Globalizing Information Technology: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesias Democracy.

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SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Edited by:

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin Centre for Socioglobal Studies

Padjadjaran University

Foreword by: Dr. Arry Bainus MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University

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ii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

First Published May, 2015

Published By

Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558

E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com

ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8

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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University

Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the politics of community.

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Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In 2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar Malaysia-Indonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia (Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy (2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development Planning.

Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently, he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user community.

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Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).

Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and rural community.

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).

Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.

he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success.

Wassalam.

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FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be understand and scrutinize for better intervention.

I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us today.

I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this book kind will be published in the near future.

hank you. Wassalam.

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INTRODUCTION

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful

his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.

his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives; political and international strategy, culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy directions.

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and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of “Ummah.”

In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development. However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth, the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St_Century. his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty, humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people. he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.

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of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of research product for design and implementation of public policies. his will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is currently designing.

In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.

his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

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Globalizing Information Technology

READERS GUIDE

his chapter focus on the Information Technology (IT) developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. his paper examines the role and inluence of IT, especially the Internet and social media, to the practices of people’s recent political life. he issues addressed in this paper are several events that depict the relation of IT and political competition around 2014 presidential election. his study reveals that IT usage has facilitated the raising of people awareness on political or public issues, so they can put pressures on the government policies or strengthen particular political views. However, the IT

Chapter

1

Globalizing Information Technology:

Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s

Democracy

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development also brings the challenge of digital discrimination. Political pressure through the use of IT represents only certain groups who are able to access it and neglected the rest of others. he freedom to get involved in political discourses that enjoyed by the netizens in fact can be used by the political and media elites to support them. Moreover, the interaction between the political elite, the media, and the public on the Internet has led to an intense cyberconlict that potentially extends to either vertically or horizontally social conlict. herefore, eforts to build the norms that go along with the IT development are needed, so its destructive efects on democracy could be avoided.

INTRODUCTION

he information technology (IT) in Indonesia has gained its momentum to developed since 1990s. In 1995 the Internet had enter to this country and the government also purchased the satelite for supporting the national IT in 1997. he information low was dramatically increased and strated to take a part in politics (Woodier, 2009). he IT then contribute to 1998 political reform when activist groups organizing movement through the mailing list so that information could be disseminated to various NGOs since 1996 (Hill & Sen, 2005: 47). Political reform followed by the birth of political act package which regulate political parties, elections, and the arrangement position of the MPR, DPR, and DPRD (Hidayat, 2007). In addition, the government also enacted Act No. 40/1999 which guarantees freedom of the press (Wibowo, 2009). hrough thos set of acts, democratization has been strarted in all social political life. People were free to formed political parties, exercised transparent elections, the power restructured based on people sovereignty, and the freedom of speech.

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Table 1. Indonesia’s Internet Users

Source: Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (2014).

he use of IT devices, such as mobile phones and Internet access, has become part of people’s lifestyles. In almost all public places, people look busy using their gadget such a smartphone, laptop, or tablet. Insight MarkPlus survey conducted in September 2010 revealed that the average user spends time between 3-5 hours to access the Internet with a range of activities, from reading online news, status updating in social media, and involved in online transaction. Conventional media such as television, radio, and newspapers no longer be the main reference for Internet users (Hasanudin, dkk, 2011: 22-24).

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Internet and social media have provided the space and means to expand people’s political awareness. With facilities such as commenting and news, photos, and video sharing, social media makes a person more expressive of a public or political issue. hose facilities are easily accessible via smartphone device and can be used anywhere as long as connected to the Internet. hey who usually not give much attention to political news, such as women, youth, and mothers, now becoming more actively respond to political news.

he characteristics of Internet and social media as a political media has enabling political discourses are built at the grassroots level. Communities sharing information and their views on political issues. his makes social media as spaces for the formation of collective action and political organization (Bimber et al., 2010: 72). Tkacheva et al. (2013)et al. (2013 said that in a pluralistic regime, the Internet could strengthen social mobili-zation as a means for activists to build an online reputation. hey can share activities and information that can delegitimize the regime. he signiicant political change in Middle East countries since 2010, or better known as the Arab Spring, was scrolling when people gathered their forces via Facebook and Twitter. Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt are some actual examples of how the long lasting and powerful regime inally toppled by a social movement which also called “Facebook Revolution” (Martens-Edwards, 2014: 9). By the power of forming collective actions, social media is considered as another democracy pillars.

Governments in non-pluralist countries consider Internet and social media has a potential to threaten state stability. herefore, the government regime cleverly use of the Internet and social media as a channel for controlling information. In Russia, the government is tend to co-optation of social media usage, while China is more likely to control information as well as the use of social media (Oates, 2012). Chinese government action to block Facebook, Twitter, and other social media basically caused by political reason. In 2009, Uighurs had used Facebook to mobilize independence protests in Xinjiang region. he Chinese government was also blocking foreign online news media such as he New York Times and Bloomberg (Harvey et al., 2014: 328). However, the Chinese government allowed an alternative social networking site like Renren.com so that the citizens can be monitored and controlled.

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eye on its citizens through the use of IT. Edward Snowden case in 2013 is proof of this ongoing symptom. He is a former member of the intelligence contractor National Security Agency (NSA) who leaked the NSA’s spying activities. According to his words, NSA has been spying millions of people around the world, including US citizens and world political leaders. Further, it is also known that the NSA had been wiretapping against millions of telephone connections and hacking two-thirds world websites (Gonzalez, 2014: 123-124). hus, all kind of regimes essentially strives to maintain its rule while the IT developments provide balancing power. Both pluralist and non-pluralist have a diference in their approach.

From description above, the relationship between IT globalization with democratic political life should be examined, particularly about the impacts that occurred in Indonesia. While the use of IT is considered to have strengthening democratic politics, however it also have the drawbacks. his paper further will analyzes some issues and challenges of IT globalization that determines the dynamics of contemporary democracy in Indonesia. he issues addressed in this paper are several events that depict the relation of IT and political competition around 2014 presidential election. he 2014 presidential election moment relects the Indonesian democracy has fully characterized by IT penetration and lead to the new pathways in which political power is extremely split between pro-government and opposition.

DISCUSSION

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Political Representation and Digital Discrimination

he role of Internet and social media in the democratic political process is easily visible on how the device is used as a medium for public interest articulation. It is easier for society to express their views or interests through IT devices. However, the use of social media and political participation patterns show no clear correlation. his is probably due to the information obtained via the Internet is seen as less credible. he relationship between people expression and political views are more inluenced by the nature of the interaction, the quality of information, and the extent to which the actions can satisfy users (Kushin & Yamamoto, 2013: 71).

Some cases that depict social media support in politics, among others, Wanda Hamidah dismissal by PAN on September 2014 after she supported Jokowi as candidate. housands of social media user, especially in Twitter, encouraged Wanda to stick with her decision and ight against the authoritarian party (Merdeka.com, 2014). Another example is when Surabaya city major, Tri Rismaharini, intends to resign after being repeatedly engaged chaotic politics. he netizen then massively expressed their support to Rismaharini. PoliticaWave study result that released to Tempo on February 2014, recorded that nearly 30 thousand conversations in social media pinning hashtag #SaveRisma (Tempo.co, 2014a).

he two cases above suggests that political issues are no longer in the realm of the political structure or limited to political parties, but also been a public consumption. It draws that the people’s support on certain issues has lowing profusely. When referring to Kushin and Yamamoto (2013) premise that netizens consider the credibility of information sources, then Indonesian netizens are likely to respond to information from online news media that are considered as credible. Anyway, its pressures driven by netizens do not really afect political policy taken by the relevant political party, but raised the bubble efect of particular political discourse.

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required direct election. he president also considers the impressions on Youtube (Tempo.co, 2014b), whereas the plan of moving to parliamentary-elected regional election was a proposal from SBY government. he estimated 70 percent of popular support stated by SBY was not supported by scientiic studies facts. While the results study of he Research and Development Agency (Balitbang) Ministry of Home Afairs reveals that Indonesian people in general are not ready to implement the direct election due to negative impacts on society (Bpp.kemendagri.go.id, 2014).

Table 2. Indonesia’s Internet Penetration Position Source: Public Data Google (2014).

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political process ignores those who unable to access IT. his phenomenon gives us a clue contemporary Indonesia’s democracy has been reshaped by the use of IT. However, if this pattern continues, the Indonesian democracy will facing the challenges of the digital divide, which formed a new culture that beneit people and organizations who are capable in exploiting the IT, and on the other hand it harmed to they who can not adapt to the new culture (Murelli, 2002: 1-5).

UNDER THE ELITE’S SHADOW

With the pattern of IT that gives social media legitimation to highlight people aspiration, it is interesting to investigate on how the power of people’s opinion is formed. he most interesting case for this discussion is the political ‘battle’ between two presidential candidate’s supporters in 2014 presidential election, include political elites who own prominent media owners. One of Jokowi-JK supporter is Nasdem Party whose the leader, Surya Paloh, is the owner of Media Indonesia Group. Similarly, Prabowo-Hatta were supported by Golkar Party where the chairperson is Bakrie who own Viva News. he tendency of favoring a candidate was not only from the media that clearly under supporters. Metro Tv, Media Indonesia, Tempo, Kompas, and Detik.com are known tend to favor Jokowi-JK, meanwhile Tv One, ANTV, RCTI, and Vivanews likely to favor Prabowo-Hatta (heglobal-review.com, 2014).

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can afect each other, where the view of ideology or political party will get a response in social media. Likewise, the growing discourse on social media will be a consideration in determining the parties and politicians driving strategy opinion. herefore, political parties or politicians as the actors behind the strength of opinion on social media are plausible.

However, an opinion on social media does not necessarily become the driving force that determines the political change. Gamson & Wolfsfeld (1993) reveal that the central institution for social movement is actually the traditional mass media such as television, radio, and newspaper, which has the role to mobilize movement, legitimate mainstream discourses, and escalate the conlict. hus, a discourse that developed in social media would become a mainstream if being highlighted by the mass media. herefore, the role of social media as a democracy pillar should be examined critically, because the power of public opinion on social media are signiicantly inluenced by two actors, political parties or politicians and mass media. Each of them is mutually reinforcing a mainstream discourse. On the other hand, almost all-major media owned by igures ailiated to political parties. herefore, there is another perspective that the opinion in the power of social media cannot be separated from the role of politicians and mass media. his fact relects the challenges of Indonesia democracy that reality is increasingly mediated by the development of discourses on the Internet and mass media where the decisive actors are political authorities and mass media. In other words, democracy that built through social media ironically keeps the essence of people sovereignty.

CYBERCONFLICT AND SOCIAL CONFLICT

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who provide security during the presidential election thought that the cyberconlict could harmed the whole society, so their personnels had been assigned to monitor the conlict in social media (Metrotvnews.com, 2014).

Karatzogianni (2006: 87), stated that there are two types of conlicts occurred on the Internet, or the so-called cyber conlict, i.e sociopolitical and ethnoreligious. Cyber conlict that present during 2014 presidential election is essentially socio-political, because the subject is political competition, such as political vision, programs, and politicians track record in each candidate’s camp. However, the conlict was widened to ethnoreligious dimension. Jokowi-JK proponents are characterized as moderate Muslims, pro-pluralism, liberal, non-Muslims, and anti-New Order, whereas Prabowo-Hatta supporters come from the army/military big family, Islamists, and New Order romanticist. his cleavages is recognized by PKS chairman, Anis Matta, who perceived it like a separation of European and American, conservatives for Prabowo-Hatta supporters and liberals Jokowi-JK supporters (Kompas.com, 2014a).

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CONCLUSION

he important role of IT in Indonesia democracy has reconstructed the concept of democracy itself. he assumption that social media is democracy pillar should be examined critically. A discourse mainstream that evolved though Internet and social media turned out to be questioned about its democratic representation. he privilege of Internet and social media to give pressure on policies are also at risk of forming a populist democracy and discriminatory. Political agenda, which brought by political parties or politicians and mass media in the process, cannot be denied. On the one hand, the development of IT can indeed serve as a balancing power for the regime, but on the other hand also has the potential to bring cyberconlict that can develop into social conlicts and disintegration. he challenge is how the use of IT really recomposed the meaning of people sovereignty in political and social life. Internet and social media has been used as a means of populism, a dichotomy corrupt elite with people (Muddle, 2007), but the discourses orientation are also determined by the political actors. herefore, the further research should be directed to study of how the opinion being constructed by the role of politicians and media elites. In addition, eforts are needed to establish the norms that goes along with the development of IT, so its destructive efects on democracy could be minimized.

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Globalizing Information Technology: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesias Democracy.

SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

1

Globalizing Information Technology:

Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s

Democracy