1 qualitative data collect mulya1

QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION

METHODS

DR. MULYANINGRUM, SE, M.HUM

What is qualitative data?

•

Data that are not easily reduced to numbers

•

Data that are related to concepts, opinions, values and

behaviors of people in social context

•

Transcripts of individual interviews and focus groups,

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA

1. Structured text, (writings, stories, survey comments, news

articles, books etc.)

2. Unstructured text (transcription, interviews, focus groups,

conversation)

3. Audio recordings, music

4. Video recordings (graphics, art, pictures, visuals)

The Underlying themes of qualitative research

1. Qualitative research occurs in natural setting

2.

Qualitative data derive from the participants’ perspective

3. Qualitative designs are flexible (i.e. Reflexive)

QUAL VS QUAN: data collection method

Quantitative

Qualitative

Sampling

Random sampling

Open ended and less structured

protocols (Flexible)

Tools

Structured data

collection instruments

Depend on interactive

interviews

Results

Produce results that

generalize, compare and

summarize

Produce results that give

meaning, experience and views

What is the process of qualitative data collection?

1- Identify your participants and sites.

2- Gain access.

3- Determine the type of data to collect.

4- Develop data collection forms.

What participants and sites will you study?

Purposeful sampling

•

Researchers intentionally select individuals and sites to learn and

understand the central phenomenon.

•

Types of Purposeful Sampling:

1. Maximal Variation Sampling

6. Critical Sampling

2. Extreme Case Sampling

7. Opportunistic Sampling

3. Typical Sampling

8. Snowball Sampling

What information will you collect?

Data collection approaches in qualitative research



Observations



Interviews and questionnaires



Documents

The process of observing:

1- Select a site to be observed that can help you best understand the central phenomenon.

2- Ease into the site slowly by looking around; getting a general sense of the site; and taking limited notes, at

least initially.

3- At the site, identify who or what to observe, when to observe, and how long to observe.

4- Determine, initially, your role as an observer.

5- Conduct multiple observations over time to obtain the best understanding of the site and the individuals.

6- design some means for recording notes during an observation.

Field notes: are text recorded by the researcher during an observation in a qualitative study.

INTERVIEWS: Occur when researchers ask one or more participants

general, open-ended questions and record their answers.

Advantages and disadvantages of the interview:

•

Advantages:

1- provide useful information

when you cannot directly

observe participants.

2- they permit participants to

describe detailed information

•

Disadvantages :

1- It

provides only information “filtered” through the

views of the interviewers.

2- Interview data may be deceptive and provide the

perspective the interviewee wants the researcher to

hear.

3- The presence of the researcher may affect how

the interviewee responds.

Types of interviews and open-ended questions on questionnaires:

1-

ONE-ON-ONE INTERVIEWS

: Is a data-collection process in which the

researcher asks questions to and records answers from only one participant in

the study at a time.

2-

FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS

: The process of collecting data through interviews

with a group of people, typically four to six.

3-

TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS

: Is the process of gathering data using the telephone

and asking a small number of general questions.

4-

ELECTRONIC E-MAIL INTERVIEWS

: Consist of collecting open-ended data

through interviews with individuals using computer and the internet to do so.

Conducting interviews:

1-Identify the interviewees.

2- determine the type of interview you will use.

3- during the interview, audiotape the questions and responses.

4- take brief notes during the interview.

5- locate a quiet, suitable place for conducting the interview.

6- obtain the consent from the interviewee to participate in the study.

7- have a plan, but be flexible.

DOCUMENTS

Consist of public and private

records that qualitative

researchers obtain about a site

or participants in a study and

they can include newspapers,

minutes of meeting, personal

journals, and letters.

DOCUMENTS

ADVENTAGES:

1- Being in the language and words

of the participants.

2- Ready for analysis without the

necessary transcription that is

required observational or interview

data.

DISADVENTAGES:

1- Documents are some times difficult to locate

and obtain.

2- Information may not be available to the

public.

3- Information may be located in distant

archives, requiring the researcher to travel,

which take time and can be expensive.

AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS

Consist of images or sounds

that researchers collect to

help them understand the

central phenomenon under

study.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using visual materials?

Advantages:

1- people easily relate to images because

they are so pervasive in our society.

2- Images provide an opportunity for the

participant to share directly their

perceptions of reality.

3- images such as videotapes and films, for

example, provide extensive data about real

life as people visualize it.

Disadvantages:

1- they are difficult to analyze because of the

rich information.

2- you as a researcher may influence the

data collected.

Steps of collecting audiovisual materials:

1- determine what visual material can provide

information to answer research questions and how that

material might augment existing forms of data, such as

interviews and observations.

2- identify the visual materials available and obtain

permission to use it

3- check the accuracy and authenticity of the visual

materials if you do not record it yourself.

4- collect the data and organize it.

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

COMMON QUALITATIVE STUDY DESIGNS

STUDY DESIGN

DESCRIPTION

Ethnography

Portrait of people- study of the story and culture of a group usually to

develop cultural awareness & sensitivity

Phenomenology

Study of individual’s lived experiences of events

-e.g. The experience of AIDS

care

Grounded theory

Going beyond adding to the existing body of knowledge-developing a new

theory about a phenomenon-theory grounded on data

Participatory action

research

Individuals & groups researching their own personal beings, socio-cultural

settings and experiences

Case study

In-depth investigation of a single or small number of units at a point (over a

period) in time. E.g. Evaluation of s service