EXPLICITATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN AGATHA CHRISTIE’S CROOKED HOUSE.

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Aidah Musyarofah, 2015

EXPLICITATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN AGATHA CHRISTIE’S CROOKED HOUSE Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

EXPLICITATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN AGATHA

CHRISTIE’S CROOKED HOUSE

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Department of English Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Aidah Musyarofah

1006591

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Explicitation in the Translation of Noun

Phrases in Agatha Christie’s

Crooked House

Oleh Aidah Musyarofah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Juni 2015

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

EXPLICITATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN AGATHA

CHRISTIE’S CROOKED HOUSE

A Research Paper

Written by: Aidah Musyarofah

1006591

Approved by: Main Supervisor

Drs. Ahsin Mohamad, M.Ag. NIP: 195408171989031002

Co-Supervisor

Susi Septaviana R., M.Pd. NIP:197609042009122002

The Head of English Education Department, Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Indonesia University of Education

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ABSTRACT

Explicitation in the Translation of Noun Phrases in Agatha Christie’s Crooked House

Aidah Musyarofah (1006591)

Main Supervisor: Drs. Ahsin Mohamad, M.Ag.

Co-Supervisor: Susi Septaviana R., M.Pd.

This paper aims to investigate English noun phrases found in a novel by Agatha Christie Crooked House and their translations which underwent explicitation in the Indonesian version of the novel Buku Catatan Josephine. By employing qualitative method, the noun phrases were classified into 11 types of noun phrases namely noun, compound noun phrase, of-construction, headless phrase, partitive, pre-modification (determiner + noun, adjective + noun, determiner + adjective(s) + noun, noun + noun and genitive + noun) and post-modification (Altenberg & Vago, 2010; Fabb (2005); Keizer, 2007; Thomas, 1993). The translations of the noun phrases which underwent explicitation were analyzed based on the types of explicitation postulated by Klaudy (2001) namely obligatory, optional, pragmatic and translation-inherent explicitations. The results of this study show that determiner + noun comprises half of the noun phrases while the rest of the phrases are distributed to the other 10 categories. Additionally, according to the data findings, the most frequent type of explicitation belongs to optional explicitation. Optional explicitation pertains to text-building strategies and stylistic preferences between languages (Klaudy, 2001).

Keywords: translation, explicitation, noun phrases

Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kemunculan frase benda bahasa Inggris dalam sebuah novel karya Agatha Christie Crooked House dan terjemahannya yang mengalami eksplisitasi dalam novel versi bahasa Indonesia Buku Catatan Josephine. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, frase-frase tersebut diklasifikasikan ke dalam 11 jenis frase benda yaitu noun, compound noun phrase, of-construction, headless phrase, partitive, pre-modification (determiner + noun, adjective + noun, determiner + adjective(s) + noun, noun + noun dan genitive + noun) dan post-modification (Altenberg & Vago, 2010; Fabb (2005); Keizer, 2007; Thomas, 1993). Terjemahan frase benda yang mengalami eksplisitasi dikaji berdasarkan jenis-jenis eksplisitasi yaitu eksplisitasi obligatory, optional, pragmatic, dan translation-inherent (Klaudy, 2001). Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa determiner + noun meliputi hampir setengah dari frase benda yang mengalami eksplisitasi sementara itu sisanya terbagi ke dalam 10 kategori lainnya. Selain itu, berdasarkan temuan data, jenis eksplisitasi yang paling sering muncul adalah eksplisitasi optional. Eksplisitasi optional berkenaan dengan strategi dalam menyusun teks dan preferensi gaya yang digunakan di antara dua bahasa (Klaudy, 2001).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... iii

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Research Background ... 1

1.2 Statement of the problem ... 3

1.3 Aims of the Study ... 3

1.4 Research Method ... 3

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4

1.6 Clarification of Key Terms ... 4

1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 5

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 6

2.1 Explicitation in Translation ... 6

2.2 Types of Explicitation ... 8

2.2.1 Obligatory ... 10

2.2.2 Optional ... 13

2.2.3 Pragmatic... 15

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2.3 Noun Phrases ... 16

2.3.1 Noun ... 17

2.3.2 Compound Noun Phrase ... 17

2.3.3 Of-construction ... 18

2.3.4 Headless Phrase ... 18

2.3.5 Partitive ... 18

2.3.6 Pre-modification ... 18

2.3.7 Post-modification ... 19

2.4 Previous Studies ... 20

2.5 Concluding Remarks ... 21

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 23

3.1 Research Design ... 23

3.2 Research Questions ... 24

3.3 Data Source ... 25

3.4 Data Collection... 26

3.5 Data Analysis ... 28

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 30

4.1 Noun Phrases Found in the Novel Crooked House ... 30

4.1.1 Types of Noun Phrases ... 30

4.1.2 Explicitation in the Translation of Noun Phrases ... 34

1. Optional Explicitation ... 35

2. Obligatory Explicitation ... 43

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4. Pragmatic Explicitation ... 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 57

5.1 Conclusions ... 57

5.2 Suggestions ... 58

REFERENCES ... 60

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: English Kinship Terms Table 2.2: Indonesian Kinship Terms Table 3.1: Example of Data Presentation Table 4.1: Frequency of Types of Noun Phrases Table 4.2: Frequency of Types of Explicitation LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Noun Phrases Found in Crooked House APPENDIX B: English Translations of Noun Phrases APPENDIX C: Summary of Research Findings

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EXPLICITATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN AGATHA CHRISTIE’S CROOKED HOUSE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides basic information related to this study. It introduces background of the study, statement of problems, the objectives, research method, significance of the study, clarification of key terms and organization of the paper.

1.1 Background

Issues in translation are often concerned with how a translator translates a source text into a target text as accurately as possible. It refers to the idea that the translated version of a source text should not be like a translation when read. It is in line with the concept of translation “as the attempt to produce a text so transparent that it does not seem to be translated” (Venuti, 1995, p.1). In this case, due to the distinction between the source and the target languages, the translator should be able to maintain the message of the source text by adjusting the source text to match the target text.

As mentioned before, differences between the source and the target languages give rise to changes in translation. It is because translation essentially involves changes from one language to another. It is in line with the notion of translation proposed by Larson (1998, p.3), “translation is basically a change of form. In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of receptor (target) language”. By this, it can be said that the discrepancies may refer to the forms of both source and target languages. These discrepancies may involve the lexis, grammar, structures and culture of the languages. The discrepancies however might make it difficult for a translator to translate accurately. Consequently, the translator should be able to make some adjustments in the target text in order that the target language readers will regard the translation as a good translation.

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do not hold the same position as the original language. In other words, shifts arise when the source language features do not accord with the target language features.

The changes, however, may be intended to make the content of the source text more obvious. It may be done by the translator for the readers’ benefit. In other words, by making some changes in the translation, the translator probably want to make the readers see some aspects related to the source text. It can be said that the changes require the translator to give additional information to the target text or explicate the information of the source language. By this, the translator might try to “make explicit in the target text information that is implicit in the source text” (Klaudy, 2001, p.80).

In relation to this study, this study focused only on one particular linguistic feature which is noun phrases. English noun phrase refers to “a phrase which can act as subject, object, or complement of a clause, or as prepositional complement” (Leech & Svarvik, 1975, p.251). It “consists of at least a noun” (Altenberg & Vago, 2010, p.113), which is called the head (Leech & Svarvik, 1975; Thomas, 1993). It can be said that the functions of noun phrases are predominant. Therefore, this feature was chosen due to the predominant functions of noun phrases in a sentence.

Additionally, noun phrases were also chosen for the data of this study due to the different structures of English and Indonesian noun phrases. In this case, there is an obvious difference in terms of the general structure of English and Indonesian noun phrases. “In Indonesian noun phrases, the head comes before the other word(s), while in English it is usually the other way round” (Djenar, 2003, p.12).

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have to be described explicitly. Additionally, there is also the difference between English and Indonesian culture. This may indicate the probability of explicitness because the novel contains English cultural terms that need describing. Furthermore, concerning the distinction between English and Indonesian explicit system, this research tried to see how English noun phrases are explicitated into Indonesian. By using Klaudy’s theory (2001), this research also attempts to reveal what kind of explicitation found in the translation.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Considering the background of the study, there are two research questions involved in conducting this research:

1. What are the types of noun phrases which undergo explicitation in the novel?

2. What kinds of explicitation are employed in the translation?

1.3 Aims of the study

In relation to the research questions, this research aims:

1. To find out the types of noun phrases which undergo explicitation in the translation.

2. To classify the noun phrases into four types of explicitation namely obligatory, optional, pragmatic and translation-inherent.

1.4 Research Method

This research was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative method. It is chosen due to the data being in the form of words. The collected data were analyzed by using one of descriptive qualitative methods namely content analysis. By using content analysis, the data in this study were categorized and then elaborated descriptively to find any message from the analysis. The categorization refers to the types of noun phrases and explicitation.

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phrases and their translation were highlighted and identified. The data were then tabulated for further analysis. The analysis procedures are as follows:

1. Identifying the types of noun phrases.

2. Classifying the data by using Klaudy’s theory of explicitation. 3. Determining which one of the types was mostly applied in the data. 4. Explaining the noun phrases and explicitation that were found in the data. 5. Interpreting the meaning derived from the findings.

6. Making conclusions and recommendations based on the research findings.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is expected to make readers aware that explicitness in translation is inevitable. Thus, the findings of this study are intended to show how the source language undergoes some explicitation in translation. It hopefully can be a good example as to how English noun phrases are explicitated into Indonesian. Thus it may make a contribution to the study of explicitation in translation.

1.6 Clarification of Key Terms

In order to avoid any kind of misunderstanding, some terms pertinent to this study need to be explained. Those terms are as follows:

1. Translation

Translation is “converting text fromone language to another”. (Pym, 2004, p.51)

2. Explicitation

Explicitation is “the technique of making explicit in the target text information that is implicit in the source text” (Klaudy, 2001, p.80)

3. Noun Phrases

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1.7 Organization of the paper

This paper will be divided into five chapters as follows:

1) Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter encompasses background of the study, statement of problems, the aims of the research, research method, significance of the research, clarification of key terms and organization of the paper.

2) Chapter 2: Literature Review

The chapter introduces the theoretical foundations pertinent to explicitation and noun phrases. These theories serve as the analysis basis. It also includes the previous research and studies of explicitation and noun phrases in translation. 3) Chapter 3: Research Methodology

This chapter provides the methodology and procedures of conducting the research. It includes research design, data source, data collection, and data analysis.

4) Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion

This chapter presents the findings of the data analysis in the form of tables as well as the explanation and discussion of the findings.

5) Chapter 5: Conclusion and suggestion

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter introduces the methodology employed in this study. It describes the elaboration of how this study was conducted and how the data were collated. In short, it encompasses a research design, data source, data collection, and data analysis. Additionally, this study aims to find out the types of noun phrases which undergo explicitation in the translation of the novel and classify them into types of explicitation.

3.1 Research Design

This study was conducted by employing a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative methods “focus primarily on the kind of evidence that will enable you to understand the meaning of what is going on. Their great strength is that they can illuminate issues and turn up possible explanations: essentially a search for meaning” (Gillham, 2000, p.10). In other words, this kind of method usually tries to gain a particular meaning by explaining certain issues, which in this study refer to explicitation of English noun phrases. Additionally, qualitative method can also be considered subjective (Dawson, 2009; Dornyei, 2007), possibly because the researcher is the key instrument in conducting the research (Fraenkel, Wallen & Hyun, 2012; Stake, 2010). It can be said that this method relies on the researcher’s ability to describe and elaborate the collected data based on the theories used in the study in order to find any particular pattern or meaning pertaining to the issue discussed in the research. Therefore, this study aims to describe the phenomenon of explicitation in translating English noun phrases into Indonesian based on

Klaudy’s explicitation theory (2001).

Furthermore, one of the techniques commonly used in descriptive qualitative method is text and image analysis or content analysis (Neuman, 2007).

By this, it can be said that the data “are collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers” (Fraenkel, et al., 2012, p.427). For instance, the data may be

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regard to this study, this technique is relevant since the data in this study were in the form of words which were obtained from a novel entitled Crooked House and its Indonesian translation.

Additionally, content analysis aims to analyze the messages derived from

the data being investigated. It also seeks the occurrences of the data i.e. “how often it’s said” (Rugg & Petre, 2007, p.152) in the text being analyzed. Hence, the data are usually converted into categories (Dawson, 2009; Fraenkel, et al., 2012). This

kind of data is called categorical data which refers to “the total numbers of objects found in a particular category” (Fraenkel, et al., 2012, p.188). It can be implemented in this study because the data in this present study were categorized in terms of noun phrases and explicitation. The occurrences of English noun phrases and its translation were elaborated based on the types of noun phrases and explicitation.

In determining the occurrences of the noun phrases, the data analysis involved

calculation since in analyzing categorical data, “what the researcher is looking for is the frequency of certain characteristics” (Fraenkel, et al., 2012, p.188). Moreover, it is better to change the frequency into percentages (ibid.) in order to interpret the data. In this case, the use of descriptive statistics is quite useful since descriptive statistics is commonly used in describing categorical data in qualitative method including content analysis and other types of qualitative methods. It is in

line with Neuman’s statement (2007, p.364), “descriptive statistics is a general

type of simple statistics used by researchers to describe basic patterns in the data.” Therefore, this study also employed descriptive statistics in determining and describing the occurrences of noun phrases and explicitation based on their classifications.

3.2Research Questions

As mentioned before, this study seeks to answer these following questions:

1. What are the types of noun phrases which undergo explicitation in the novel?

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3.3Data Source

The data of this study were obtained from a detective novel written by Agatha Christie Crooked House. This novel was firstly published by Dodd, Mead and Company in 1949. The title of the novel, Crooked House, refers to a well known nursery rhyme namely There Was a Crooked Man. This rhyme is related to the history of England during the reign of King Charles I.

In relation to the title, in some countries, the title of the novel, which was in the form of a noun phrase, was translated into words with the same meaning as crooked house. However some other countries do not translate it equivalently. In spite of the changes, the title often refers to a house or crime. On the other hand, the Indonesian version translated by Mareta is entitled Buku Catatan Josephine. This title version, which is quite different from its original title and also other translated titles, does not have anything to do with a house. It goes straight to the character living in the house. It can be said that one of the characters in the novel is made explicit.

As mentioned before, the original title of the novel is in the form of a noun phrase. This phrase (Crooked House) underwent some changes (i.e. Buku Catatan Josephine) which somehow can be considered to be more explicit in revealing one of the characters in the novel (i.e. Josephine). It is this change of translation that has triggered the researcher to investigate this phenomenon further. The researcher particularly focused on how the other noun phrases in the novel undergo explicitation considering the different structuring of English and Indonesian noun phrases.

Additionally, the Indonesian translation used as the data in this study was published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009 although it was originally published in 1986. It can be said that there is quite a gap of years between the

novel’s original publication and its Indonesian translation publication. This might

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Furthermore, this novel consists of 26 chapters. Originally, the English novel only contains 211 pages while the Indonesian version contains 272 pages. In relation to the story of the novel, the story in this novel is set in London in 1947 and narrated by the first person narrator named Charles Hayward. The story is centered on the relationship between Charles Hayward and Sophia Leonides, who loved each other and intended to get married. However, this must be postponed

due to the decease of Sophia’s eccentric grandfather, Aristide Leonides. This led to

an investigation by the Scotland Yard and Charles who acted as a guest in the

Leonides’ house, “Three Gables”. This house is what the title refers to as the

crooked house.

Every member of the family was suspected to be the murderer because there was always a possibility that someone wanted more even though everyone had their own share of inheritance given by Aristide. On the other hand, everyone

wanted Aristide’s second wife, Brenda, to be the murderer because she was a young woman and was suspected to have an affair with the tutor of Aristide’s

grandchildren, Laurence Brown. It was said that there were many cases of murder in which very young wives murdered their very old husbands. However, when circumstances got them arrested, a murder still happened. This proved Brenda and Laurence innocent.

In the end of the story, Aristide’s sister-in-law, Edith de Haviland, confessed to the police via a letter that she was the murderer. On the other hand, she also gave Charles another letter stating that the murderer was actually

Josephine, Aristide’s youngest grandchild. Edith killed Josephine and herself in a car accident to prevent the police from knowing the truth about Josephine. The

evidence of Josephine’s crime was written in Josephine's little black notebook, which was also given to Charles along with the letter.

3.4 Data Collection

In collecting data for descriptive studies, “a sample with a minimum number of 100 is essential” (Fraenkel et al., p.103). Additionally, data in the form of a novel

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In this case, the sample of this study is at phrase and chapter levels. The phrase involves noun phrases contained in Crooked House and its translation. Meanwhile, the chapters incorporated in this study cover four beginning chapters, four middle chapters, and four last chapters of the novels.

In gathering the data, the data collection involved reading both the English and the Indonesian novels. First of all, the original version of the novel was read, which was followed by the reading of the Indonesian version. These readings aim to comprehend the content of the novels. Secondly, the reading process was repeated to identify the noun phrases in the English novel and their translations in the Indonesian novel. In this case, both novels were compared to each other to determine whether the noun phrases underwent explicitation in the translation. In other words, the data used in this study were only those which underwent explicitation. Finally, the English noun phrases and its translation were tabulated for further analysis based on the type of noun phrases and explicitation.

Additionally, noun phrases were chosen the data in this study because it functions as subject, object, complement, and prepositional complement (Leech & Svarvik, 1975). It can be said that the functions are quite essential in a sentence. This also indicates that the occurrences of noun phrases in a novel might be numerous although it does not mean that all the noun phrases are explicitated. Nevertheless, the amount of noun phrases in the novel is predominant and the novel itself naturally contains noun phrases. Hence the probability of explicitation lies in noun phrases. Besides, differences vis-à-vis English and Indonesian cultures

as well as the gap between the novel’s publication and its translation publication

might contain certain terms that need explaining. Those terms may also lie in noun phrases. Moreover, there is also the case of the disparity between English and Indonesian grammatical and lexical system which is considered a possible reason for choosing noun phrases as the data.

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novels, there are only 12 chapters included in the data collection. Lastly, it refers to explicitation. In this case, this study is merely centered on a single phenomenon of translation.

3.5 Data Analysis

As mentioned before, the analysis in this study involved content analysis to derive any message regarding noun phrases and explicitation. After tabulating the data, the data were categorized based on the types of English noun phrases. The categories include noun, of-construction, compound noun phrase, headless phrase, partitive, pre-modification and post-modification (Altenberg & Vago, 2010; Fabb, 2005; Keizer, 2007; Thomas, 1993). Pre-modification is divided into adjective + noun, determiner + noun, determiner + adjective(s) + noun, noun + noun, and genitive + noun. The collected data were then classified into types of explicitation. The classifications of explicitation are based on Klaudy’s (2001) theory namely obligatory, optional, pragmatic, and translation-inherent. In determining the classification, English and Indonesian dictionaries were used to comprehend the meaning of the noun phrases and its translation. After that, the occurrences of the data were determined by calculating the frequency of the occurrence of noun phrases and explicitation. The frequency was then converted into percentages of each kind of noun phrases and explicitation. The data were calculated simply by using this following formula:

P = f i

n

P = Percentage of an item

fi = Frequency of an individual item n = The total number of the occurrence

After gaining the percentages of occurrences of noun phrases and explicitation, the occurrences were described and elaborated. The English and Indonesian data were compared in an attempt to find any pattern, meaning or message pertinent to explicitation in translation. The findings were then interpreted and concluded.

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Additionally, in presenting the data, especially in the case of qualitative

Table 3.1 Example of Data Presentation

English NP Indonesian

Translation

Types of NP Types of Explicitaion

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

The conclusion of this study is incorporated in this chapter. It answers the two research questions of this study. The first question is related to the types of noun phrases that underwent explicitation in the novel Crooked House. The second question refers to the types of explicitation in which the noun phrases belong to. Additionally, this chapter also provides some suggestions which can be useful in conducting a study on translation, especially explicitation.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the data analysis, there are some conclusions which can be drawn. Regarding the first research question, there are 11 types of noun phrases found in 12 chapters of the novel Crooked House. The classification is based on the combination of the types of noun phrases proposed by Altenberg & Vago (2010), Fabb (2005), Keizer (2007) and Thomas (1993). It includes noun, compound noun phrase, of-construction, headless phrase, partitive, pre-modification (adjective + noun, determiner + noun, determiner + adjective(s) + noun, noun + noun and genitive + noun) and post-modification.

In relation to the data analysis, the highest frequency of the types of noun phrases belongs to determiner + noun. The findings show that there are 96 noun phrases categorized as determiner + noun. It can be said that nouns which are pre-modified by determiners are frequently used. It might be due to the function of determiners to introduce a noun and give information about it (Altenber & Vago, 2010).

The second conclusion pertains to the second research question in this study. It refers to the types of explicitation applied in translating the noun phrases.

The classification is based on Klaudy’s (2001) theory of explicitation namely

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are affected by the different system of English and Indonesian especially in terms of the use of classifiers and possessive pronoun. In this case, the difference might not cause any significant problem in translating because the source text features

can be applied in the target language features. It is in line with Klaudy’s statement that explicitation can be considered optional if “grammatically correct sentences

can be constructed without their application in the target language, although the

text as a whole will be clumsy and unnatural” (Klaudy, 2001, p.15). Additionally,

the occurrences are also affected by the shift of general meanings to more specific meanings. In other words, the general information in the source text is translated into more specific information in the target text. This is done to make the text more comprehensive because the shift from a general meaning to a more specific meaning can be considered to be text-building strategies (Ersland, 2014).

The last conclusion is the generalization of the whole translation of noun phrases found in 12 chapters the novel Crooked House which underwent explicitation. In general, the noun phrases have been translated explicitly to

ensure the readers’ comprehension and the cohesiveness of the text. It can be said that the translator has tried to make the translation as natural as possible. It might be related to the idea that the translated version of the source text should not be like a translation when read (Schäffner, 1995; Venuti, 1991). Therefore, the readers might not regard it as a translation but as the original work.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the entire process in conducting this study, there are some suggestions for the translators and readers who might want to carry out some research pertaining to this study. First of all, it is better for the translators to try to translate the source text into the target text equivalently if the source text does not need to be explicitated.

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because it might change the original meaning of the source text. For example, when translating the words friends into Indonesian, it can be translated as teman. However, if the translation gives additional information into the words such as by adding the word akrab after it, the translation undergoes a change of meaning. In

other words, the meaning will be different from the author’s intended meaning. In

this case, if the translator gives a wrong interpretation then the translation might have a different effect from the original text.

Secondly, for those who are interested in conducting research especially in the field of explicitation, there are some points to be considered. The points are as follows:

1. If the objects of the study are noun phrases, it is better to include all types of noun phrases in determining explicitation. This might make the pattern of explicitation clearer.

2. It is also recommended to choose another kind of parts of speech other than noun phrases, such as verb phrases, adjective phrases, prepositional phrase, etc. because explicitation might not only occur in noun phrases. Additionally, the researcher may also include all parts of speech to compare what kind of part of speech which mostly undergoes explicitation.

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