CONFLICTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
AMERICAN SINGER IN THE NOVEL THE SELECTION
I. A. IKA SARITA DEWI 1218351020
NON REGULER PROGRAMME ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR 2016
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to God almighty
Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessing given to me during my study to finish my paper. The purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill one of the
requirements to obtain the bachelor degree at the English Department, Faculty of
Arts, Udayana University.
I also express my great thanks to many people for all their support,
guidance, and encouragement that this thesis could be completed. In particular, I
would like to express the deepest appreciation to Drs. I Nyoman Udayana,
M.Litt.,Ph.D. as my first supervisor and Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum. as my
second supervisor for guidance, comments, and criticism to extend my
knowledge. Special thanks are also expressed to the Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati
Beratha, M.A. as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani,
M.Hum. as the Head of the English Department, and Drs. I Gede Putu Sudana,
M.A. as my academic supervisor, and all of the lecturers of the English
Department for their assistance in giving me knowledge throughout my academic
years of study, and all of staff members in the Faculty of Arts for their help.
I dedicate this thesis for my beloved parents: Ida Bagus Ramajaya and
Ni Ketut Apriani, S.S, my brothers Ida Bagus Krishna Gopala and Ida Bagus Rai
Dharmayoga, all of my big family who always give me never ending loves, and
support to finish this thesis. I would also like to thank my best friend Jody Raharja
who always gives me motivation and support to finish this paper. I also would like
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support me to finish this thesis. Last but not least, I would also like to thank my
best friends, Mirah, Gek Ana, Gek Ani, Feby who always accompanied me to
refresh my mind when I felt stress. Without their support I would never finish this
paper.
I hope this paper can give contribution to those who wish to study the
beauty behind the literary works. However, I realize that this paper is far from
perfect; any useful suggestions from the readers are highly appreciated.
Denpasar, June 2016
Ida Ayu Ika Sarita Dewi
v ABSTRACT
This study entitled “Conflicts and Psychological Aspects of American Singer in The Novel The Selection”. The data were taken from the novel The Selection by Kiera Cass. The data were taken through observation and note taking techniques. This paper analyzes and discusses the conflict and psychological character of America Singer. Psychology is a component that builds up characterization in a fiction, such as: mental, ego, temperament, ambition, and attitude that are related to human activity.
There are some theories applied to support the analysis of this paper. The psychological theory entitled Practical Psychology proposed by Karl S. Bernhardt (1953) and also theory of conflict proposed by Gail and Myers in book The Dynamic Of Human Communication; A Laboratory Approach (1992) were used in the present study.
The finding of this study shows that the American Singer is an introvert and phlegmatic person. From the conflict, it can be seen that the American Singer can keep something that happens in her life secret and always resolves the problem herself.
Keywords: Main Character, Conflict, Psychology.
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1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data... 5
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data... 5
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CHAPTER III CONFLICTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS ANALYSES OF AMERICA SINGER IN THE NOVEL THE
3.6 The Analysis of Conflict of America Singer ... 34
3.6.1 Internal Conflict ... 35
3.6.2 External Conflict ... 39
3.7 The Analysis of Psychological of America Singer ... 43
3.7.1 Appetite of America Singer ... 43
3.7.2 Wants of America Singer ... 44
3.7.3 Emotions of America Singer ... 46
3.7.4 Feeling and Atittude of America Singer ... 47
3.7.5 Social Motives of America Singer ... 48
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 49
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
The literary work can be divided into fiction, poetry, prose, essay, and
drama. Novel is one of those literary works which belongs to fiction. Novel is simply
one way of telling story and a literary work that is most popular in the world because
of the extensive communication in society. Novel is a medium that describes what is
in the mind of the author and tells a story of someone’s life and novel is part or better
one genre of literature (Ciara Reeve, 1785). Everyone certainly must have read,
enjoyed, and appreciated a novel. In the novel, the author expresses imagination and
deep human feelings poured through several elements such as character and plot. The
main character is the most important part in a novel because it functions as a medium
to introduce various characteristics and human nature to the reader to make the story
interesting.
According to Kenney (1966:34), there are a number of methods in
presenting the character; discursive, dramatic, characters on other characters,
contextual and mixing methods. And the author describes the characters into three
aspects; there are Physiological, Sociological, and Psychological aspects. This study
is focused to analyze the psychological of the main character in the novel. Psychology
is the mental or behavioral characteristics typical of an individual or group or a
particular form of behavior.
Character is the person, in a dramatic or a narrative work, endowed with
normal and qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialogue), and what they
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concerned about the happening not merely the outcome, but also the process and the
result toward an end.
From the explanation above, literature was chosen as a topic because the
topic is interesting enough to analyze. The topic itself focuses on the psychological
analysis of the main character of America Singer in the novel The selection by Kiera
Cass. The writer described ‘America’ as a figure of a girl who believes in what she
believed and the writer has high imagination in writing this novel by creating a
country that has eighth caste which is determined from the type of work. ‘America’ is
the fifth because she is a singer who follows the competition into the royal ladies
called ‘The Selection’. America Singer story in this novel makes the reader learn
about life value that everything is not always according to what we want and have a
faith in everything we do in our lives.
The plot in this Novel The Selection is made by through the arrangement
of conflicts of America Singer as the main character who has dealt with internal and
external conflicts in this novel. A conflict happens because of differences. It can
happen inside of a person or between someone and another individual, also with
society.
1.2 Problem of the Study
The problem of the present study focuses on the main character of
America Singer. Based on the background above, the problems can be formulated as
follows:
1. What types of conflicts happen in the character the America Singer?
2. How does the author describe the character America Singer in term of
1.3 Aims of the Study
The general aims of this study focuses on the analysis of the main character
in the novel and to get the complement of the question in the matters above. There
are three aims of this study based on the problem:
1. To describe the character America Singer.
2. To analyze the internal and external conflicts in the character America Singer.
3. To analyze the character America Singer in terms of psychological aspect.
1.4 Scope of Discussion
Actually, there are many problems that can be discussed from this novel;
however, the present study limits to the discussion of the followings:
1. The personality about the character America Singer.
2. The conflicts between the character and the others characters.
3. The character in terms of psychological aspects.
1.5 Research Method
The research method applied in this study consists of three major
categories, they are; Data Source, Method and Technique of Collecting Data, and
Method and Technique of Analyzing Data.
1.5.1 Data Source
The data of this study were taken from the novel The Selection written by
Kiera Cass (2012). It is the first book in The Selection Series, followed by The Elite
and The One. The Selection is a young adult, dystopian and romance novel. It was
released on April 24, 2012 through Harper Collins Publishers. This novel has 327
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being best seller Top 10 books Girl & Women fiction in Amazon
(www.amazon.com).
This novel was chosen as the data source because it presents a romance of
the America Singer, a young girl who joined a competition to be the next lady of a
country called Illeà but, in fact, she did not want. This country was created by the
author that has eighth caste (social status) which is determined from the type of work.
The reason for choosing the character the America Singer to be analyzed is because in
a society she lives in the same situation as us. The character’s behaviors in the novel
are rarely seen in the real life. The character the America Singer is the most telling
figure in the novel.
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
As the most important part of this study, collecting the data needs to
follow a certain procedure in order to complete this study. The data were collected
through the documentation method. Documentation means collecting data about
things such as notes, transcripts, books, newspaper, magazine, agendas, etc.
(Arikunto, 2006: 158). The technique used in this documentation method was note
taking. These were the techniques of collecting data used in this study:
1. First, reading the novel The Selection repeatedly and intensively in order to
understand the object of the depiction of the character and making the
synopsis.
2. Second, taking notes of the dialogues and actions that support to analyze the
characterization of the character in the novel.
3. The last, analyzing conflicts between the characters and describing the
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
In this study, the data were analyzed using the qualitative-descriptive
method based on the theoretical books. The analysis of this study applied the theories
of conflict and the psychological conflict. The theories that are used to analyze the
problem were the psychological theory proposed by Karl S. Bernhardt, and the theory
of conflict proposed by Gail and Myers. Then the methods used by the author in
presenting the main character in the novel based on the theory proposed by William
Kenney “How to Analyze Fiction” (1966) and theory about character by Wellek and
Warren “Theory of Literature” (1955) as supporting theories.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT AND THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review
In this study, there were some works about literature with the similar
topics, especially those which analyze the main character in fiction (novel) in
terms of psychological aspect or the other of intrinsic aspect, which inspired this
study. There were three theses and one article published in an international journal
reviewed.
The first thesis was written by Wirastara (2010) entitled The Analysis
of The Main Character in Marty M. Enggle’s Driven to Death: A Psychological
Approach. His study is concerned with the analysis of the main character based on
static or dynamic character and how the main character was viewed from
psychological dimension. The theory used in his study is proposed by William
Kenney about How to Analyze Fiction. In this thesis it is stated that William
Kenney has his own concept; he states that character is the actor of the story. A
fictional character must be more than just life likeness which is inadequate for
judging in fiction. And the supporting theory was proposed by Made Sukada
about “Beberapa Aspek Tentang Sastra”.
His analysis focuses on psychological dimension of the main
character, as the main character is Darren. He is the protagonist person; however,
sometimes he is angry because of little things. He has a good talent in designing
that he analyzed one protagonist character as the main character. But the
difference from this study is that the main character faces psychological aspect
that can be seen from the conflict that happened.
The second thesis is written by Cahyani (2008) entitled A
Psychological Analysis of the Main Character in ‘Memoirs of Geisha’. Her study
is concerned with the analysis of the character based on the psychological
approach. The discussion is focused on the character Sayuri as the main character,
Sayuri’s motivation and the factors that influence Sayuri’s motivation. The
theories used in analyzing her study were the theory of literature proposed by
Warren and Wellek (1962) and Kenney (1966) and theory of psychology
proposed Bernhardt (1953). She found that the environment and childhood
experience had influenced the character Sayuri. The element of the extrinsic
motivation influenced the character Sayuri as the main character in all dimensions
of life.
The similarities between Cahyani and this study is that the present
study analyzed the main character based on the psychological dimension and used
the same theory of literature and the theory of psychology by Bernhardt. The
difference from this study is that she only focused on the analysis of the main
character based on the psychological approach but especially in term of
motivation, while this study focused on the analysis of the psychological of the
main character from the conflict that had already happened in the story.
The next thesis is written by Noviyanti (2010) entitled Conflict
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Hardy. Her study focused on the discussion of the main character and conflict.
The theories that she used is proposed by William Kenney (1966), Rene Welek
and Austin Waren (1962). She analyzed the main character viewed from the
physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. She found that the main
character ‘Michael Henchard’ was a drunken man who sold his wife and finally
died in loneliness. In this thesis, she also analyzed the conflict of Main Character,
internal and external conflicts. The resolutions used by the main character to
resolve his conflict are based on the situation of conflict, it was
approach-avoidance type of conflict since the choices that Henchard had to decide both had
positive and negative valences.
The difference between her thesis from this study is that she analyzed
the main character from three dimension, but this study only used one dimension.
On the other hand, this study only described the psychological aspect completely
while her study used physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects.
Ventura (2002) in his article entitled “Psychoanalysis” in Allpsych
Journal says that psychoanalysis is probably the most widely recognized theory in
psychology, having been integrated into our culture through novels, poetry,
drama, and film criticism. Terms such as unconscious, repressed, ego and denial
are used in everyday conversation to describe mental states and reasons for human
behavior. In this article, there is also a suggestion from the author Joseph
Schwartz that suggests the psychoanalysis can be defined through three
boundaries; a boundary in literature, a boundary with psychiatry, and the third
The theory of psychoanalysis proposed by Freud from this article
supports this study as a reference that is concerned with the analysis of
psychological aspect of the characters. From the article, psychoanalysis teaches
that the human relationships are integral parts of our growth and development,
that failure to satisfy these relational needs have lasting negative effects on our
lives.
2.2 Concept
The concepts of the study are the concept of character, the concept of
conflict and the concept of psychological dimension.
2.2.1 The Concept of Character
A character or call fictional character is a person in a narrative work
of arts. Character, particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema,
involves the illusion of being a human person. In literature, characters guide
readers through their stories to helping them to understand plots and ponder
themes. There are many types of characters that exist in literature, each with its
own development and function. Based on its functions, characters can be divided
into main character, secondary character, and supporting character (Reaske,
1970:174). Characters may be presented by means of description, through
their actions, speech, thoughts interaction with other characters. There is some
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divided the characterization of character into four characterizations; they are
dynamic character, static character, flat character, and round character.
2.2.2 The Concept of Conflict
Conflict is necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the
problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of
the protagonist and antagonist. According to Myers (1992:268), Conflict is
associated with anger, aggressiveness, physical and verbal fights, and violence.
Many people seem to believe that conflict is an unnatural departure from human
sociability. Conflict is not simple misunderstanding that could be resolved if the
characters would simply have an adult conversation to clear up.
Conflict as a concept can help explain many aspects of social life
such as social disagreement, conflict of interests, and fight between individuals,
group or organization. Everyone will experience conflict in his or her life since
conflict is a natural part of human life. Conflict has two types; they are internal
and external conflicts (Kenney, 1966).
2.2.3 The Concept of Psychological
In the basic structure of character, character has three aspects; they
are: physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. These components,
that builds up characterization in fiction. This study focuses on the discussion of
the psychological aspect. The psychological aspect includes the psychological
etc. Psychology is a discipline that observes and studies behavior and activities of
human being, which are the manifestations of the psychological life. Through
psychological aspect, the psychology of character that includes the human
motivation, feeling and emotion can be analyzed. Psychology is interested in all
human activities. Most people have opinions, beliefs and explanation of the
motives that impel individuals to work, to fall in love or to hate, to buy or not to
buy. They find reasons for the differences in the ability to learn quickly and
slowly, to achieve success or to fail.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
In this study, there are two kinds of theories; the main theory and
supporting theory; the main theory is proposed by Karl. S. Bernhardt (1953) in his
book “Practical Psychology” and theory of character as the supporting theory is
proposed by Wellek and Waren (1955) in his book “Theory of Literature”.
2.3.1 Theory of Literature
Literature is an art and we can experience it through our imagination.
A literary work is a result of the writer’s imagination. Good literature will
provides something that makes the readers satisfied and give new knowledge or
experience that they never have before, and experience literature describes many
human aspects and feelings . Novel is one of the literary works that often makes
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However, as previously described, a novel must compromise of
intrinsic element as stated by William Kenney (1966) such as theme, plot,
character, characterization, and setting as elaborated below:
2.3.1.1 Character
Character is the most important element in a novel. Character plays a
pivotal role in drama, novel, short story and all kinds of narratives. It is
interesting to be analyzed because it can guide us to the author’s thought
expressed in his or her writing. Character is an imagined person who fills up the
story. Characters are obviously relevant to us and to our experience if they are like
ourselves or like others whom are familiar with us.
Since the end 18th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced
by actors or writers, has been called characterization. Character can be defined as
any person, animal or figure representing literary work. Sometimes some
characters are described much more special than others and sometimes they are
unrealistic like too kind or too bad or sometimes too perfect compared with
human being in reality (Kenney, 1966:27). Fictional characters in a novel are
controlled by the plot and have no history outside that. The characters are the
people in a text; they are part of ordinary life that the readers’ meet as they read.
According to Wellek and Warren (1956), a character is the figure that
naming is an important way to reflect the life, the spirit, and the individual of each
character and supporting character.
1. Main Character: who has the most important in the story and does the
most to support the plot. The character that is mostly narrated by the
author and the character that is mostly involved to the theme of the story.
2. Secondary Character: the character that plays important role and gives
influences to the main character. The secondary character helps the main
character in forming the theme of the story.
3. Supporting Character: the character that supports the main character in the
story, it may take an important part in a story, but incidentally it acts as the
supporter. The supporting character does not just mean that he is there the
support to action, but he can actually support to confirm the views of the
main character through the thing he or she says or does.
In a story the character is involved in a conflict and the nature and use
of the character in the story is determined by the writer’s purpose. Eventually,
character is different from characterization.
Character is someone shown in narrative work, or play, interpreted by
the reader that the people has moral quality and particular tendency expressed in
utterance and action. The other classification of character is based on the
character’s role and its function according to Althenberd & Lewis in Nurgiyantoro
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1. Protagonist
Protagonist is the character that the reader admires, sometimes called
the hero of the story. This character is the personification of norms and values
which are ideal for the reader. Protagonist shows something that agrees with the
reader’s view and hope (Althenberd& Lewis in Nurgiyantoro, 2007:178)
2. Antagonist
Antagonist is the character that causes the conflict in the story.
Sometimes the antagonist is called the enemy of protagonist because it is believed
as the opposition of the protagonist, directly or indirectly, physically or
spiritually.
According to Reaske (1970:94), a character, in other words, has an
ethnically neutral physical identity, a will which functions in an ethnical manner
and determines the degree of morality of his or her behavior and also a role.
2.3.1.2 Theme
According to Kenney (1966:88-89), theme is a meaning which the
story releases; it may be the meaning of the story discovered. It is not the moral of
the story but that can be derived from the story and that sense is rather like a
moral. We may conclude that morality is one of the simple kinds of theme, while
not all of themes are moral.
Theme in fiction is what the author can make of the total experiences
rendered; there is always be something unique there as well. Theme in story is
2.3.1.3 Plot
Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story
or the main part of a story. Plot, as the foundation of a novel or story, is
something in which the character and setting are built around. Plot becomes the
important element in the story due to the fact that it is the event of the story,
which creates the conflict in the story.
Kenney William explains about the structure of plot (1966:17), such as:
(1) Beginning Plot: This part introduces the elements of the story like
character, setting, and the picture of a situation in which there exists
source of instability. The beginning of the story then, in addition to the
necessary exposition, gives us the picture of a situation in which there
exist the sources of instability.
(2) Middle Plot: the middle consists of conflict, complication, and climax. The
movement from initial statement of conflict to the climax is often referred
to as complication. The climax is reached when the complication attains
its highest point of intensity, from which point the outcome of the story is
derived.
(3) The End of Plot: the end consists of everything from climax to the
outcome of the story.
2.3.1.4 Setting
Setting is extremely important to a story. It can have immense effects
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space at which the events of the plot take a place. Setting is an environment which
reflects the human expression (Wellek and Waren, 1956:221).
Setting has more power as metaphor and atmosphere. As metaphor the
setting describes the internal feeling of the character. As atmosphere the setting
describes the external situation of the story (Kenney,). Setting is composed by
several elements as follows:
1. The actual geographical location including topography, scenery or a room
interior.
2. The occupation and modes of data to date existence of the characters.
3. The times when the action take place.
2.3.2 Theory of Conflict
According to Gail and Myers (1992:268), conflict is associated with
anger, aggressiveness, physical and verbal fight. Many people seem to believe that
conflict is an unnatural departure from human sociability. While the behavior
position argues that conflict is not necessary bad but it is natural phenomenon in
groups and organization. The behavioral view states that conflict is inevitable, that
is, a sign of healthy group functioning and, that is, the critical determination in a
group’s ability to change and innovate.
Conflict is a natural part of any communication relationship. It is an
inevitable part or life for a variety of different reasons. Inevitable means that
wants. Their goals are competitive because the action needs to achieve something
automatically.
Conflict is one of the important elements of a novel. Without conflict,
the story will be flat and will not be interesting. And also from the conflict people
can learn about life and it will grow their maturity when she or he can solve the
conflict.
2.3.2.1 Types of conflict
Nurgiyantoro (1995:124) states that the conflict with which fiction
concerns itself is of many kinds. There are two types of conflict:
(1) Internal Conflict
Internal conflict are the conflicts that happen to the character’s heart
and mind, for instance, because of the dual desires or different wishes and choice,
etc. For example, a character may have to decide between right and wrong or
between two solutions to a problem. Sometimes, a character must deal with his or
her own mixed feeling or emotion.
(2) External Conflict
External conflicts are the conflicts that happen to one character with
something outside himself. Conflict is stated in this way: man vs. nature, beautiful
vs. ugly, etc. an external conflict is shown though actions such as fight, argument
and physical struggle, good and bad characters. These conflicts can be in the form
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elemental conflicts is the conflict caused by a clash of action between the
characters and the environment.
From this conflict we can draw another way to categorize character:
protagonist or antagonist. The protagonist is character that we normally
sympathize on. On the other hand, the antagonist is the character that we are not
sympathetic with, and this character is obviously the opposite of the protagonist.
There are three types of conflicts identified by Gail and Myers (1992);
personal conflict, interpersonal conflict and group conflict:
1. Personal Conflict: it is described as conflict going on inside a person and
affects their relationship with another. This conflict occurs when
frustration from blocks getting in the way of satisfying need or ways to
satisfy a given need or want, and also when someone conflicting desire.
2. Interpersonal Conflict: it can be attributed to individual differences
between people, limited resource to be shared in relationship or different
roles/expectation.
3. Group Conflict: potential conflict comes from the structure of the group on
the other hand. As organization gets bigger and more complex, and roles
which simply build the possibility of conflict.
2.3.2.2 Source of conflict
There are four different issues as the source of conflict that are
(1) Differing Opinions
The conflict which is caused by differing opinions is relatively easy to
manage as long as the conflict can be kept at the level. Many conflicts are based
on the offering opinions, different information, disagreement, or different bodies
of knowledge, and the simplest cases of disagreement.
(2) Incompatible Roles
Incompatible role is more difficult to manage. This type of conflict arises
whenever individual roles in the interaction cannot be played because each
requires a complementary role that another is not playing.
(3) Incompatible Goal
Incompatible goal conflict arises in the situation such as where one
person’s goal accomplishment is based on the other person’s doing something
first, or two people want to do something together but each wants to do something
differently.
(4) Limited Resources
Conflicts over limited resources are similar to those over incompatible
goals, when one person’s acquisition of the resources precludes the other’s
gaining the resources.
2.3.3 Theory of Psychological
The first theory is the psychological theory proposed by Karl. S.
Bernhardt (1953) in his book practical psychology. Psychology is a science that
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through the character. Psychology is interested in all human activities and
psychology can be defined as a scientific study of all individual activities. The
subject matters are the same as he is concerned the mind of man ever since he
began to think about himself, but the methods are different. Psychology is seeking
to discover what particular conditions produce a given type of activity so that
eventually will be able to control and direct human activity by controlling these
conditions (1953:3).
The analysis of the main character especially about the psychological
aspect, such as the attitude, behavior, feeling, emotion, and motivation can
thoroughly be done. Because, Psychology is much related to human life, and by
analyzing the actors or the roles, we can understand psychological symptoms
forced by both individuals and the group of people to whom they make interaction
one another.
According to Bernhardt (1953; 45) the word psychology has been
associated in the mind of many people with all kinds of mysterious, occult,
studies, such as mind reading, handwriting, or the shape of the face or the head.
Through psychological aspects, the psychology of character that includes the
human motivation can be analyzed.
2.3.3.1Human Motivation
Human motivation can be defined as a reason a human wants to
achieve something. There are some factors that lead human motivation which
1. Appetites
Appetites are motives or directing influences that initiate and sustain
activity and also direct that activating until the activity finally ends in a
satisfaction of the felt need. If appetite is fulfilled we will feel satisfied.
Unsatisfied appetite is usually an unpleasant condition and as the satisfaction
delayed it becomes more and more unpleasant for further activities (Bernhardt,
1953: 46)
2. Wants
The needs are common to all human beings. But each individual
acquires his own unique set of personal wants on his foundation universal needs.
It functions like a need and the individual cannot be happy unless he finds some
way to satisfy it. However, wants are modified through experience and present a
changing pattern in the development of the person from infancy to adulthood to
old age (Bernhardt, 1953:52)
3. Emotions
When someone is under the influence of a fear or angry, he or she
may do many things that he or she would not do normally. Emotions are a strong
feeling of any kind: fears, anger, sad, love, joy, hate, jealousy are all emotions.
Anger motivates individual to fight, to attack, and to say things that would be
beneath their dignity if they were not dominated by these emotions. Besides, the
intense emotions of fear and angry, the milder forms are sentiments and moods
that dictate the course of action to be followed by the individual (Bernhardt,
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Emotional activity does not require a real emergency to put into
action. Anger and fear are two common forms of emotional adjustment that
normally occur only in real emergencies.
4. Feeling and Attitude
The individual has an attitude of approach to that experience and tends
to repeat the activity. Whenever he evaluates the experience as unpleasant, he has
an attitude withdrawal as he avoids that activity in future (Bernhardt, 1953:53)
There are other factors determining the feeling that accompanies any
activity such as: emotional experience, anger, mood, the condition of physical
organism and mental function.
5. Social Motives
Social motives have produced in man certain characteristic attitudes or
tendency. There are two kinds of tendencies such as assertion and
self-submission. Self-assertion is universal tendency to strive to excel and succeed, to
win out ahead of others, or to overcome obstruction or difficulty. Self-submission
is also a tendency present in human beings to submit, to given in, to subordinate
themselves to other authorities. So, the socially well-adjusted individual is the one
who at times is assertive and at another time is submissive (Bernhardt,
1953:54-55).
