2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel
The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella. Novel is a long
narrative prose that describe fictional characters and events in the form of a
sequential story. A novel is a literary work has been appreciated by many people
because it aims to entertains and teaches. The genre has historical roots both in the
fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novel.
The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present
generic English term in the 18th century. The first significant European novelist is
Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, the first part of which was published
in 1605.
Shaw (1972:189) says, “A novel is lengthy fictitious narrative prose
portraying character and presenting an organized series of events and settings.” It
means that long or short of a work is often used as a distinguishing feature
between short stories and novels. Short stories usually range between 1,500 to
15,000 words, while novel about 70,000 sometimes 40,0000 words. Characters
and action representative of the real life of past or present times. Novel and short
story tell all events or problems that occur in human life.
Every novel has five elements: Characters - The people (or sometimes
animals) the story is about. Theme - The writer of the story is trying to teach the
reader and provide the message. Plot - What happens in the story. Setting - When
and where the story takes place. And the last, Point of view - Who is telling the
the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what
all (or most) of the story's characters are thinking.
2.2 Character
A character or fictional characters is a person in narrative work of arts,
such as a novel, drama, television series, or film. In literature, characters guide
readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and theme. The
types of characters in the novel is flat characters and round characters. A character
has strategic position to delivers the message, moral, or something that would be
given to the reader.
Abrams (1981:20) says, “Character is the person who is performed in a
narrative prose or drama, and it is interpreted by the reader which has quality of
moral and the certain tendency such as expression in conversation and what he
has done in action.” It means that a character with the personal quality is related to
the reader to get the message and the reader interprets the character by seeing his
action and conversation.
Furqonul (1987:51) says that the characters in a good novel are interesting,
intriguing, consistent, convincing, complex and realistic. If the author has created
a particularly vivid or individualistic characters, then we, as readers, will find that
character interesting regardless of whether or not we symphatize with him or her.
It means that characters is one part which very important in a story. Character
make the story become real and interesting.
Round Characters is a major character in a fiction of work who encounters
and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you
most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real
life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number
of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including
description and dialogue. A character's responses to conflict and his or her internal
dialogue are also revelatory.
Flat Characters is a minor character in a fiction of work who does not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as
"two-dimensional characters" or "static characters," flat characters play a
supporting role to the main character, who as a rule should be round. To the
degree that the stock characters have many common traits, they are representative
of their class, or group. Such characters, with variations in names, ages, and sexes,
have been constant in literature since the ancient Greeks. Some regular stock
characters are insensitive father, the interfering mother, the sassy younger brother
or sister, the greedy politican, the resourceful cowboy or detective, the
overbearing or henpecked husband, the submissive or nagging wife, and the angry
police captain. Stock characters stay flat as long as they merely perform their roles
and exhibit conventional and un individual traits. When they posses no attitudes
except those of their class, they are labeled stereotype, because they all seem to be
cast from the same mold or printing matrix.
Main Characters are actors which appear the most in the story and always
plot. Main characters are the important part in the novel because the y have role to
run the story, main characters in a novel could be more than one in the different
major quality.
Peripheral characters are the actors who have part in supporting the story.
The presence of the peripheral characters in whole story are limited and they are
usually only related to the main characters.
2.3 Theme
Yelland (1983:189) says that the central thought in a literary work. In a
novel, theme is the central idea developed in the plot. Theme is one of the
fundamental components of fiction. Theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a
story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Theme often
explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated
explicitly.
In contemporary literary studies, a theme is the central topic a text treats.
Themes can be divided into two categories : a work’s thematic concept is what
readers “think the work is about” and its thematic statements being “what the
work says about the subject”.
An imaginative work, a theme can be expressed in various ways, such as
through character dialogue, through conflict, or through indirect comments.
Therefore, a good theme is a theme that is not expressed directly and clearly. You
extract it from the characters, action, and setting that make up the story. In other
Shaw (1972:237) says that theme is the central and dominating idea in a
literary work. The theme is the main idea or topic of the story. Sometimes, an
author writes a story that is based on a particular theme. Other times, the theme
appear before the author writes the story. The theme of the story doesn’t need to
convey a moral point. It only needs to convey the author’s views on a particular
subject.
Peck and Coyle (1984:141) say, “theme of work is the large of idea or
concept it is dealing with. in order to grasp the theme of work, we have to stand
back from the text and see what sort of general experience or subject links all its
details together.” It means that theme is a large idea, to be able to understand a
theme, we must to see from the text or the general experience of the author.
Scharbach (1965) says, “Theme represents all of the many things the
author has to say about the various aspect of life that he shows his reader, and
statements of theme can be arrived at only through the inductive prose.” It means
that every novelist can convey various aspects of life to his readers. Theme
sometimes considers a message.
2.4 Plot
Plot is one of the most important elements in shaping a work of fiction.
Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main
part of a story. The plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the
character and setting are built around. Plot as a media for understanding the life of
Arrowsmith (1963:13) says that plot structure includes three parts :
a) Exposition (setting forth of the begining)
b) Conflict (a complication that moves to climax)
c) Denouement (Literally, the outcome of the conflict, the resolution).
It means that plot elements are just based on exposition of the begining of the
events, the development of events that led to the conflict which climax, and the
denouement of the conflict.
Stanton (1965:14) says that plot is a story that consist of the sequence of
events, but each events just related by casual sequence, and an event is caused or
can caused the other events happened. it means that the plot is the arrangement of
the events in a story into a casual sequence.
Hartoko (1985:48) says that there are two types of plot. They are:
a) Flashback plot (mixed plot)
This technique is used by the author to display events in the past.
b) Flash-forward plot (progressive plot)
This technique is easier to understand by the reader because the author
tells the story chronologically.
2.5 Setting
Setting is the time, place, and social reality within which a story takes
place. We have no understand where we are , in which period of time, in which
society and at which level in that society if we are no to interpret correctly the
characters, and plot, because all of them is an integral part. Setting should be able
to form a specific theme and plot.
Fananie (2001:98) says, “The successful setting must be integrated with
the theme, character, style, implication or the related of its philosophical.” It
means that setting must be able to form the certain theme and plot with the place,
time, area, and certain people with specific characteristic.
Novel not only needs characters, theme and plot, but also setting. Setting
usually directs to the definition of place, connection of time and social
environment where the event happens. Setting gives the basic of story correctly
and clear. The setting is important to give realistic impression to the readers,
created a certain situation at a glanced is really happened. So, the readers feel
easier to create their imagination and participation to criticize the story
Nurgiyantoro (2004:227-223) says that setting can be divided into three
main element, they are : setting of place, setting of time, and setting of social.
Setting of place ; time and social condition that becomes place for figures do and
affected an event. Setting will influence the action and way of thought of figures.
Setting of time means when the time of story happen. The problem of when
usually connects with factual time for example day, month, year, weather, or
historical period. Setting of society is very close to the behavior of social life in a
certain place and certain time in novel. Social setting has connection with the
system of social life that contains many problems in complex scope. It can be
2.6 Point of View
Point of view is the angle of considering things which shows us the
opinion or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of
view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and
“see” what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc. Point of view is a reflection of
the opinion an individual from real life or fiction can have. The point of view
discusses about who is telling story, or from which position the events are
perceived. In general, point of view is differentiated into two kinds : first person
point of view and third person point of view.
In the first person point of view , the story is told by a character within the
story, a character using the first person pronoun, I. In the narrator is a secondary
character, the point of view is first person observer. In the third point of view , the
story is not told by a character but by "invisible author" using the third person
pronoun (he, she, or it) to tell the story. If the third person narrator gives us the
thoughts of characters (he wondered where he'd lost his baseball glove), then he is
a third person omniscient ( all knowing) narrator. In the third person narrator only
gives us information which could be recorded, then he is a third person dramatic
narrator.
There are four basic of point of views : a) The first of point of view is the
writer must whether the “I” is to be major or minor character, protagonist or
observer, or someone merely repeating a narrative he has heard at second hand. b)
The omniscient point of view,In which the author himself tells the story in the
bring into plays as much of that knowledge as he choosen. c) Observer’s point of
view, in modification of omniscient point of view, there is the narrative related
from the vision of the single character used by the author as a central observer or
central intelligence through whom anything cleared. d) The objective point of
view, though it is the third person narrative, like the omniscient point of view, the
author using this technique refrains from making a sides, commenting on the
action, or addressing the reader. The author becomes a seeing eye that reports but
does not interpret.
2.7 Telekinesis
Smith (2010:246) says, “Psychokinesis is the direct influence of thought
on physical objects or processes (moving things, bending spoons).” It means that
Telekinesis or psychokinesis Telekinesis is the psychic ability to directly
influence objects using mind. Telekinesis or psychokinesis is a hereditary trait,
produced by a gene that is usually recessive. Telekinesis or psychokinesis is not
only the ability of person since born, but telekinesis can be learned by ordinary
human beings with complicated sufficient concentration exercise. Some people
argue that the telekinesis ability is natural, therefore its very likely to learned by
practice of concentration of mind. To use telekinesis needs a long time to be able
to use it and will spend a lot of energy in the body, because all the energy in the
body centered to the brain.
There are two levels of it: Micro and Macro Telekinesis. Micro
Influencing matter on a visible scale. Macro Telekinesis is what most people
views as telekinesis. And few knows the difference between Micro and Macro.
Telekinesis is the power to move objects with our mind. As we get
stronger and better at it, we might be able to move heavier things. Telekinesis
takes great focus and it would help to meditate and practice frequently though it is
not required. A theory on Telekinesis is that energy flows where our attention
goes and our attention goes where our focus goes. one fact is, we all are made of
the same energy, so we must simply connect with whatever we are. trying to
move. Another is the Chaos Theory. No matter how small our focus is, it does
affect the thing somehow, and greater focus equals to greater effect. Concept of
telekinesis or psychokinesis is the argument that all objects have energy. That is
why we can move things by connecting our mental energy with the energy of the
