|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Dilbilgisi
Önce seçeneklere bakın ve eğer seçenekler kısa ise tümcede eksik olan bölümün ne olduğunu görün. Seçenekler uzun ise zaman kaybetmeyin. Soru tümcesini okuyun.
Soru tümcesini okurken, tümcenin temel unsurlarını (Ö+Y+N ve ana tümce ile yan tümce)
belirlemeye çalıĢın. Bunlar dıĢında kalan ve tümcenin uzunluğuna katkı sağlamaktan baĢka bir iĢlevi olmayan unsurları ayıklayın.
1. Ö+Y+N yapılı tümcede eksik unsur.
¨ Basit tümcede:
Tümcenin Ö+Y+N yapısını kontrol edin. Basit tümce zannettiğiniz bir yapı bileĢik tümce olabilir.
A. Eksik olan özne ise:
Yüklemin tekil ya da çoğul olmasından yola çıkarak tekil ya da çoğul özne arayın;
... is an animal of great concern to scientists. A) That the giraffe
B) The giraffe C) These giraffes D) Giraffes E) Those giraffes
Nesnedeki it(s), his her, him, them.. sözcükleri yolu ile özneyi saptamaya çalıĢın;
... will always be remembered for its sinking on her maiden voyage.
A) This ship B) That the ship C) These ships D) Ships E) Those ships
Tümcede, özneyi niteleyen unsurları göz önünde bulundurun:
Determiner: Article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), possessive adjective (my, our, your, his, her, its, their)
Adjective: Common (old, yellow, ..), participal (interesting, bored, ..), nominal (plactic, glass, ..)
Quantifier: Cardinal number (one, two, ..), ordinal number (first, second, ..), indefinite quantifier (some, many, few, ..)
Adverb: Adverb of approximation (almost, about, nearly, ..), adverb of strength and intensity (completely, extremely, quite, rather, very, ..)
B. Eksik olan nesne ise:
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Tüm tümce bağlamını inceleyin ve tamamen saçma gözüken seçenekleri eleyin;
Yukarıda değinilen (a) adı nitelendiren yapılara dikkat edin.
C. Eksik olan yüklem ise:
Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre yüklemi saptamaya çalıĢın;
Öznenin animate (canlı) ya da inanimate (cansız) olmasına göre yüklemin etken mi yoksa edilgen mi olması gerektiğini belirleyin;
Tümce içindeki zaman gösteren yapılar yardımı ile yüklemin hangi zamanda olması gerektiğini saptayın.
¨ BileĢik tümcede
Tümce Tamamlama ile ilgili bölüme bakın.
2. Tümcede clause marker eksik.
He was terribly disappointed with the decision of the committee, ... he gave in his resignation.
A) since B) however C) yet D) in case E) so
BileĢik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte.
Seçenekleri yok varsayarak tümcenin anlamını çıkarmaya çalıĢın. Tümcenin zaman, neden, sonuç, kıyas gibi bileĢik tümce yapılardan hangisine ait olduğunu bulun.
Seçenekler içinde, saptadığınız bileĢik tümce türüne ait yapıları arayın.
Seçenekler içinde uygun olan birden fazla yapı varsa (although ve despite
gibi), yan
tümceyi inceleyin. Seçeneklerden hangisinin yan tümceye uygun olduğunu belirleyin.3. Tümcede phrase oluĢturan yapı eksik
... acute shortages of food in many countries, the delegates voted to increase programmes and services in weather reporting and research needed for greater production of foodstuffs. A) By way of B) Contrary to C) According to D) In view of E) As far as
Ana tümce ile yan tümce arasında ne tür bir iliĢki olduğunu belirleyin: karşıtlık, neden, sonuç, ..
Seçenekleri eleyin.
Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu denetleyin.
4. Paralel yapıda eksik unsur.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
... you can get the experiments completed ... you can get thereport written up. A) As soon/as soon B) The sooner/the sooner C) The sooner/sooner D) As soon/The sooner E) Sooner/the soonest
Tümcenin bir bileĢik tümce olduğundan emin olun. Bunun için de bileĢik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte.
Bu tür sorularda seçenekler her ne kadar birbirlerine çok benzer gibi görünse de, bazıları tümceye oturtulması dilbilgisi açısından hatalı olmaktadır. Bu Ģekilde seçenekleri eleyin.
Uygun seçeneği bulmakta zorlanırsanız, seçenekleri tümcenin genel anlamına uygunlukları, ana ve yan tümcelerin her birine uygunlukları açısından sınayın.
5. Tümcede tag question eksik
Prior to taking up this appointment, he used to work for the government, ...? A) wasn't he B) did he use C) didn't he D) did he E) didn't he use
Tümcenin ana yükleminin hangi zaman yapısını ya da yardımcı yüklemi içerdiğini saptayın.
Tümcenin öznesinin tekil mi yoksa çoğul mu olduğunu saptayın.
Some of the articles in the Criminal Code will have to be amended, ...?
A) will they
B) won't they
C) haven't they
D) won't it
E) will it
Tümcenin, tag question açısından istisna oluĢturacak yapıları içerip içermediğini inceleyin. Bu yapıları Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde bulabilirsiniz.
6. Diğer yapılar a. Zamanlar
At tomorrow's concert the orchestra ... by Carl von Braun. A) will have conducted
B) will conduct
C) has been conducted D) will be conducted E) is going to conduct
Zaman belirten yapılara dikkat edin (örnek soruda tomorrow sözcüğü).
BileĢik tümcede zaman uyumuna dikkat edin. Bu konu ile ilgili notlar Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Tümcenin etken/edilgen yapısını inceleyin (örnek soruda by sözcüğü edilgen olması gerektiğini göstermekte.)
b. Edilgen
You ... pleased to learn that Mr Lawson ... chairman. A) have been/appointed
B) will be/has been appointed C) are/is appointing
D) have been/was appointed E) were/appointed
Yukarıda a. Zamanlar için verilen notları inceleyin.
c. Ettirgen
Do you think you will be able to ... him to lend his car? A) get
B) have C) let D) permit E) allow
Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde iĢlenen ettirgen yapıları iyi bilmeniz gerekmekte.
Bu tür sorularda ettirgen yapının geçmekte olduğunu hemen farketmek her zaman için kolay olmamakta. Tümcede esas yüklem dıĢındaki eylem yapıların (örnek tümcede lend) past participle (V3)
ya da infinitive (to+V) Ģeklinde kullanılmaları söz konusu
ise, dikkatli olun! KarĢınızda bir ettirgen yapı bulunabilir.DĠLBĠLGĠSĠ - ÖRNEK SORULAR
AĢağıda örnek olarak 32 dilbilgisi sorusu verildi.
Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.
1.
The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become ... controversial that the people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term.A) too
B) as
C) such
D) so
E) more
2.
Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I ... a complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office.A) will not have filed
B) may not have filed
C) would not have filed
D) was not filing
E) may not file
3.
He is diplomatically qualified ... to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the region.A) enough
B) though
C) as well as
D) not only
E) also
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
4.
As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of the members attempted to persuade him to, ... .A) also
B) too
C) as well
D) either
E) yet
5.
They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to ... at regular intervals.A) the other
B) each other
C) themselves
D) the others
E) one other
6.
Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled ... continued increases ... retail food prices, have curtailed consumption.A) with / in
B) through / through
C) by / for
D) at / about
E) within / over
7.
In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have transformed much of the country's highlands ... bare landscapes, all but destroyed ... erosion.A) above / of
B) for / with
C) into / by
D) in / under
E) to / at
8.
When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help ... who could do nothing for ... .A) that / himself
B) them / their
C) those / themselves
D) these / themselves
E) us / yourself
9.
Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation ... he was the most senior of the officers available.A) whyever
B) whether
C) even though
D) whenever
E) so that
10.
Why can't you admit that, ... hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved?A) unless
B) whatsoever
C) though
D) whenever
E) however
11.
Clifford Goertz, probably ... famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses.A) more
B) most
C) the most
D) the more
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
12.
Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate ... they had known in advance who the principal speakers were.A) if only
B) while
C) since
D) after
E) until
13.
In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations ... by a growing number of countries.A) will have been questioned
B) was questioned
C) had been questioned
D) would be questioned
E) has been questioned
14.
It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge ... by the Ministry.A) would have been announced
B) would be announced
C) are being announced
D) will have been announced
E) have been announced
15.
They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they ... so.A) had not done
B) have not done
C) would not do
D) would not have done
E) never do
16.
I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year ... he had predicted.A) such as
B) even so
C) in case
D) just as
E) so far as
17.
We ... no problems whatsoever with the dam since it ... forty years ago.A) had / has been constructed
B) have had / was constructed
C) had had / had been constructed
D) are having / is constructed
E) were having / was being constructed
18.
It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact ... I think about it ... I regret it.A) as much / so much more
B) the more / as much
C) much / as much
D) the most / so much
E) the more / the more
19.
The scheme has been ... consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it will ever be put ... effect.A) under / into
B) within / through
C) for / to
D) in / off
E) over / over
20.
It was ... his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks ... the principle of economic cooperation.A) by / through
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
C) through/ on
D) with / at
E) without / from
21.
There ... many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success ... .A) were / had been achieved
B) had been / has been achieved
C) have been / has been achieved
D) are / was achieved
E) may be / will have been achieved
22.
Evaporation ... the process by which a solid or liquid ... into vapour by heat.A) had been / resolved
B) was / had resolved
C) has been / was resolved
D) may be / has resolved
E) is / is resolved
23.
The Etruscans, who ... a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., ... from Asia Minor.A) had colonized / originally came
B) colonized / had originally come
C) were colonized / have originally come
D) have colonized / originally come
E) were colonizing / might originally come
24.
The orders were that we ... the area within hours to prevent further loss of life.A) had evacuated
B) have to evacuate
C) will have evacuated
D) had to evacuate
E) shall have to evacuate
25.
He ... his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race ... by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to another.A) concluded / had been marked
B) concludes / would have been marked
C) has concluded / was marked
D) had concluded / is marked
E) will conclude / was being marked
26.
The advance in the steel industry has been marked ... a progressive increase ... size, complexity and capital outlay.A) at / of
B) with / to
C) over / from
D) by / in
E) under / through
27.
The answer to the question ... great art can exist independently of religion will, ... depends on society's moral and aesthetic values.A) what / in the same way
B) even if / in due course
C) whether / to a large extent
D) so that / in short
E) since / now and again
28.
Thailand has lost half of its forests ... its population has ... doubled in recent decades.A) as / more than
B) just as / mostly
C) so as / soon
D) in case / quite
E) because of / much
29.
Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know ... it was, and added that it was not ... .|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
B) whose / his
C) who / her
D) whom / us
E) that / theirs
30.
The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was ... early to propose amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations.A) as well as
B) just so
C) just as
D) as soon as
E) as yet too
31.
Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives, ... merely putting forward an action programme.A) in order to
B) rather than
C) as far as
D) in that
E) so long as
32.
If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries ... .A) would be, too
B) wouldn't have, either
C) had not, either
D) have had, too
E) would have, too
YANITLAR
1.
The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become so controversial that the people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term.so + adjective + that. Yanıt D.
2.
Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I would not have filed a complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office.Third condition,devrik yapı.
Yanıt C.
3.
He is diplomatically qualified enough to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the region.adjective + enough to + V. Yanıt A.
4.
As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of the members attempted to persuade him to, either.Olumsuz özne (None of the members). Yanıt D.
5.
They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to each other at regular intervals.Tümcenin öznesi çoğul. A seçeneği tekile değiniyor; C seçeneği kendilerine, D seçeneği de baĢka kiĢilere yazdıklarını anlatıyor; E seçeneğinin one other + noun olması gerekir. Yanıt B.
6.
Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled with continued increases in retail food prices, have curtailed consumption.couple + with; increase + in + nesne. Yanıt A. increase + in yapısı 26. soruda da geçmekte.
7.
In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have transformed much of the country's highlands into bare landscapes, all but destroyed by erosion.|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
8.
When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help those who could do nothing for themselves.BoĢluk sonrasındaki whosözcüğünden ötürü boĢluğa insan(lar)a yönelik bir sözcük gelmeli. A seçeneğinde that + man/woman/.. olmalıydı; B seçeneğinde their yanlıĢ çünkü iyelik taĢıyor; D en yakın çeldirici, ancak these sözcüğü Ģu an yakınlarda olanları ("bunlar") gösterir, oysa olay çoktan bitmiĢ; E seçeneğinde us ve themself uyumsuz. Yanıt C
9.
Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation even though he was the most senior of the officers available."He should never have been allowed ... he was the the most senior officer". ÇeliĢkili durum anlatılmakta. Yanıt C.
10.
Why can't you admit that, however hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved?however + adjective/adverb + tümce. Yanıt E.
11.
Clifford Goertz, probably the most famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses.Bir baĢka kiĢi ile kıyaslama yok. Yanıt C.
12.
Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate if only they had known in advance who the principal speakers were.Third condition. Yanıt A.
13.
In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations has been questioned by a growing number of countries.Tümcedeki recent sözcüğünden ötürü present perfect. Yanıt E.
14.
It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge will have been announced by the Ministry.Tümcedeki by zaman gösteren sözcüğünden ötürü ana tümcede past perfect veya future perfect olmalı. Yanıt D.
15.
They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they had not done so.PiĢmanlık. Third condition gibi olmalı. Yanıt A.
16.
I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year just as he had predicted.En yakın çeldirici E. Yanıt D (Similarity Clause)
17.
We have had no problems whatsoever with the dam since it was constructed forty years ago.since + simple past; tümce present perfect. Yanıt B.
18.
It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact the more I think about it the more I regret it.Üzerinde düĢünme arttıkça piĢmanlık artmakta. Birbirine bağımlı kıyas. Yanıt E.
19.
The scheme has been under consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether itwill ever be put into effect.
put + into + effect. Yanıt A.
20.
It was through his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks on the principle of economic cooperation.Ġlk boĢluk açısından en yakın çeldirici A, yanıt ise C.
21.
There has been many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success has been achieved.TartıĢmalı bir soru. Zaman gösteren hiç bir yapı olmadığı için A seçeneğinin ve C seçeneğinin doğru olduklarını söyleyebilirsiniz. Dilbilgisel açıdan bu doğru olsa bile anlamsal olarak C doğru yanıt. A seçeneğinde ikinci bölümün past perfect olması hatalı. Burada was achieved gerekirdi, çünkü önce çaba sarfedildi, sonra baĢarısızlık geldi.
22.
Evaporation is the process by which a solid or liquid is resolved into vapour by heat.HerĢeyden önce, by heat yapısından ötürü edilgen yapı gerekir. Seçenekler içinde bir tek C ve E seçeneklerinde edilgen var. Tümce doğal, her zaman gerçekleĢebilecek bir durumu anlattığı için yanıt E.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
23.
The Etruscans, who colonized a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., had originally come from Asia Minor.Etrüskler önce Asia Minor'dan (=Anadolu) geldiler, sonra Italya'nın büyük bir bölümünü kolonileĢtirdiler. Yanıt B.
24.
The orders were that we had to evacuate the area within hours to prevent further loss of life.Bir noun clause tümce. Ana yüklem simple past olduğu için boĢluğa gelecek yüklemin de past olması gerekir. B, C ve E seçenekleri elenir. Tümcenin öznesi emir ve bir zorunluluk durumu da D seçeneğinde var.
25.
He concluded his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race had been marked by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to another.Tümce bir noun clause. Ġlk boĢluğa past tense bir yüklem gelirse, ikinci boĢluk da past olmalı. "Entire history of human race" henüz sona ermediğine göre, bu kiĢi Ģu an konuĢuyor olsa "Entire history of human race has been marked by ..." derdi. A seçeneği, bu tümcenin aktarım (= reported) hali.
26.
The advance in the steel industry has been marked by a progressive increase in size, complexity and capital outlay.Tümcenin yüklemi edilgen. Bu durumda ilk aranacak sözcük by olmalı. Yanıt D. increase + in yapısı 6. soruda da geçmekte.
27.
The answer to the question whether great art can exist independently of religion will, to a large extent depends on society's moral and aesthetic values.Tümcenin ana yüklemi depends on. "The answer to the question" bölümünden sonra gelen bölümün, bu sorunun ne olduğunu açıklaması gerekir. Bu durumda da ilk boĢluğa gelecek sözcük bir soru sözcüğü olmalı. Bir tek A (what) ve C (whether) soru sözcükleri taĢımakta. Bunun ardından anlam açısından bir niceleme yapılması gerekir. Yanıt C.
28.
Thailand has lost half of its forests as its population has more than doubled in recent decades.Ġlk boĢluktan sonra bir tümce gelmekte. Bu durumda C ve E elenir (so as + to,
because of + noun/-ing). D seçeneği anlamsal olarak yanlıĢ, bir koĢul durumu yok. En yakın çeldirici olan B seçeneği tümceye yerleĢtirilirse ikinci boĢluğa gelen mostly sözcüğü ile doubled sözcüğü uyuĢmamakta, çünkü mostly = often. Yanıt A. (as = because / when)
29.
Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know
whose it was, and added that it was not his .ġemsiyenin sahibi soruĢturuluyor. Yanıt B.
30.
The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was as yet too early to propose amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations.too + adj./adv. + to + V. Yanıt E.
31.
Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives, rather than merely putting forward an action programme.Seçenekleri eleyerek gitmek en iyisi. BoĢluktan sonra Ving gelmekte; burada insist on
taking .... (insist on) putting yapısı mevcut. A seçeneğinde to + V gerekir. C seçeneğinde as far as + tümce. D seçeneğinde in that + tümce. E seçeneğinde so long as + tümce. Yanıt B.
32.
If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries wouldn't have, either.
Third condition. Yan tümcenin yüklemi olumsuz olduğu için en yakın çeldirici olan E seçeneğindeki too yanlıĢ. Yanıt B.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
ZAMAN KAVRAMI (=TENSE)
1. GĠRĠġ
Zamanlar Present, Past, ve Future sırası ile ele alınmaktadır. Ele alınan tense baĢlıkları:
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE V
2 V will / be going to + V
CONT. was / were + V
ing am / is / are + Ving will be + Ving
PERFECT had + V3 have / has + V3 will have + V3 PER. CONT. had been + V
ing have / has been + Ving will have been + Ving
2. PRESENT
2.1. Simple Present Tense
a) Her zaman olan / olabilecek olaylar için kullanılır.
The earth rotates around the sun.
Dünya Güneş'in çevresinde döner.
You should apologise when you ... him. A. saw
B. will see C. see D. had seen E. were seeing
b) Bir olayı naklederken, özellikle hikaye dilinde kullanılır.
Rosencrantz flips a coin. (Bir tiyatro oyunundan)
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
c) Her zaman olan, olabilecek ve bir sıklığa sahip olayların anlatımında kullanılır.
I always / sometimes / rarely brush my teeth.
Because the office is too busy these days, I ... find time for lunch. A. hardly B. always C. often D. usually E. almost always
Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (A-C) Türkçe'ye aktarılırken "yüklem + -Er/-Ir" yapısı kullanılır.
d) Geleceğe ait kesin bir olaydan söz ederken kullanılır.
We set off after lunch.
e) Normalde VERB konumunda Ving yapısı ile kullanılmayan bazı yüklemlerle birlikte kullanılır:
astonish, belong to, believe, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, fit, forget, guess, have, hear, hate, imagine, include, impress, know, like, love, need, owe, realize, recognize, regret, resemble, remember, satisfy, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish
o feel yüklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I feel he is right) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "hissetmek" anlamı (- How are you feeling today?) taĢıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o have yüklemi "sahip olmak" (- She has three children.) anlamında "-ing" almaz"; "..almak / yemek" anlamı (- They are having lunch.) taĢıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o hear yüklemi alıĢılmadık durum belirttiğinde (- I'm hearing things. / Gaipten sesler duyuyorum.) "-ing" ile kullanılabilir.
o see yüklemi alıĢılmadık durum belirttiğinde (- I'm seeing double) "-ing" ile kullanılabilir.
o smell
yüklemi "koku salmak" (- It smells nice.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "koklamak"
anlamı (-She is smelling the flowers.) taĢıdığında "-ing" alabilir.o taste yüklemi "tadı olmak" (- It tastes nice.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "tatmak" anlamı (- Why are you tasting the soup?) taĢıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
o think yüklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I think he is right.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "düĢünmek" anlamı (- What are you thinking ?) taĢıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (D-E) Türkçe'ye aktarılırken "yüklem + - Er/-Ir" ya da çoğu kez "yüklem + - Iyor" yapısı kullanılır.
f) Emir vermek için kullanılır.
Stop !
Please ... smoke before you see the red light off. A. not to
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
C. do notD. to E. not
2.2. Present Continuous Tense
a) ġu anda gerçekleĢmekte olan olaylar için kullanılır.
You are reading a sentence.
I'm afraid you can't speak to Tom now because he ... a shower. A. has B. had C. is having D. was having E. would have
b) ġu aralar olmakta olan olaylar için kullanılır.
I am reading a wonderful novel.
c) Geleceğe yönelik kesin planlarda kullanılır.
What are you doing tomorrow ?
d) KonuĢmacıyı tedirgin eden ve sık tekrarlanan bir olay için always ile birlikte kullanılır.
She is always complaining about my dog.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Genelde Ģu zaman sözcükleri ile kullanılır:
now, at present, at the moment
2.3. Present Perfect Tense
a) Az önce tamamlanan bir olay için, genelde just ile kullanılır.
I have just drunk a cup of tea.
He ... only just ..., so he should be tired. A. did / come
B. was / coming C. will / come D. had / come E. has / come
b) Zamanın belli olmadığı ya da önemli olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır.
Peter has been to the States twice.
c) GeçmiĢte yapılmıĢ, Ģu anda ya da gelecekte yapılabilme olasılığı var olan olaylar için kullanılır.
He has won 3 Oscars.
d) Sınırları kesin olmayan bir zamanla [1], ya da, zaman diliminin sona ermediğinde [2] kullanılır.
The population has risen dramatically lately. [1]
They haven't had a holiday this year. [2]
This is the largest car that I ... whole my life. A. have seen
B. saw C. will see D. had seen E. am seeing
So far, we ... only a part of the project. A. will complete
B. completed C. complete
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
D. have completedE. were completing
We ... an enormous number of tourists this summer. A. had
B. have had C. had had D. would have E. were having
Apparently, she ... her homework yet. A. didn't do
B. won't do C. doesn't do D. isn't doing E. hasn't done
Yet sözcüğünün farklı kullanım ve anlamları:
be
+ yet
daha, bir de, üstüne üstlük.olumlu eylem + yetever.
Tümce baĢında yet, fakat anlamındadır.
I ... here since 1983. A. have lived B. am living C. lived D. live E. will live
Since ve for sözcüklerinin kullanımı:
Since + eylemin baĢlama zamanı.
For + dönem
.
Since + simple past.
Since the day he ... ill, he ... a lot of reading. A. is/did
B. was/does C. was/did D. is/has done E. was/has done
Present Perfect'in bu kullanımları (A-D) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DI", çeviri metni resmi bir dil taĢıdığında da "yüklem + - mIĢtIr" yapısı ile aktarılır.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
I have been a teacher for 7 years.
Bu kullanım (E) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DIr" yapısı ile aktarılırsa da -DIr takısı genelde düĢer.
2.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a) Present Perfect'ten farklı olarak, daha süreli bir eylemi kapsar.
I have been writing since ten this morning.
He ... very hard every day for the last week. A. studies
B. will study C. is studying D. studied
E. has been studying
b) Kimi zaman, olayın kendisi bitmiĢ olsa bile etkisi sürmektedir.
You look terrible. Have you been fighting ?
Judging from the wet streets, I can say that it ... very heavily. A. is raining
B. rains C. will rain D. was raining E. has been raining
Present Perfect (Continuous) genelde Ģu zaman sözcükleri ile kullanılır:
recently, lately, so far, by far, since, for, yet, already
Present Perfect Continuous Türkçe'ye, eylem sonuçlanmamıĢ ise (A) "yüklem + -Iyor/-mEktE", eylem sonuçlanmıĢ ise (B) "yüklem + -DI" ile aktarılır.
3. PAST
3.1. Simple Past Tense
a) GeçmiĢte belirli bir zamanda bitmiĢ bir olay için kullanılır.
He left a minute ago.
Where did the accident happen ?
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Simple Past'ın bu kullanımı (A) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DI", daha resmi yapılarda ise "yüklem + mIĢtIr" kullanılarak aktarılır.
He ... about to resign when they offered him a better position in the firm. A. was B. is C. will be D. would be E. had been
b) GeçmiĢe ait bir alıĢkanlık için always
, never, vs. ile kullanılır.
He always wore a hat.
Simple Past'ın bu kullanımı (B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -I/ErdI" kullanılarak aktarılır.
3.2. Past Perfect Tense
a) GeçmiĢte önce olan olay için Past Perfect
, sonra olan olay için de Simple Past kullanılır.
When the police arrived, the burglad had escaped.
b) Past Perfect temelde Present Perfect'in past halidir.
He had won 3 Oscars.
We met at a party yesterday, but we ... each other by sight for years. A. had known B. know C. knew D. have known E. will know
Past Perfect Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -mIĢtI" ile, ya da, pek sık olmasa da, ""yüklem + - DIydI" ile aktarılır.
3.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
I had been writing since 10 this morning.
You looked terrible. Had you been fighting ?
He ... carefully when he had the accident. A. didn't drive
B. doesn't drive C. wouldn't drive D. hadn't driven E. hadn't been driving
Past Perfect Continuous Türkçe'ye " yüklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI / -mIĢtI" kullanılarak aktarılabilir.
3.4.
Past Continuous Tense
a) GeçmiĢte bir süre devam etmiĢ olan olayların aktarımında kullanılır.
She was earning quite a lot of money.
b) Ani ve daha kısa bir eylemle karĢılaĢan/o eylem tarafından kesilen bir eylem için kullanılır.
When she heard the explosion she was having bath.
When I last saw him, he ... English. A. studied
B. studies C. will study D. is studying E. was studying
While I ... my bike, Tom arrived. A. mended
B. mend C. am mending D. have mended E. was mending
He gave the promise that he ... the city in a day. A. has left
B. leaves C. is leaving D. would be left E. was leaving
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Past Continuous Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI" ile aktarılır.
3.5.
Infinitive
yapılarda
past
OluĢum:
I know that ... It is known that ...
He's Scottish.
They're working.
She died here.
... he's Scottish.
... they're working.
... she died here.
... he's Scottish.
... they're working.
... she died here.
He's known to be Scottish.
They're known to be working.
She's known to have died here.
Infinitive (to + yüklem) Ġngilizce'de to have + V3 ile past hali alır.
He is believed to have a big fortune. PRESENT
He is believed to have lived in misery. PAST
Ancient Egyptians are known ... unbelievably complex buildings. A. to build B. building C. build D. to building E. to have built
3.6.
Gerund
yapılarda
past
Gerund (Ving) yapısı Ving ya da having + V3 kullanılarak past yapılabilir.
Having completed/Completing the task, the students had a break.(= After they had completed ... )
Bu yapı present nitelik de taĢıyabilir.
Having completed the task, the students will have a break. (= After they have completed .... )
... some money, he didn't need to work any more. A. Having made
B. To make C. Make
D. Having to make E. To have made
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
4. FUTURE
4.1. will
a) Bir plan ya da kesinleĢmiĢ amaç olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır.
Don't worry. You'll succeed.
I hope I ... it. A. found B. will find C. am finding D. was finding E. will be finding
Bu kullanım (A) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.
b) Sonuç kesin / doğal olduğunda, kimi zaman da bir inatlaĢma söz konusu ise kullanılır.
When it is wet, this paint will give a terrible smell.
Don't insist. She will say no.
Bu kullanım (B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - I/Er" ya da "yüklem + - EcEkDIr" ile aktarılır.
4.2. be going to
a) Bir plan ya da kesinleĢmiĢ amaç olduğu zaman kullanılır.
Don't worry. I'll help you.
b) Bir eylemin gerçekleĢeceğine ait kesin iz, belirti varsa kullanılır.
She looks very pale. I think she's going to faint.
According to my schedule, I ... my dentist tomorrow. A. see
B. will see C. would see D. saw
E. am going to see
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
c) was / were going to yapısı yapılması amaçlanan ama gerçekleĢmesine olanak ya da gerek
kalmayan eylemler için [1] - ya da bunun tam tersi olarak gerçekleĢmesine gerek yokken gerçekleĢen [2] - olaylar için kullanılır. Dilbilgisi kitaplarında Future in the Past olarak da ele alınmaktadır.
I was going to call him. He called me. [1]
They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while they took shelter there during the rain. [2]
I ... you the other day, but I had visitors. A. will visit
B. visited C. have visited D. had visited E. was going to visit
Bu kullanım (C) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEktI" ile aktarılır.
4.3. be to
a) will (definitely) anlamında kullanılır.
The Queen is to visit New Zealand.
Bu kullanım (a) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.
b) should anlamında kullanılır.
You are to do your homework.
All of us ... the meeting if we want it to be influential. A. attended
B. are attending C. were attending D. are to attend E. will have attended
Bu kullanım (b) Türkçe'ye should gibi aktarılır.
4.4. Future Continuous Tense
Gelecekte sürüyor olacak eylem için kullanılır.
This time tomorrow, I'll be sleeping.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Most probably, people ... for water by the year 2050. A. will fightB. fight
C. have fought D. had fought E. will be fighting
Future Continuous
Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - Iyor / - mEktE olacak" ile aktarılır.
4.5. Future Perfect Tense
Gelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanmıĢ olacak eylem için - genelde zaman belirten by sözcüğü ile birlikte - kullanılır.
This time tomorrow, I'll have gone to bed.
Hemen her zaman by ya da by the time ile kullanılır:
By the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous)
By + zaman gösteren ad, future perfect
(continuous)
In a fortnight's time from now, they ... their exam. A. have taken
B. are taking C. had taken D. took
E. will have taken
Future Perfect Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - mIĢ olacak" ile aktarılır.
Future Perfect Continuous yapı fazla kullanılmaz.
By the time he finishes his assignment, he will have been working on it for twelve hours.
MODAL VERB
1. TANIM
Kimi modal verb yapılar ad ya da yüklem olarak taĢıdıkları anlama (can (n) = teneke kutu, have (v) = sahip olmak, May (n) = Mayıs, must (n) = gereklilik, will (n) = irade; vasiyetname) dikkat etmek gerekebilir.
2. KULLANIM VE ÇEVĠRĠ
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
2.1. be (= am / is / are) able to
"Bir Ģeyi yapabilmek" anlamını taĢır.
I am able to run a mile.
Ben bir mil koşabilirim.
They will be able to complete the project on time
She was able to say a few words.
We haven't been able to understand it.
Bu yapı Türkçeye "yüklem + - EbIl- " ile aktarılır.
2.2 can
a) bir Ģeyi yapabilmek
Can you speak German ?
b) olasılık
He can be here any moment.
c) izin, rica
Can I leave early ?
Can you turn the volume down ?
Bu kullanımlar (a-c) Türkçeye "yüklem + - EbIl-" ile aktarılır.
Can sözcüğünün farklı kullanım ve anlamları bulunmakta:
can't stand = katlanamamak, hoĢlanmamak
can't help = kendini tutamamak
can't stand / can't help + Ving d) Olumsuz sonuç çıkarma
It can't be her. She is much taller.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
e) GeçmiĢe ait olumsuz sonuç çıkarma.
She can't have left earlier.
2.3. could
a) GeçmiĢte bir Ģeyi yapabilmek.
I could swim across the lake then.
Tom ... read and write when he was only 4 years old. A. can B. must C. have to D. could E. should b) olasılık
Perhaps she could answer all the questions.
c) izin, rica
Could you do me a favour ?
d) teklif
Could we meet at around 12 tomorrow ?
e) Sonuç çıkarma
He could be at home. He could be sleeping.
f) GerçekleĢmemiĢ, geçmiĢe ait olasılık
I could have passed the test.
2.4. dare
a) Cesaret etmek
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
b) Sadece I daresay yapısı ile, olasılık
I daresay you are tired.
2.5. had better
Tercih, "olsa iyi olur"
Hadn't we better start rightaway ?
I'd better keep it in a box.
You ... better see a doctor; you look awful. A. may B. would C. had D. must E. should
2.6. have (got) to
a) KonuĢmacının gerçeklere dayanarak ilettiği zorunluluk.
She has to leave immediately. There is a phone call.
b) Gerekmezlik (= needn't )
You don't have to study at all.
She won't have to go.
We didn't have to buy anything.
Kimi zaman have = sahip olmak yüklemi, have to ile benzer bir Ģekilde kullanılıyor olabilir. Tümcenin anlamını yanlıĢ anlamamak için dikkat etmek gerekir.
This book has a lot to say. (= This book has a lot of things to say.) Have to ile sık karıĢtırılan bir yapı:
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
The wound has healed now; you ... wear that bandage any longer. A. ought to B. will need to C. don't have to D. could E. should
Because of a diversion on the road, they ... another road while they left the town.
A. had to take B. have to take C. must have taken D. need to take E. should have taken
2.7. may
a) Olasılık
We may never see that comet again.
b) Ġzin, rica
You may go.
c) Gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem.
Many species may have died out by then.
d) GeçmiĢe ait olası eylem
He may have missed the bus.
e) GeçmiĢte gerçekleĢmemiĢ olasılık
They may have won the match. They played terribly.
f) may as well = had better
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
g) Dualar may ile olur. May özneden önce gelir.
May God be with you.
h) Rağmen
anlamı veren tümcelerde (=
Concession Clause), devrik yapıda may kullanılabilir.2.8. might
a) zayıf olasılık
This medicine might have some side effects
b) izin isteme
Might we suggest something ?
c) gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem
By the year 2.000, you might have died.
Olasılık söz konusu olduğunda dikkat edilmesi gereken bir özellik:
can/may/might + have + V3 bağlama göre past ya da future olabilir.
d) geçmiĢe ait olası eylem
He might have tried to contact you.
e) geçmiĢte gerçekleĢmemiĢ olasılık
They might at least have apologized.
f) might as well = had better
Buy a ticket; you ... the grand prize. A. might even win
B. could even have won C. even won
D. need even have won E. must even win
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Farklı anlam ve kullanımlar:
might as well = had better
may / can / could / might well pekalâ, neden olmasın
2.9. must
a) konuĢmacının zorunlu gördüğü, kendi fikrine dayalı zorunluluk
I don't want her here. She must go. / Onu burada istemiyorum. Gitmeli./Gitmesi şart.
We ... hurry, or we will be late! A. must
B. had to C. should D. ought to E. can
b) çok kuvvetli olasılık
There must be a mistake. Check it again.
He must be sleeping. I can hear his snore.
Olasılık söz konusu olduğunda, must sözcüğü açısından bir özellik:
mustn't yerine can't
mustn't be + Ving yerine can't be + Ving
mustn't have + V3 yerine can't have + V3
Your umbrella is wet; it ... raining outside. A. must be
B. was C. can't be D. might be E. should be
The lights have gone; a fuse ... A. will have blown
B. can blow
C. must have blown D. might blow E. should blow
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
c) Yasaklama
You must not take any pictures here.
d) GeçmiĢte gerçekleĢmiĢ olması olası eylem
He must have missed the bus.
2.10. need(n't)
a) Gerekmezlik (= don't/doesn't have to)
You needn't worry.
He ... come with us if he doesn't want to. A. needs to B. needn't have C. didn't need to D. needn't E. needs to b) Gereklilik
Need I sign it ?
c) GeçmiĢte gerek olmadığı halde yapılmıĢ eylem.
We needn't have brought our tent; his tent is large enough.
2.11. ought to
a) Öğüt, tavsiye
It ought to be cleaned every two months.
b) GeçmiĢte gerçekleĢ(me)miĢ olasılık.
She ought to have been more careful.
2.12. shall
a) Gelecek. Resmi kullanım.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
b) Sadece Shall I ve Shall we ile, öneri.
Shall we go out ?
Soru formunda shall yalnızca iki Ģekilde kullanılmakta:
Shall I ...?
Shall we ... ?
2.13. should
a) Yükümlülük
He should work harder.
b) ġu anda gerçekleĢmesi gerekirken gerçekleĢmeyen - ya da bunun tam tersi - eylem.
You should be at home now. You should be studying.
c) Why veya How ile, tedirginlik ve öfke ifadesinde.
How should I know it ?
d) Olasılık
He worked hard. So, he should succeed.
e) GeçmiĢte gerçekleĢmemiĢ gereklilik
She should have seen her mistake.
The flower is dead; I ... it twice a week, but I forgot. A. ought to water
B. ought to have watered C. should water
D. must water
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
f) Bazı yüklem ve sıfatlarla
I advise that she should resign.
g) Second conditional yapıda, devrik tümce oluĢturmak için.
Should he come, give him my message.
2.14. used to
a) GeçmiĢte olan ve artık devam etmeyen durum / alıĢkanlık.
I used to exercise regularly.
When I was a child, I ... a torch with me to bed so that I could read when everybody at home was sleeping. A. was taken
B. was taking C. used to take D. must take E. must have taken
b) Olumsuz yapıda, geçmiĢte olmayıp sonradan oluĢan durum / alıĢkanlık.
She didn't use to smoke.
He never used to leave the office early.
Her ne kadar used to ile doğrudan bir ilgisi olmasa da, karıĢıklığa neden olabildiği için be used to
ve
get used to yapılarına da değinmek yerinde olacaktır.
Be used to "alıĢkın olmak", get used to ise "alıĢkanlığı kazanmak" anlamlarını taĢırlar ve modal verbözellikleri yoktur.
"Your neighbours upstairs are making a lot of noise." "I'm used to it."
When I first moved to Ankara, life was difficult. Then I got used to living here.
Used to ile sık karıĢtırılan yapılar:
be used to = alıĢkın olmak
get used to = alıĢkanlığı kazanmak
be/get used to + Ving
be/get used to = be/get accustomed to
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Are you used ... late? A. having slept
B. sleeping C. to have slept D. to sleep E. to sleeping
Bazen, use eyleminin edilgen yapıda kullanımı (This is a tool [which is] used to cut glass) used to olarak algılanmakta ve hata yapılmakta:
(be) used (in order) to
Used to ve would farkı:
Used to eylem uzunca bir süre tekrarlandı / sürdü, artık sürmüyor.
Would bilerek ya da amaçlı eylem; eylemin gerçekleĢtiği zaman genelde belirtilir / ima edilir.
Would sözcüğünden sonra bir durum anlatan live, work gibi eylemler kullanılmaz.
2.15. will
a) Geleceğe yönelik durum, eylem
I will come with you.
Next month, we'll be opening a new branch.
Next month, we'll have opened a new branch.
b) Rica, istek
Will you please leave the door open ?
c) Geleceğe yönelik kesin ve doğal sonuç
She is so stubborn. She'll refuse it.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
a) GeçmiĢte alıĢkanlık. Used to yapısından farkı, bu alıĢkanlığın bitmiĢ olmasının gerekmemesidir.
He would drink a glass of wine after dinner. / Akşam yemeğinden sonra bir bardak şarap içerdi.
b) Rica, istek
Would you send the brochures as soon as possible ?
c) GeçmiĢte zorunluluk, kimi zaman inatlaĢma taĢıyan eylem.
I begged him to help me, but he wouldn't.
d) GeçmiĢte gerçekleĢmemiĢ eylem.
We would have stayed longer but the weather changed.
e) Second condition türü kullanımda
If you had not been so lazy you would be studying at university now.
2.17. would rather
"Tercih etmek, yeğlemek" anlamını taĢır.
I'd rather keep silent.
Tercih söz konusu olduğunda than kullanılır.
We'd rather starve to death than eat it.
would rather + tümce durumunda tümceninyüklemi Simple Past Tense ile oluĢturulur, ama anlam past değildir.
I'd rather you went first.
Would rather yapısının kullanımında dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar:
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Tercih söz konusu olduğunda than kullanılır.
would rather = would sooner
would rather + Özne + simple past
I ... go to the cinema than study English. A. had better B. needn't C. should D. have to E. would rather Az kullanılanlar:
would rather + have + V3
would rather that + özne + simple present
would rather that + özne + simple past
would rather that + özne + past perfect
EDĠLGEN YAPI (= PASSIVE)
1. KULLANIM
Ġngilizcede passive yapı be + V3 yapısı ile olur. Be yüklemi tümcenin zamanına uygun olarak am, is,
are, was, were, be, been hallerinden birini alır. Türkçede ise edilgen yapı "yüklem + -Il/In" yapısı ile oluĢturulur.
2. ZAMANLAR VE YARDIMCI YÜKLEMLERDE
PASSIVE
Simple Present
English is spoken in many countries.
İngilizce bir çok ülkede konuşulmakta. Present Continuous
The house is being decorated.
Present Perfect
She has been informed.
Present Perfect Continuous
The research has been being done. (Kullanılmaz!)
Simple Past
I was informed.
Past Continuous
I was being followed.
Past Perfect
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Past Perfect ContinuousI had been being questioned for hours. (Kullanılmaz!)
Future
will
It will be completed on time.
going to
They are going to be invited.
continuous
You will be being informed soon. (Kullanılmaz!)
perfect
It will have been opened by next week.
Modal verbs can
could
had better
have to
may
might
must
need to
ought to
shall
should
used to
would
would rather can + be + V3
could + be + V3
had better + be + V3
have to + be + V3
may + be + V3
might + be + V3
must + be + V3
need to + be + V3
ought to + be + V3
shall + be + V3
should + be + V3
used to + be + V3
would + be + V3
would rather + be + V3
Compulsary military service can be abolished in the near future.
A. Askerlik yakın gelecekte zorunlu hizmet olmaktan çıkarılabilir.
B. Yakın gelecekte zorunlu askerlik hizmeti kaldırılabilir. C. Zorunlu askerlik hizmeti yakında kaldırılacak.
D. Zorunlu askerlik hizmeti yakın gelecekte kaldırılabilmeli E. Zorunlu askerlik hizmetini kaldırılması yakın geleceğe kaldı.
She ... better instructions about the project; then, she wouldn't have made these mistakes.
A. must gave given B. ought to be given C. should have been given D. was able to give
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
3.
PASSIVE
ANLAM TAġIYAN YÜKLEMLER
Bazı yüklemler, tümceye göre, passive anlam taĢıyarak kullanılabilirler.
Your report reads well.
The new Ford is selling badly.
It is a nice material, but it doesn't wash.
ġu kullanıma dikkat:
prove possible/difficult/.. = be + proved possible/difficult/...
4.
ACTIVE
TÜMCENĠN NESNESĠNĠN BĠR
CLAUSE
OLMASI
Örneklerde de görüleceği gibi, active bir tümcenin nesnesinin bir clause olması durumunda
People believed (that) the witches communicated with the devil.
bu tümce çeĢitli durumlarda passive yapılabilir.
It was believed that the witches communicated with the devil.
The witches were believed to communicate with the devil.
That the witches communicated with the devil was believed.
Bu tür passive tümcelere bir diğer örnek:
Nobody knew whether he was telling the truth.
It was not known whether he was telling the truth.
Whether he was telling the truth was not known.
5.
INFINITIVE
YAPININ
PASSIVE
HALĠ
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
a) Gereksinim
These carpets are to be cleaned regularly. (=should be cleaned)
This form is to be filled in in ink.
There is a lot of work to be done.
Mars is the first planet ... A. to discover B. to be discovered C. was discovered D. been discovered E. to be discovering b) will anlamında
An offer as generous as this one is not to be refused.
5.2. be + to be seen / found / congratulated
He was nowhere to be seen.
The dog was nowhere to be found.
5.3.
be + to blame
yapısı
be + to be blamed
anlamında
Nobody is to blame for the accident.
5.4. anything / nothing + to do / to be done
There is nothing to do.
There is nothing to be done.
5.5. supposed to
I am supposed to be at home gibi bir tümce iki tamamen farklı anlam taĢıyabilir:
[1] = Everyone supposes that I'm at home.
[2] = I should be at home now. Uygun anlam "bağlam" yolu ile anlaşılabilir.
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
5.6. to have been + V
3to have been + V3 yapısı perfect / past anlam taĢıdığından
I would like to be invited tümcesi Türkçeye
Davet edilmeyi isterim. / Keşke davet edilsem şeklinde aktarılabilirken,
I would like to have been invited tümcesi
Davet edilmiş olmayı isterdim. / Keşke beni davet etselerdi Ģeklinde Türkçeye aktarılabilir.
Mr Anderson is thought to ... because there is no apparent reason why he should commit suicide.
A. be killing B. kill
C. have killed D. have been killed E. have been killing
5.7. get + (nesne) + V
3Ġngilizcede edilgen yapıda be + V3 yerine get + V3 kullanılabilmektedir.
How did the window get broken ?
His money got stolen.
EDĠLGEN YAPI (= PASSIVE)
1. KULLANIM
Ġngilizcede passive yapı be + V3 yapısı ile olur. Be yüklemi tümcenin zamanına uygun olarak am, is,
are, was, were, be, been hallerinden birini alır. Türkçede ise edilgen yapı "yüklem + -Il/In" yapısı ile oluĢturulur.
2. ZAMANLAR VE YARDIMCI YÜKLEMLERDE
PASSIVE
Simple Present
English is spoken in many countries.
İngilizce bir çok ülkede konuşulmakta. Present Continuous
The house is being decorated.
Present Perfect
|:oko: (kaynak:anonim) |
Present Perfect ContinuousThe research has been being done. (Kullanılmaz!)
Simple Past
I was informed.
Past Continuous
I was being followed.
Past Perfect
He had been misunderstood.
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being questioned for hours. (Kullanılmaz!)
Future
will
It will be completed on time.
going to
They are going to be invited.
continuous
You will be being informed soon. (Kullanılmaz!)
perfect
It will have been opened by next week.
Modal verbs can
could
had better
have to
may
might
must
need to
ought to
shall
should
used to
would
would rather can + be + V3
could + be + V3
had better + be + V3
have to + be + V3
may + be + V3
might + be + V3
must + be + V3
need to + be + V3
ought to + be + V3
shall + be + V3
should + be + V3
used to + be + V3
would + be + V3
would rather + be + V3
Compulsary military service can be abolished in the near future.
A. Askerlik yakın gelecekte zorunlu hizmet olmaktan çıkarılabilir.
