THE REPRESENTATION OF AQJ’S CAR ACCIDENT ON SEPTEMBER 8 AND THE PARTIES INVOLVED.

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THE REPRESENTATION OF

AQJ’S CAR ACCIDENT ON

SEPTEMBER 8 AND THE PARTIES INVOLVED

A Critical Discourse Analysis

Submitted to the English Education Department of Indonesia University of Education

as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By

Ismy Fauziah Ainun

(0902350)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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THE REPRESENTATION

OF AQJ’S CAR ACCIDENT ON SEPTEMBER 8 AND

THE PARTIES INVOLVED

A Critical Discourse Analysis

By

Ismy Fauziah Ainun

Submitted to the English Education Department of Indonesia University of Education as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Juni 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

THE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA GLOBE’S REPRESENTATION IN REPORTING CAR ACCIDENT IN 2013 AND THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN

THE EVENT

A Study of Critical Discourse Analysis

By

Ismy Fauziah Ainun 0902350

Approved by

Supervisor I Supervisor II

Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D. Ripan Hermawan, S.S., M.A. NIP.196009191990031001 NIP.198010242005011001

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Ismy Fauziah Ainun, 2014

The Representation Of Aqj’s Car Accident On September 8 And The Parties Involved Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This study entitled The Study of The Jakarta Globe’s Representation in Reporting AQJ’s Car Accident on September 8 and The Parties Involved: The Study of Critical Discourse Analysis. This study aims to revealthe representation of AQJ’s car accidenton September 8and the parties involvedin the articles by the Jakarta Globe. This study used aqualitative descriptive method. The theory used in this study is Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) approach proposed by Halliday (2004) covering transitivity and nominalization, and the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003) as well as the social event identification. The findings of this study suggest that the newspaper represents the accident asan inevitable event. The suspects tend to be represented as being guilty. Meanwhile, the government seems to be represented intensively as the sympathetic and reliable party, and the victims tend to be represented as the unfortunate citizens who have to endure the result of the accident. Those representations lead to the conclusion that the newspaper is on the government’s side.

ABSTRAK

Penelitianiniberjudul The Study of The Jakarta Globe’s Representation in

Reporting AQJ’s Car Accident on September 8 and The Parties Involved: The

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

PREFACE ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

ABSTRACT ... iError! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS...V

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Background of The Study... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Aims of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Research Method ... 4

1.5.1 Research Design ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5.2 Object of The Research ... 4

1.5.3 Data Collection ... 4

1.5.4 Data Analysis... 5

1.6 Organization of the Paper ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 6

2.1 Language Influences the Representation of Media ... 6

2.1.1 Discourse, Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ... 6

2.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis and Media ... 9

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2.2 Important Means of Analysis of Critical Discourse Analysis ... 11

2.2.1 Transitivity ... 11

2.2.2 Nominalization ... 16

2.2.3 Identification of Social Event and Its Aspects ... 17

2.3 Previous Studies ... 18

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 20

3.1 Research Design ... 20

3.2 Data Collection ... 20

3.3 Data Analysis... 21

3.4 Clarification of the Terms ... 24

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 25

4.1 Analysis and Findings ... 25

4.1.1 Identification of Transitivity and Occurrence of Processes ... 25

4.1.2 Occurrence of Nominalization ... 35

4.1.3 Identification of Social Event and Its Aspects ... 36

4.2 Discussions ... 40

4.2.1 Representation of the Car Accident... 40

4.2.2 Representation of the Suspect, Government and the Victims ... 42

4.2.3 The Meaning behind the Representation ... 45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 47

5.1 Conclusions ... 47

5.2 Suggestions ... 48

REFERENCES ... 49

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The Representation Of Aqj’s Car Accident On September 8 And The Parties Involved

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

happen through several kinds of analysis, for example conversational analysis,

speech analysis, etc. Meanwhile, in written mode people can analyze the text.

One example in analyzing the text is an identifying of discourse, which will be

conducted in this research. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary, discourse can be defined as a speech or piece of writing about a

particular, usually serious. Generally, discourse analysis examines both

spoken and written text. The process of analyzing the discourse can be done

through the tools from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA is the areas

of knowledge that dealing with the study of discourse, which views “language as a form of social practice” (Fairclough, 1989 as cited in Sahragard and

Davatgarzadeh, 2010). Hence, discourse represents particular world views,

social relations between people, context and addressees of the text. Discourse

can be delivered in two ways, which are interpersonal communication and in

massive way to the society (Fajar, 2011).

One type of communication that became the main attention of public is

done by mass media. There are a various types of mass media, for instance

audio, video, and printed media. This study focuses on the printed media. The

print media are linguistic medium, and one of the most important methods for

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

the society through what is written in the printed media. The news media have

Several studies of Critical Discourse Analysis about how media represents

particular parties in particular events have also been conducted before. Here

are some examples of the researches that have similarity to this study.

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on news reporting related to Arifinto and his porn-watching case which

consisted in four articles on The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. In her

study, she found that Arifinto was the main Theme in the articles and Arifinto

was represented as being guilty, as a role model, and as a victim. Savitri

furthermore suggested in her findings that these representations suggest at

least three ideologies: egalitarianism, balanced reporting, and business.

The analysis of CDA has been done in some fields. The examples that

interesting to be analyzed. This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA) and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to identify the articles

published by the Jakarta Globe which contains the people involved in their

articles.

1.2Research Questions

1. How is the car accident represented by the Jakarta Globe?

2. How are the suspects, the government, and the car accident victims

represented by the Jakarta Globe?

3. What do these representations mean?

1.3Aims of The Study

This research aims to the following:

1. To discover how car accident event is represented by the Jakarta

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2. To reveal how the suspects, the government, and the car accident

victims in the event are represented by the Jakarta Globe.

3. To uncover what is mean behind the representations.

1.4Scope of The Study

This study is concerned with analyzing three news reports from Jakarta Globe

newspaper related to car accident event. The analysis use Fairclough‟s theory

of Critical Dicourse Analysis (CDA) and Halliday‟s theory of Systemic

Functional Grammar (SFG) to reveal the representation in the articles.

1.5Research Methodology 1.5.1 Research Design

This study uses qualitative descriptive research method. Descriptive

research is a method to „obtain information used in devising hypothesis and proposing associations‟ and this method „often illustrates a relevant

but nonquantified topic involving a well-focused research question‟

(Monsen, 2008). Qualitative research is a method that „generates narrative

data, that is data described in words instead of numbers‟ and „its primary

purpose is to explore the phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory

development‟ (Monsen, 2008).

1.5.2 Object of the Research

For the present study, the researcher used the issues on the articles by daily

online newspaper the Jakarta Globe for the object of the research. The data

of this research was in the form of text which contain in three articles that

has been selected.

1.5.3 Data Collection

In this study, the data were taken from the daily online newspaper the

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as the data of the research. Each text was related to the topic and was

collected as the source of the data.

1.5.4 Data Analysis

The analysis was done using Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by

Fairclough (2003). Meanwhile, the analytical process (CDA) is done by

employing Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) proposed by Halliday

(2004) frameworks to finally draw a conclusion.

1.6Organization of The Paper

The paper is organized into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I (Introduction)

It includes the background of the research, reason for choosing the topic,

scope of the study, research question, aims of the study, research procedures,

data collection and data analysis.

Chapter II (Theoretical Foundation)

It presents the theories and reviews about critical discourse analysis and

systemic functional grammar to support the analysis of the study. It provides

definition of representation, critical discourse analysis, transitivity,

nominalization, and the identification of social event.

Chapter III (Methodology)

It explains the research methodology, research design, data collection, and

data analysis.

Chapter IV (Findings and Discussions)

This chapter explains the result of the research which consists of findings, data

presentation and the results of how the issue is represented and the meaning

behind the representation.

Chapter V (Suggestions and Conclusions)

It presents the conclusions of the research findings and the suggestions for

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the explanation of the research design, data

collection and analysis. It also covers the detail of research methodology

employed in the study that is aimed at analyzing the newspaper articles in terms of

1) the representation of teenage car accident; 2) the representation of the parties

involved in the accident; and 3) the tendency behind the representation.

3.1 Research Design

The method used in this study is qualitative. Qualitative method “focuses

on the issue of particular phenomena which has internal validity and contextual

understanding, rather than generalizability and comparability” (Alwasilah, 2009,

p.143). It means that the study explains the relation of the issue to some aspects

such as language, media, representation, and tendency. The study is intended at

describing the issue of language influences the representation of media and

reveals their tendency concerning the use of language to represent certain parties

in the event which is existed in newspaper article. By this method, the study

reveals the representation of car accident and the parties involved in the event, and

the Jakarta Globe’s tendency behind those representations.

3.2 Data Collection

Even though data collection and data analysis in qualitative research are

conducted simultaneously (Hood, 2009; Meriam, 1991), the two processes will

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The study incorporated document analysis as the technique for data

collection. The main data source for this purpose was three research articles

published by online newspaper Jakarta Globe. The title of the articles were “Six

Dead and Nine Injured in Toll Road Collision” published on September 8th,

2013, “Rock Star Dad Blames Govt, Highway Operator in Crash” published on

September 11th, 2013, and “Another Victim in Rock Star Son’s Toll Road Wreck

Dies” published on September 14th, 2013.

In collecting the data, the researcher took the following steps:

1. Deciding the hottest issue or the headline news on the Jakarta Globe

2. _{Choosing the three related articles on the issue}

3. _{Gathering the three chosen articles into Microsoft Word}

4. _{Separating the articles in clause by clause}

3.3 Data Analysis

The analysis of the study relies on the approach of Critical Discourse

Analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003) which is related to Systemic

Functional Linguistics and Systemic Functional Grammar of Halliday (2004).

Thus, the analysis in terms of linguistic feature (textual analysis) is built on the

foundation of systemic Functional Grammar that examines the text through

several aspects such as transitivity and nominalization.

Furthermore, in unfolding the tendency behind the representation of the

newspaper (which is based on the stages of interpretation and explanation) is built

on the basis of Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis approach that includes

the social event identification process. The interpretation is done in order to

interpret the meaning behind the words the writers wrote. Further, it comes to

explanation. This is done after the textual analysis and interpretation of it are

completed hence the access to unfolding what tendency behind the representation

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To get a clear vision of how the analysis was undertaken, the examples of

Figure 3.1 Example of Transitivity Analysis

The example above is the verbal process. The phrase “Indonesia Police

Nominalization is achieved by turning processes and conjunction into

noun (things). It has the effect of completely concealing human agents (people).

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The procedures which are taken in analyzing the news report of each

media in term of nominalization strategy. Here is the example:

Nine other people suffered serious injuries.

(Taken from “Rock Star Dad Blames Govt, Highway Operator in Crash” article)

In the sentence above, the underlined clause shows the implementation of

nominalization strategy. In the clause “serious injuries” (the injuries that was

suffered by the victims) is not taken based on the certain types of injuries.

According to that, the readers didn’t know the actual injuries that the car accident victims suffered.

(3) Identification of Social Events and its Aspects

Through the identification of social events, the aspects of the events

such as the forms of activity of the events, the persons involved, the social

relation, means, times and places and language are revealed. This is used to reveal

whether the events are constantly put at the focus, which social actors or the

persons in the event are the prominent one, how the events are arranged and what

addition is added to the way how the events are presented. This whole strategy is

used supportively in the means of undertaking what is behind the representation

through these aspects; presence, abstraction, arrangement, and addition.

In brief the figure below will explain how the analyst undertakes the

analysis based on the aspect of identification of social events and its aspects.

 Presence

This aspect includes which elements of the events, such as the persons,

the times and places or event in a chain of events are present or abstract,

or are prominent or back-grounded  Abstraction

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 Arrangement

This includes how the events are ordered  Addition

This aspect covers what is added in representing the events. The addition

aspect includes the explanation or evaluation.

(adapted from Fairclough “Analyzing Discourse”, (2003, p.139))

3.4 Clarification of The Terms

Representation is transmitting X via Y, where X is an event, people, place

etc., and Y is the medium through which the X is transmitted (Pasha, 2011).

Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is how the speakers generate

utterances and texts to convey their intended meanings. According to SFG,

language has three metafunctions, namely, the ideational, interpersonal, and

textual metafunctions. (Halliday, 2004).

Transitivity is branch knowledge in SFG which talks about the representation

and explanation of the three semantic categories in a general way how

phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. (Gerot &

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions

The study is concerned with the text analysis of the newspaper articles in

regards to the car accident that happened in Indonesia in 2013. It was conducted

to answer the questions of how the car accident is presented in online newspaper,

how the parties involved are represented and what is the tendency behind the

representations. In addition, the analysis was conducted through the use of

transitivity, nominalization and the identification of social event strategy. The

result of the textual analysis of the text done by using systemic functional

grammar proposed by Halliday (2004) was linked to the framework of Critical

Discourse Analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003). After completing the

entire procedures, the answers to the questions were obtained.

Furthermore, the results of the analysis reveal several conclusions. Firstly,

in regards to the way the newspaper sees the car accident, the results of analysis

show that the Jakarta Globe tends to present the car collision as the inevitable

events. Given the notion, the newspaper does not put pre-judgmental assessment

in presenting the chronology of the accident. Therefore, the newspaper is inclined

to presents the news as detailed as possible.

Secondly, in terms of the representation of the suspects, the government

and the victims, the result of the analysis leads to the idea that the suspects tend to

be represented as being guilty. Meanwhile, the government seems to be

represented as the reliable and sympathetic party when it comes to the car

accident. On the other hand, the victims tend to be described as the unfortunate

citizens who have to endure the unexpected accident.

Thirdly, in regards to the tendency behind the representations, the result of

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government. Furthermore, for the accident itself, the newspaper sees it as the

inevitable accident that should have never even happened.

5.2. Suggestions

To conduct a similar study in the future, there are some useful approaches

to investigate the representation. First, The recontextualization proposed by Van Leeuweun (2008). Second, Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Studies (1984, as cited in Wodak and Meyer, 2009) and another representation such as social actor

representation.

In the analytical process, it is suggested that the use of theme system and

modality also contribute to transfers the meaning as well as transitivity system.

Thus, the representation can be investigated from other perspectives.

In the data collection, the use of communication tools is useful in

conducting a similar study. It is suggested that news report in television and radio,

slogan airplane and speech can be used as the data to investigate the

representation. These tools may produce various findings in the study of

representation.

Moreover, this research chooses three texts from one media source as the

object of analysis. It is suggested that for future research to choose more texts to

make the result more comprehensive. Likewise, the research is expected to

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