30th IAS
MANCHESTER
International Association of Sedimentologists
The University of Manchester and The City of Manchester
are pleased to welcome you to:
30th IAS MEETING OF
SEDIMENTOLOGY
2nd - 5th September 2013
Welcome to the 3oth IAS Meeting of Sedimentology, held at the
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These proceedings contain all the abstracts of the presentations that
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• Theme 2: Climate and Earth Surface Environments in Deep Time
• Theme 3: Marine and Coastal Depositional Environments
• Theme 4: Continental Depositional Environments
• Theme 5: Basin Analysis
• Theme 6: Impact of Glacial Processes on Sedimentation
• Theme 7: Post-Depositional Modification of Clastic and Carbonate
•
Sediments
• Theme 8: Prediction and Visualization of Sedimentary Processes and
•
Systems Through Modelling
• Theme 9: Sedimentology at the Biological Interface
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T1S5_O5
Tectonic Collision as important factor controlling hydrocarbon generation in Eastern Indonesia Basins : Case study in Timor-Tanimbar Trough
Toha, B., Surjono, S.S., and Winardi, S.
Department of Geological Engineering , Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia budtoha@yahoo.com ; budtoha@gmail.com
The present Eastern Indonesia is largely a result of the Neogene subduction of the NW continental margin of Australian plate and its associated shelf, beneath the oceanic Banda Sea plate. The Tanimbar Islands are interpreted as the most distal parts of the Australian passive margin deformed and uplifted a foldbelt during the arc-continent collision. This collision complex is bounded to the south and east by Timor and Tanimbar Trough, interpreted as bathymetric depression (foredeep) within the Australian margin. The tectonic processes are further influenced by Late Miocene to Recent, strike-slip tectonics generated by the westward moving Pacific Plate.
Since Neogene time, the Timor-Tanimbar Trough toward northwest Australian continental is actually foreland basin which developed from passive margin due to tectonic collision. The basin evolution passed through two phases of Palaeozoic extension, followed by Late Triassic compression, and then further
extension in the Mesozoic that culminated in the break up of Gondwana in the Middle Jurassic. Convergence of the Australia-India and Eurasia plates in the Miocene to Pliocene resulted in flexural downwarp of the Timor-Tanimbar Trough and widespread fault reactivation in North-Western Australian Margin. This basin located in and near proven oil and gas fields such as Abadi, Bayu-Undan blocks in western area, onshore Bird Head proven area in the north and Warim block in east. To the south, basin covered Goulburn sub-basin with some hydrocarbon indication. The bending foreland basin which enhanced the "burner of the kitchen" due to collision is believed plays an important role for hydrocarbon generation in this case study area.. Nowadays hydrocarbon discoveries within Timor-Tanimbar Trough and its adjacent areas most rely on Mid Jurassic Plover reservoir , as well as Jurassic sequence considered plays important role as petroleum source rocks. The proven source rocks is mostly type III as indicated from Paleozoic-Mesozoic (Wessel, Goulburn, Arafura, Kulshill Group and Plover Fm. of Troughton Group) which charged the North West Shelf of
Australian hydrocarbon field such as Petrel Sub-basin of Bonaparte Basin, Flamingo High and Sahul Platfom. The Goulburn Group source rock is the most effective in the region. The Mesozoic sediments have
demonstrated source potential for Money Shoal Basin, while Troughton Group equivalent is an important source rock in The Malita/Calder Graben as good as The Flamingo Formation. Other potential source rocks are Bathurst Island Group and Darwin Formation equivalent.
Examples on burial history analyses suggest that tectonic collision induced source rock maturation by two mechanisms: (1) thrust sheets are very thick due to imbrications collision, (2) the sediments mollasic eroded from the uplifted collision zone and deposited in the foredeep. Both are, respectively, have performed as thrust loading and burial sediments which forced the source rocks on foredeep of the foreland basin kitchen into oil / gas window. In summary, experiences by doing Joint Studies in others Eastern Indonesia basins suggest that tectonics collision play an important role to source rock maturation process.
Acknowledgements
30th IAS MEETING OF
SEDIMENTOLOGY
2nd - 5th September 2013
Depart. of Geology Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Tectonic Collision as important factor controlling
hydrocarbon generation in Eastern Indonesia Basins :
Case study in Timor-Tanimbar Trough
Toha,. B.
1
, Surjono,S.S.
2
, and Winardi,S.
3
1, 2, 3.
Department of Geological Engineering , Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta 55281 , INDONESIA
budtoha@yahoo.com
;
budtoha@gmail.com
30
thIAS
MANCHESTER
Content :
1. Introduction
2. Tectonic setting and structural elememnts
3. Tectonostratigraphy
4. Case study : Timor- Tanimbar Trough
( basin
modeling for tectonic collision and hydrocarbon
generation)
World's Source Rocks & Reservoirs
(after Kendall et.al.,2009 ; modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990)
World wide stratigraphic distribution
of major source rocks
Indonesia Opportunities (Proven & Potential)
for pre
‐
Tertiary Petroleum Discoveries
Eastern Indonesia Petroleum System
1. Petroleum systems are pre-Tertiary in majority, related
to the North Australian passive margin, affected by
microplate collision and large-scale strike-slip faulting
2. Source-rock age mainly from Mesozoic and possible
Paleozoic. Depositional setting include deltaic coal
and lacustrine shales ; shallow-deep marine clastic
and carbonates
3. Hydrocarbon types : diverse, includig wavy lacustrine
sourced crudes, light deltaic oils, medium marine oils,
asphalt deposits, thermogenic and biogenic gas
It has been suggested (Baillie et al 2004) that:
“Throughout the eastern Indonesia region and the Timor Sea, reservoir
quality sandstones were deposited in nearshore marine settings during
the early Late Jurassic (see also Barber
et al
., 2003), prior to the
so-called “Break
-
up Event”. (Early Tertiary)
OIL/GAS FIELD
FIELD
AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY
Wiriagar Permian Ainim Carbonaceous anticline
Vorwata Mid.Jurassic Kembelangan Sandstone shale & coal Late Jurassic Upper Claystone and pinchout
BINTUNI Ofaweri Group Jurassic Yefbie shale & coal Kembelangan shale Pop-up structure
Roabiba anticline
Klamono Miocene Kais Limestone Miocene Kais Intraformational
SALAWATI Walio Miocene Klasefet Limestone Klasaman Shale Miocene Klasefet Shale Thrust anticline
Kasim
SERAM Oseil Early-Mid.
Jurassic Manusela Limestone Triassic Jurassic
Kanikeh Manusela
Calc.shale
Carbonate Late Jurassic Kola Shale Thrust anticline BANGGAI Tiaka Jurassic Bobong Sandstone Jurassic Buya Marine shale
Early Miocene Tomori Limestone Early. Miocene Salodik Shale & carbonate Late Miocene Matindok Marine shale Thrust anticline Late Miocene Mtindok Sandstone
Abadi Mid. Jurassic Plover Sandstone Early. Jurassic Plover eq. Marine shale Early Cretaceous Echuca Shoals shale Normal Fault Bayu-Undan Mid.Jurassic Elang Sandstone Mid.Jurassic Elang Sandstone
Plover Sandstone Plover Sandstone Early Cretaceous Echuca Shoals shale TIMOR
Early Pliocene
RESERVOIR SOURCE ROCK SEAL
AREA TRAP
Characteristic of Petroleum System
in Eastern Indonesia Fields
Stratigraphic Compilation of Eastern Indonesia
Stratigraphic Compilation of Outer Banda Arc, Eastern Indonesia
Proven Mesozoic-Paleozoic Sequences At Abadi Gas Field
(Collided Australian Passive Margin Setting)
•
Abadi Gas Field
(Collided Australian Passive Margin Setting)
Buton Basin Stratigraphy
( Compilation from several sources )
Petroleum
System
Location
Source Rock
Reservoir
Seal
Trap
Plover
Greater Sunrise ,
Evans Shoal and
Abadi
Sahul
Platform, peri-rift
basement high
Early
–
Middle
Jurassic Plover
Fm. Mixed Type 2
and 3 (Gas)
Fluvio-deltaic to
shallow marine
sandstone of
Middle Jurassic
Plover Fm.
Echuca Shoals
Formation (Upper
Flaminggo Group).
Faulted
Blocks.
Echuaca
Shoals
Northern Bonaparte
Basin
Eq. Elang
Fm. in Elang &
Kakaktua Field in
East Timor-Australia
JDA.
Early Cretaceous
Echuca Shoals
Fm. (May exist
along the flanks
of Tanimbar
Trough).
Echuca Shoals Fm.,
Darwin
Radiolarite?
Wangarlu
Formation
(Bathrust Island
Group)
Faulted
Blocks,
stratigraphic.
Paleozoic
Tanimbar
Analogues with
Bonaparte and
Goulburn Graben
Jigaimara Fm of
Wessel Group,
Arafura Geoup,
Weaber Group,
Kulshill Group
Equivalent of :
Goulburn Group,
Arafura Group,
Weaber Group,
Kulshil Group,
Plover Fm
anticline, and
stratigraphic
traps
Petroleum
System
Location
Source Rock
Reservoir
Seal
Trap
Plover
Greater Sunrise ,
Evans Shoal and
Abadi
Sahul
Platform, peri-rift
basement high
Early
–
Middle
Jurassic Plover
Fm. Mixed Type 2
and 3 (Gas)
Fluvio-deltaic to
shallow marine
sandstone of
Middle Jurassic
Plover Fm.
Echuca Shoals
Formation (Upper
Flaminggo Group).
Faulted
Blocks.
Echuaca
Shoals
Northern Bonaparte
Basin
Eq. Elang
Fm. in Elang &
Kakaktua Field in
East Timor-Australia
JDA.
Early Cretaceous
Echuca Shoals
Fm. (May exist
along the flanks
of Tanimbar
Trough).
Echuca Shoals Fm.,
Darwin
Radiolarite?
Wangarlu
Formation
(Bathrust Island
Group)
Faulted
Blocks,
stratigraphic.
Paleozoic
Tanimbar
Analogues with
Bonaparte and
Goulburn Graben
Jigaimara Fm of
Wessel Group,
Arafura Geoup,
Weaber Group,
Kulshill Group
Equivalent of :
Goulburn Group,
Arafura Group,
Weaber Group,
Kulshil Group,
Plover Fm
anticline, and
stratigraphic
traps
Regional Elements Petroleum System
of Outer Banda Arc
–
NW Australian Shelf
16
Note :
17
PETROLEUM SYSTEM EVENTS CHART
Content :
1. Introduction
2. Tectonic setting and structural elememnts
3. Tectonostratigraphy
4. Case study : Timor- Tanimbar Trough
( basin
modeling for tectonic collision and hydrocarbon
generation)
During Paleozoic-Mesozoic times, eastern Indonesia region is considered to be part of
the northern margin of the Australian continent in which now become an active collision
margin. Stratigraphic section, at least from Cambrian to Cretaceous, shows the
similarities which documented two tensional tectonics episodes; an Early Paleozoic
infra-rift and a Late Paleozoic to Paleogene rift. The Pre-Tertiary sediments of eastern
Indonesia are largely determined by the tectonic events. Rocks succession in this
region mostly developed unconformbly overlying the highly metamorphic rocks of
Devonian to Permian in which considered as basements. In Outer Banda Arc to
Sula-Buton region, Pre-Tertiary Sedimentary rocks were characterized by series of carbonate
rocks, which developed up to Tertiary times. Whereas in the Papua (Irian Jaya) region
were marked dominant of siliciclastics rocks during Paleozoic to Mesozoic Times and
carbonate rocks and shale in Tertiary times.
Pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks in some basins of eastern Indonesia were proven as
producer hydrocarbon. Although Pre-Tertiary source rocks are widespread in Eastern
Indonesia but the significant one were deposited primarily restricted to three time
periods: Permian, Late Triassic and Early-Middle Jurassic. The Reservoir rocks are
mainly belong to Mesozoic and Tertiary ages, where sandstone and carbonate rocks
developed in Mesozoic and in Tertiary dominated by Miocene limestone and
20
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF EASTERN INDONESIA
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
21
REGIONAL CROSS-SECTIONS
Reconstruction of the Australian Continental Margin in the
Late Neogene before deformation took place
22
The basin developed during
two phases of Palaeozoic
extension, followed by Late
Triassic compression, and
then further extension in the
Mesozoic that culminated in
the break up of Gondwana in
the Middle Jurassic (O’Brien
et al, 1993).
Convergence of the
Australia-India and Eurasia
plates in the Miocene to
Pliocene resulted in flexural
down warp of the Timor
Trough and widespread fault
reactivation in
North-Western Australian Margin
structurally very complex
(Barber, et al., 2003).
BASIN EVOLUTION
23
Reconstruction of the
Australian Continental Margin in the Late Neogene
before deformation took place
Discoveries within Timor-Tanimbar Trough
rely on Mid Jurassic Plover reservoir
FIELD
AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY
Wiriagar Permian Ainim Carbonaceous anticline Vorwata Mid.Jurassic Kembelangan Sandstone shale & coal Late Jurassic Upper Claystone and pinchout BINTUNI Ofaweri Group Jurassic Yefbie shale & coal Kembelangan shale Pop-up structure
Roabiba anticline
Klamono Miocene Kais Limestone Miocene Kais Intraformational
SALAWATI Walio Miocene Klasefet Limestone Klasaman Shale Miocene Klasefet Shale Thrust anticline Kasim
SERAM Oseil Early-Mid.
Jurassic Manusela Limestone Triassic Jurassic
Kanikeh Manusela
Calc.shale
Carbonate Late Jurassic Kola Shale Thrust anticline BANGGAI Tiaka Jurassic Bobong Sandstone Jurassic Buya Marine shale
Early Miocene Tomori Limestone Early. Miocene Salodik Shale & carbonate Late Miocene Matindok Marine shale Thrust anticline Late Miocene Mtindok Sandstone
Abadi Mid. Jurassic Plover Sandstone Early. Jurassic Plover eq. Marine shale Early Cretaceous Echuca Shoals shale Normal Fault Bayu-Undan Mid.Jurassic Elang Sandstone Mid.Jurassic Elang Sandstone
Plover Sandstone Plover Sandstone Early Cretaceous Echuca Shoals shale TIMOR
PETROLEUM SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC OF SOME FIELD IN EASTERN INDONESIA
Early Pliocene
RESERVOIR SOURCE ROCK SEAL
AREA TRAP
JURASSIC SEQUENCE PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE !!
HOW ABOUT OTHERS ??
Content :
1. Introduction
2. Tectonic setting and structural elememnts
3. Tectonostratigraphy
4. Case study : Timor- Tanimbar Trough
( basin
modeling for tectonic collision and hydrocarbon
generation)
Is it just from Mid Jura Plover source only? How about
older (Triassic or Pre-Triassic) or younger (Cretaceous)
sequence ?
If just only from Mid Jura Plover source, how about its
distribution inside of the Eastern Indonesian region ?
What causes maturation within Greater Timor Trough
region ? Depth-dependant or Overburden
thickness-dependant ?
Is there just enough charging from Mid Jura Plover
source only ?
SOURCE ROCK
Plover Shale
(Early-Middle Jurassic)
Type III source rock of Plover shale
with poor-good TOC content and HI
around 150 mg/g
Echuca
Shoals
claystone
(Late
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous)
Type III source rock of Echuca Shoals
with very good TOC content and HI
around 80 mg/g
Barber,
et al. (2003); Brown (1992);
Livsey et al. (1992)
Mt. Goodwin and Cape Londonderry
shale
(Permo-Triassic) ?
Type
III
source
rock
of
Triassic
carbonaceous shale-coal with good to
excellent TOC content and high HI
Potential source rock intervals in North
Australia:
Wessel Group
(Neoproterozoic)
Goulburn Group
(Ordovician-Cambrian),
Arafura Group
(Devonian)
Kulshill Group equivalent
(Permo-Carboniferous).
(Boreham, 2006)
(Earl, 2006, Data for Arafura Basin)
POSSIBILITY OF THE
low potential for oil
generation
Mostly high potential
for gas generation
ga
s
w
indow
(Geoscience Australia, 2011)
MID JURA PLOVER SOURCE ROCK
(Geoscience Australia, 2011)
Quality
Gas-prone and poor-fair TOC
Low HI
<135mgHC/gTOC
TOC up to 1.7%
Type III
SOURCE ROCKS CHARACTERISTICS (ABADI-1)
Two Potential Source Rocks
- Mid Jura Plover : Type III, good to
very good TOC, early- mid mature
- Cretaceous Echucha : Type III,
very good TOC, early mature
Formation/Age Organic Richness HC Potential Hydrogen Index Thermal Maturity
(TOC wt.%) (mgHC/gm rock) (HI) (% Ro)
Wangarlu/Late Cretaceous very poor to good Poor to moderate Low to moderate Immature-Early mature
(0.07 – 1.27) (0.37 - 3.40) (42 - 268) (0.40 - 0.65) Jamieson/Early Cretaceous Negligible to poor NA NA Early Mature
(0.13 -0.28 ) (0.55)
Echuca Shoals/Early Cretaceous Very good Poor to moderate Low Early Mature (2.21-2.67) (2.02 - 2.62) (57-89) (0.57-66)
Upper Plover/Middle Jurassic Good-very good Poor to moderate Low Early-Mid Mature (1.94 - 2.67 ) ( 2.13 - 5.02) ( 79 - 153) (0.60 - 0.74)
Distribution of Plover
shale-rich intervals are critical :
•
Towards NW (into Indonesia
territory), the environment is
considered to change to
more marine and open
TOC will definitely decrease
further NW
•
How far is that, still can be
debatable because no well
control further north than
Abadi Field.
Coastline could be further NW due to no well control
Barber et al., (2003)
1D- Basin Modeling
1. Abadi Field and its surrounding ( Masela PSC; Nagura
et al
., 2003)
2. West Abadi Area
3. West Timor Offshore
Barber
et.al.,
2003
21
(Charlton, 2004)
1 2
3
Regional heat-flow assumption:
50-60 mW/m2 (after 200 Ma)
averaged from Moore et al (1996) and in accordance
with INPEX model from Abadi and thermal maturity
calibration from several wells
70-80 mW/m2 (before 200 Ma)
•
Abadi Gas Field
(Collided Australian Passive Margin Setting)
•
A-B seismic section ( + estimated Abadi-1 well loc.)
Barber
aet.al.,
2003
Location Abadi-1 Well on S-N seismic section
PW1
NW
SE
Tanimbar Trough
PW4 PW1
Abadi-1 Well
1D BASIN HISTORY (MATURITY MODEL)
ABADI-1 WELL
Gas Window of
Plover Fm.
Gas Window of
Echuca Shoals Fm.
Plover Gas Generation
69 Ma (Late Cretaceous)
Echuca Shoals Gas Generation
46 Ma (Mid Eocene)
Similar %Ro value compared to well at depth 4218 m: 1.20-1.22 %
Based on Abadi-1 :
1D BASIN HISTORY (TEMPERATURE MODEL)
ABADI-1 WELL
Beginning of Plover SR Gas Expulsion:
41 Ma (Late Eocene)
However, only Plover which
has already entered gas
expulsion
Location Pseudo well PW1 on S-N seismic section
PW1
N
S
Tanimbar Trough
PW4 PW1
Plover Gas Generation
Maturity model PW1 :
PW4
NE
SW
PW4 PW1
Paleozoic Gas Generation
(?)
Plover Gas Generation
Maturity model PW4
Gas generation for Plover on ~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 62 mya
47
Sediment overburden thickness is getting thinner
westward
Critical for gas maturation
1D BASIN HISTORY OF PS1
(WEST ABADI)
Triassic Gas Generation
12 Ma (Mid Miocene)
Triassic Gas Expulsion
has not occurred yet
-Westernmost of the area
-Thinnest overburden rocks
-Quite deep in depth (5173 ft)
Result :
Triassic Gas Generation
65 Ma (Early Paleocene)
Plover Gas Generation
30 Ma (Oligocene)
Triassic Gas Expulsion
29 Ma (Late Oligocene)
Plover Gas Expulsion
3.7 Ma (Pliocene)
-Easternmost of the area
-Thickest overburden rocks
-Shallower than PS-1 in depth
(4860 ft)
Result :
Expulsion of Plover SR!
Plover Gas Generation
Plover Gas Expulsion
PS-7
Timor Trough
(deepest area)
PW-1
E
W
PS 8 PS 6
Sediment over burden thickness is getting thinner
westward
Critical for gas maturation
PS 8
PS 6
Sediment over burden thickness is getting thinner
westward
Critical for gas maturation
PW4 PW1
PS6 PS8
Location pseudo well PS6 & PS8 on seismic section
Maulana ‘ s
Gas generation for Triassic and Plover
sequences has not reached yet
Maturity model PS6
Maturity model PS8
Triassic Gas Generation
Plover Gas Generation
•
Gas generation for Plover on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 64 mya
•
Gas generation for Triassic on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 87 mya
PS-1
SE
NW
Pseudo well PS-1 located in the Timor
Trough. Note the presence of foreland
Plio-Pleistocene deposit.
PS-1
Top of Dombey Lst Depth Map
Plio-Pleistocene deposit?
Maturity model PS-1
(included water column)
Triassic Gas Generation
Plover Gas Generation
•
Gas generation for Plover on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 16 mya
Triassic Gas Generation
Plover Gas Generation
•
Gas generation for Plover on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 16 mya
•
Gas generation for Triassic on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 143 mya
Maturity model PS-1
PS-2
SE
NW
Pseudo well PS-2 located in the near south
of
Timor
Trough.
Note
that
Jurassic
sequence / Plover equivalent (Callovian
sequence) is still intact here.
Plover eq.
PS2
Top of Dombey Lst Depth Map
Maturity model PS-2
(included water column)
Triassic Gas Generation
Plover Gas Generation
•
Gas generation for Plover on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 30 mya
Maturity model PS-2
(excluded water column)
Triassic Gas Generation
Plover Gas Generation
•
Gas generation for Plover on
~ 0.8 (%Ro) @ 30 mya
PS-3
SE
NW
Pseudo well PS-3 located in the slightly
further south of Timor Trough. Note that
Jurassic sequence / Plover equivalent
(Callovian
sequence)
is
completely
truncated probably due to Valanginian
(Early Cretaceous) erosion event.
PS-3
Top of Dombey Lst Depth Map
Gas generation for Triassic
sequences (Mt. Goodwin & Challis)
has not reached yet
Maturity model PS-3
PS-5
SW
NE
Pseudo well PS-5 is constructed because a
part of Plover sequence still exist after
experiencing intensive Valanginian (Early
Cretaceous) erosion event if it compared to
PS-2
’s
.
Plover eq.
PS-5
Triassic Gas Generation
Maturity model PS-5
(included water column)
Discussion :
Barber
et.al.,
2003
21
(Charlton, 2004)
1 2
3
