasized that Chantal is very confident. She thinks her enchantment would impress everyman, in this moment is the Stinger. M.J Murphy’s theory of characterization number two is applied here that is characterize from other’s opinion.
8. Dreamer
Being dissatisfied with her life, especially her monotonous life.. Chantal often dreams about leaving Viscos to live in the big city, becoming an actress and finding a good husband, something that won’t be happened if she still live in Viscos.
“ Chantal had so many dreams: she thought she could overcome all obstacles, find a husband, get a job in the big city, be discovered by a talent scout who happened to be visiting that out-of-the-way place in the hope of finding peace, get a career in the theater, write a best-seller, have a photographers calling out to her pose for them, walk along life’s red carpet” (page 31)
of characterization number three, which suggest that characterization can be analyzed from what the character thinking about, is used by the writer of this thesis.
B. The Characteristics of Viscos Society
The setting of The Devil and Miss Prym was taken place in Viscos. A small and remote village that is so far from civilization. According to Abrams setting can be noticed in a limited sense and in a large sense. In a limited sense it refers to “the general sense” that is particular physical location in which the story takes place. It also refers to “the historical time” that shows when the story take place. In a large sense, setting refers to “the social circumstances that are situations or conditions, and environments in which the characters live (Abrams, 1981 : 175). In a general sense Viscos is known as a remote village. In the large sense, Viscos, as a community, has 281 inhabitants.
and the owner of most of lands around the village. Those people above have important role towards Viscos.
Before analyzing the characteristics of Viscos society, it will be very important for the writer to know what kind of people living in that place. Then the only way to know how Viscos people are, the writer of this thesis needs to analyze the speech and the way of thinking of the characters.
a. Hopeless
When the newcomer first comes to Viscos he is told that he has seen an ideal place to live and spend all times in his life, perfectly suited for family life, since it lacks of serious problems. There is no thief or serious crime, no large class of poor and rich, no pollution, no garbage scattered around. On the surface, it is obvious that Viscos is a beautiful place to live in. However, inside, Viscos people actually feel depressed about their life. They are absolutely hopeless.
“Everyone who lived there knew they were clinging to a world whose days were numbered; even so, it was not easy for them to accept that they would be the last generation of the farmers and shepherds who had lived in those mountains for centuries.” ( Coelho, page 5)
Viscos people have lived in despair, especially after they have already accepted the reality that they would be the last generation there. They endure their life without any sense of fighting because they believe that it is all useless. They just follow the routine ness of their daily life. This fact can be seen in the quotation below.
“Nine months of winter, three months of hell’, they’ve used to say, referring to the fact that each year they had only ninety days to carry out all the work in fields, fertilizing, sowing, waiting, then harvesting the crops, storing the hay and shearing the sheep” ( Coelho, page 5)
From the direct comment “Nine months of winter, three months of hell” by Viscos people, the writer of this thesis could emphasized that they are truly a hopeless society. According Holman and Harmon, a direct exposition as above also can help the writer in analyzing the characterization of Viscos character’s.
b. Loyal
Although Viscos people feel hopeless about their life in Viscos, they never want to leave this village. They have high loyalty towards their society, their tradition, and their ancestor.
and purposes. From the quotation above it is obvious that Viscos society have the same idea of loyalty. They have the strong community spirit about their traditions and strong togetherness sentiment to struggle and endure this life as Viscos inhabitants .
c. Inferior
For so many years, especially in recent time, Viscos people tend to feel inferiority toward themselves. This reality can be seen through Chantal’s opinion towards other inhabitants in Viscos.
“They don’t understand how important they are. They don’t understand that whenever someone lifts a forkful of food to their mouth, anywhere in the world, it’s thanks to people like the inhabitants of Viscos,……They are far more necessary to the world than all those city people, yet they behaves as if they were inferior beings, uptight and talent less—and they believe it too. “ ( Coelho, page 36)
d. Superstitious
The fact that support the idea that Viscos people are superstitious community is from how they accused Berta as a witch
“It was whispered among the inhabitants of Viscos that Berta was a witch. It was said she had shut herself up in her house for almost a year and, during that time, taught herself the magic art.” ( Coelho, page 55)
The quotation above comes from narration given by Chantal when she thought about Berta. It seems that through Chantal’s thought the author wants to portray the superstitious condition in Viscos. Then, the writer of this thesis could make a conclusion from the narration above. People in Viscos tend to believe in superstitious thing than in logical thought. Their geographical setting in the remote village, which is so far from civilization, more support their superstitious feeling. It is still difficult for them to accept new idea and modern thing. Story about witch, myth and any other supernatural tales had spread among inhabitants in Viscos since long time ago. For example is the way they accused Berta as a witch only because she always talks to herself when she is sitting alone in front of her house. She is not a witch. The truth is that she is a widow and be surrounded by the holy spirit of her husband.
“ For over two centuries, Viscos had been inhabited by the dregs of humanity, and everyone took this for granted, saying it was the consequence of curse put on the village by Celts when they were vanquished by the Romans.” (page 24) The history about Viscos above is told by Chantal through her thought. The story about Viscos’ past life help the writer of this thesis to know clearly about their characteristics. Formerly, Viscos was a place of criminal and bad people. Then, it changed. A local heroes named Ahab could eventually bring peaceful in Viscos. He had changed Viscos from a place of criminal into a frontier post that inhabited by outcast, and became an important trading centre on the border between two centuries, but it happened so long ago before now it is closed to destruction. The story of Ahab and his savior had been told from the parents to their children in socialization process in Viscos. Ahab had become the most influential person in Viscos. Although he had dead so long ago but the story about him still haunted the general life in Viscos for the centuries.
In addition to the explanation above, the fact that Viscos society in superstitious is also can be seen through the opinion of the priest when he thought about his existence and the condition of the only Church in Viscos.
“the priest knew that Viscos was not exactly a religious place, even though its residents still attended baptism and weddings (although nowadays these were merely a distant memory), funeral(which, on the contrary, occurred with ever increasing frequency) and Christmas Mass. For the most part, few troubled to make the effort to attend two weekly masses.” ( Coelho, page 125)
man. It does not take a long time to know the reason why Viscos people become like this. The influence of Ahab and his savior story had affected their faithfulness toward their religion.
e. Hypocritical
As the time goes by, Viscos people have accustomed to live in pretense. When they talked to the stranger they always said how lucky they are living in that place. It is just a self denial. Viscos people know that their beautiful life is just a fake. This reality can be analyzed from Chantal’s opinion about Viscos inhabitants.
“The people of Viscos always believed that every stranger would be fascinated by their natural, healthy way of life, and they would repeat and expand upon benefits of life away from modern civilization, even though, deep in their hearts, every single one of them would have loved to live far from there, among cars that pollute the atmosphere and in neighborhoods where it was too dangerous to walk, for the simple reason that big cities hold an enormous fascination for country people.” ( Coelho, page 26)
They have failed. They already known it, but they ignore it. They still believe that they are successful people.
“They lived in a village of decent men and woman who honored their commitments, people who walked with their heads held high and were respected throughout the region.” ( Coelho, page 23)
Quotation above shows that Viscos people have high pride toward themselves. They believe that they are esteemed society. In front of newcomer, they always tell how lucky they are becoming the member of Viscos. They say that living in Viscos is just the same like living in paradise. They always do it though they know it’s merely useless. New comers only heard, they’ve never really amazed and decided to be like them, living in Viscos
“Yet every time a visitor appeared, they would demonstrate by their words – and only by their words- the joys of living in a lost paradise, trying to persuade themselves what a miracle it was to have been born there and forgetting that, so far, not one hotel guest had decided to leave it all behind and come and live in Viscos.” (page 26)
In addition to the explanation above, the truth that Viscos society is hypocriti-cal is from the way they carry out their religion. They are Catholic but they never act as Catholic. They tend to believe in Ahab and his rules. This reality be seen from the direct comment of Chantal Prym when she talked to the Stranger. Through her speech, Chantal wants to show the Stranger about what kind of society who lived Viscos is.
From Chantal’s statement above it can be seen that the influence of Ahab really affected the life in Viscos, including how they adherent their religion. Ahab felt apprehensive toward any priest in Viscos. Since the majority of the early inhabitants were bandits, he thought that all the priest would do, with their threats of eternal damnation, would send them back to their criminal ways. It is sure that it is just an irrational reason, but Viscos people decided to follow Ahab’s “anxiety”. Until nowadays, Viscos people are still unwilling and hesitate to come to the church.
Furthermore, all of quotation above is taken from Chantal’s narration. At the times she felt disappointed toward her life, she often thought about Viscos, a place where she lived which also become the core of her problems. Then, through her idea about Viscos, the characteristic of Viscos society can be analyzed.
f. Afraid of Change
The paradox about change is that, at one level, people want to change or wish things would change. At the same time, on another level, they are the first to resist change. This situation also happened in Viscos.
impede them to make a change. Barriers like fear is created by people, and it can only be removed by people
g. Monotonous
The daily life in this place is very predictable. This reality can be seen from the quotation below
“She regretted not having picked up the packet of cigarettes left behind the on the table, but she knew that its owner was bound to come back for it, and she did not want to incur people’s mistrust. That was what Viscos was like : a half-empty cigarettes packet had its owner, the button lost off a jacket had to be kept until someone came asking for it, every penny in change had to be handed over, there was never any rounding up the bill. It was wretched place, in which everything was predictable, organized, and reliable.” (page 28-29) These quotation shows how is Chantal act when she had to face situation like that. She decided not to take the cigarettes because it will cause mistrust among Viscos people. The way she act is emphasized the fact that Viscos is a predictable society. Everything always happened under control.
As a community, Viscos can be considered as a representation of an ideal society. The social life in Viscos had fulfilled some criteria’s of good community, that is the social interaction and relationship between a member is close one to another. Viscos is a small village which contains a little count of inhabitant so it’s a must for them knowing about who are their peers including their affairs and also about every single thing that happened in Viscos in every second.
According to R.M Maciver and Charles H. Page, society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties. (Maciver,1949:5). Viscos seems has fulfilled some criteria above. They set their own usages and norms to categorize whether one thing is good or bad. Viscos also strong in their community spirit and togetherness sentiment.
However, by the time, the manifestation of an ideal society in Viscos did not really occur in their real life. Their togetherness sentiment has brought them to destruction instead of to the better future. The core of community sentiments are, having the same feeling, the same aim, the same responsibility, and the same sense of belonging. It is also happened in Viscos. The place where they have lived together for a long lime. Viscos people are too bound to a place where they were born and lived, especially because the fact that they have the same ancestor, blood, and fate. This feeling arouse not only because they are only a small community, but mostly also because their strong togetherness sentiment. Thus, the worst thing is that their togetherness believe that their fate of being useless people who often felt inferior and coward in facing people out of Viscos.
She believes she is trapped in this homogeny society. According to Maciver, ideal society also depends on difference as it depends on likeness. If people are absolutely alike, the social relationship which they have built would be limited because it will be only very little contribution from one person to another (Maciver,1949:7). Chantal wants to break the monotonous life in Viscos. She wants to bring a different thing in the society that only accept likeness and similarity.
C. Chantal’s Deviance
Society is never static. It is always undergoing change and is always in process. Deviant behavior, then, can play a role in the process of social organization. Deviance can take a variety of forms, sometimes approved and encouraged by society or they may be destructive and rejected by society. The complex character of deviant behavior is potential to contribute to both social and cultural disorganization and reorganization.
In Sociology, Concepts and Characteristics; sometimes deviation and normality are defined statistically. Those around average are considered normal, while those at the extremes are seen as deviant. If using the criteria above, Chantal can be considered as a deviant in her society. Because she is the only young person in Viscos and the rest is a gathering of old people.
groups create deviance by making the rule whose infraction constitutes deviance”. Labeling theory suggests that deviance is caused by deviant person being negatively labeled, internalizing the label, and acting according to the label. It is obvious that society sets the boundaries in order to categorize whether one thing is good or bad. Then, it can be concluded that the labeling of deviant is very relative. What is defined as deviant by one group maybe defined as normal by another. The definition of deviance depends on the variable being defined and the group doing the defining.
a. The Labeling as a Deviance
Since this thesis talks about Labeling Theory of Deviance, the writer found some evident which support the idea of Chantal being labeled as a deviant by her society. Then, it will be described as follow ;
1. Society Believed that Chantal Betrayed Viscos
Chantal is labeled as a deviant by her society because society know that Chantal is not belong to Viscos. Viscos is a society that is strong in their community spirit. This fact can be seen through the quotation below.
as Viscos inhabitant. They already knew about it. It can be seen through Mayor’s wife opinion about Chantal.
“She refused to be contented with the typical life of an inhabitants of Viscos. She was forever bemoaning the fact that she had to stay in the village, which all its faults, was nevertheless made up honest, hardworking people, a place where many people would love to spend their days.” ( Coelho, Page 136) Quotation above is stated by Mayor’s wife when she talked about Chantal to other inhabitants in Viscos. Viscos is a place which is strong in their community spirit and togetherness sentiment, and they believed that Chantal is no longer loyal to Viscos. Viscos people labeled Chantal as a deviant in their society because of the way Chantal refusing her being as Viscos inhabitants. They felt hurt and betrayed. That is the reason why they accused Chantal as a Deviant.
2. Society Considered that Chantal Misbehaved
For the rest centuries, Viscos people have been living in pretense. They still believe that they were honored people who admired in all regions surround them.
“They lived in a village of decent men and woman who honored their commitments, people who walked with their heads held high and were respected throughout the region.” ( Coelho, page 23)
others. They have already known that Chantal is often be a whore by seducing single man who came to Viscos.
“ The mayor’s wife was surprised by the priest reasoning – it was exactly what She had been thinking. The young woman is beautiful, she led men into temptation. (Coelho, page 136
Consequently, society labeled Chantal as deviant because she broke Viscos expectation about good manner of inhabitants. Their pride has changed into a shame because of Chantal. Because of that reason, Viscos society labeled Chantal as a deviant. She lived in the place that always trying hard to show well behavior. They always expect their inhabitants also do the same, then, it becomes a requirement of society. Nevertheless, it can not be fulfilled by Chantal.
3. Society Defined that Chantal is Rude and Unruly
In the surface, Viscos is well known as a peaceful place. There is no criminal, thief, robbery, fighting, conflict or even a disagreement. Everything is done under control and everything is just the same day by day. This situation makes Viscos become a predictable place.
“ It was wretched place, in which everything was predictable, organized, and reliable.” ( Coelho, page 28)
It can be concluded that Viscos is a quiet society who tend to live in calm and composure. Furthermore, Viscos society labeled Chantal as a deviance because she acts distracting from good manners.
“..’shut up, you idiot!’….
Viscos were shocked of what Chantal has done. Then, her action brought a big consequence. She has to accept the effect, being labeled as a deviant by her society. Viscos society labeled her as a deviant because Chantal has broken the norms in society. Nevertheless, the situation is very different from modern society which provides the chance for youth generation to show their aspiration and give contribution in social organization.
b. Sanction as a Deviant
In addition to the explanation above, William Graham Sumner in his book Folkways said that Deviance is not a quality of the act of the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an offender. Then, it is sure that a deviant will get sanctions from society, and it is also happened to Chantal. Some of the inhabitants in Viscos seem dislike her. This reality can be analyzed through the opinion of mayor’s wife about Chantal
“Then it must have been the rouge wolf, ‘ said the mayor’s wife, who didn’t much like Chantal, but who was sufficiently well-bred to hide her feelings” (Coelho, page 41)
Most of Viscos people do not really like Chantal, but they just keep it inside. For example is mayor’s wife, a person who belongs to the quotation above. The fact that Chantal is disliked by her society can also be analyzed from other quotation
“All of the people she had known, Berta was the only one who had ever treated her with any kindness. Chantal did not just sit down, she flung her arms around Berta” ( Coelho, page 96)
