Human Trafficking.

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SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Edited by:

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin Centre for Socioglobal Studies

Padjadjaran University

Foreword by: Dr. Arry Bainus MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University

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SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

First Published May, 2015

Published By

Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558

E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com

ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8

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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University

Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the politics of community.

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Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In 2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar Malaysia-Indonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia (Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy (2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development Planning.

Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently, he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user community.

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Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).

Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and rural community.

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).

Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.

he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success.

Wassalam.

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FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be understand and scrutinize for better intervention.

I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us today.

I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this book kind will be published in the near future.

hank you. Wassalam.

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INTRODUCTION

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful

his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.

his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives; political and international strategy, culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy directions.

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and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of “Ummah.”

In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development. However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth, the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St_Century.

his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty, humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people. he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.

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of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of research product for design and implementation of public policies. his will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is currently designing.

In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.

his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

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Human Traicking

READERS GUIDE

his chapter focus on human trafcking, issues and Challenges. Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he resarchers concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual exploitation are met). he challenges of government has the right and responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values in the public administration and services will enhance the performance of the government.

Chapter

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Human Traicking

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INTRODUCTION

Traicking or commonly known in Malaysia as pemerdagangan orang has become global issue and problem. Almost all countries in the world have an agenda to combat human traicking or traicking in person. But in fact, there is no single country that successfully overcome the traicking perfectly. Human traicking is a form of traicking in person and slavery in the modern era with all forms of exploitation of people because had seized by force and threatening the freedom of individual with the commercial purpose of the perpetrators. commercial sex (Japanese time) (Hull, Terence H. Et al, 1997). Women (wife) and children sometimes used as a means of paying the debt to the moneylender (case).

TRAFFICKING IN PERSON AT PRESENT

Traicking in modern times is cosidered as crime :

Article 297 of the Crime Code

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Traicking of women and child traicking are threatened with imprisonment...”

Article 65 of Act No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights:

Every child has a right to be protected from sexual exploitation and prostitution, kidnapping, child traicking as well...”

Article 329-337 of the Criminal Code:

Crime against personal liberty was threatened with punishment.

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hat is done by such threats, abduction, deception, abuse power with the aim of :

In this era of independence, human traicking has become a global business penertrating boundaries among countries, as well as within the internal state concerned. As a global network, human traicking held a more organized, structured, cross-country, but covered with neatly.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN FIGURES

According to the UN, Indonesia is ranked as the country’s second most prevalent human traicking, Indonesia serves as :

Supplyers

Human traicking is closely related to migrant workers. According to IOM, Indonesia has 6.5 million to 9 million migrant worker worldwide.

70% of migrant workers are women

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43-50% have an indication of traicking in person

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In the state, 50% of victims of traicking consists of children and

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70% outside the country is adult

Forced Prostitute and slave labor are not only valid outside the

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country, but it is exist in the country itself

Approximately 40.000 to 70.000 children in Indonesia exploited

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According to the ILO, each year is estimated 2 million people are traicked and most of them are women and children.

THE PHENOMENON OF MIGRANT WORKERS INDICATED AS HUMAN TRAFFICKING

his phenomenon was reported by the Research Team UNLA and UNPAD (2002) against migrant workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and we think stiil relevant to be discussed. With the help of an informant in Jeddah, the research team was informed that within a certain area in the region of Jeddah, there is a kind of shelter (presumably illegal), a hiding spot. he region became a shelter for Indonesia migrant workers who have overstayed or run away from the employer or imported from Indonesia with Umrah visas.

Of our informant had been informed that in the region there are about 27 points of shelter migrant workers (mostly women) and in each point there is about 5 women (migrant workers) of Indonesia. Maybe calculated across the region, there are about 135 Indonesian migrant workers living in the whole spots of region. Due to employment of migrant workers in the region are not clear, then the area was a closed territory and not everyone is permitted to enter.

Guided by the informant, the research team, managed to get into one of the settlement, by pretending to look for a missing member of our family. From a cursory observation, after being in tha room, the research team met some women who are sitting down and resting. After a while, a woman (allegedly occupant shelter) came into the house escorted by a man (presumably as an intermediary).

From the observation moment and moreover the information obtained from the informant who accompanied the team, the resarchers concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual exploitation are met)

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Human Traicking

FUTURE CHALLENGES

he case of migrant workers in Jeddah only a couple of cases of Indonesian migrant workers who indicated traicking outside the country. In the future the Indonesian government needs to exhaust all eforts to more efectively protecting its citizen outside the country. he research team, had proposed to the central government in Jakarta to build up the Social Attache, which may be combined with the Education Afairs or Cultural Attache in some Indonesian Embassys outside the country that has a lot of problems of migrant workers.

he reason is very simple, the government has the right and responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as outside the country. And this scheme should be regarded as the right of the people . he indings of the research came up with the conclusion that the problem of migrant workers are severely as an urgent issues, not just lokking from a legal perspective, but also from social and psychological aspects. To the end, a network of cooperation and collaborative actions between the countries should be increasingly strengthened.

REFERENCES

Departement of State, (2014), Traicking in Persons Report 2014,

Washington, DC: USA

Farhana, (2010), Legal Aspects of Human Traicking in Indonesia Jakarta :Penerbit Graika

Hull, Terence H, et al, (1997), Prostitution in Indonesia, Jakarta : Pustaka Sinar Harapan

ILO, (2004), Child Traicking for the purpose of Prostitution in Jakarta and

West Java, Jakarta: ILO

Irwanto, et al, (2001) Child Traicking in Indonesia, Jakarta : ILOCoordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare, (2004), Elimination of Traicking in Per-sons in IndonesiaYear 2003-2004, Jakarta : Ministry of Welfare

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Republic of Indonesia, Act No 2, 2007 on Combating Traicking in Persons

._{..., Act No. 23 of 2003 on the Protection of Children}

..., Act No.13 of 2003 on Manpower (Ketenagakerjaan)

Human Trafficking.

SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

8

Human Traicking