POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY AN INDONESIAN NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL CONVERSATION.

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Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013

Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY AN INDONESIAN NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL CONVERSATION

A PAPER

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Education Department

By

FADLA TSANIA AGUSTIA 0605279

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND FINE ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY

AN INDONESIAN

NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL

CONVERSATION

Oleh

Fadla Tsania Agustia

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Agustus 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY AN INDONESIAN NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL CONVERSATION

By:

FADLA TSANIA AGUSTIA

0605279

Approved by:

Main Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,

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iv Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013

ABSTRACT

The present study centered on the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker in a casual conversation to a friend and a senior. It was intended to investigate the types of politeness strategies performed by the Indonesian participant to the friend and senior. It also aimed at exploring the factors which influenced the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation. The main data were the utterances delivered by an Indonesian participant to a friend and a senior in a conversation which were recorded, transcribed, then analyzed using Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness strategies (1987). The other data source was obtained from an interview with the Indonesian participant. The findings revealed that the Indonesian participant applied all the four politeness strategies, namely bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record both to the friend and senior. However, the frequency of occurrence of each strategy was different one to another. It was also discovered that the factors which influenced the Indonesian participant in employing politeness strategies involving relative power, social distance, and ranking of impositions. In addition, there were other possible factors stated by the Indonesian participant which were still needed to explore further namely age, gender, and educational background. It is suggested that the future study would investigate this issue and hire more participants.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 7

2.1 Theories of politeness ... 7

2.1.1 Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) ... 8

2.1.2 Leech’s Politeness Principle (PP) ... 10

2.1.3 The Principle of Mutual Consideration (PMC) ... 12

2.1.4 Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory... 13

2.2 Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies ... 15

2.2.1 Bald on record ... 16

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vi Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013

2.2.3 Negative politeness ... 22

2.2.4 Off record ... 27

2.3 Factors influencing politeness strategies usage ... 32

2.3.1 The social distance (D) of speaker and hearer... 32

2.3.2 The relative power (P) of speaker and hearer ... 33

2.3.3 The absolute ranking (R) of impositions in the particular culture... 34

2.4 Casual conversation and its realization in Indonesian context ... 36

2.5 Previous studies on politeness strategies usage of Indonesians ... 37

2.6 Present study ... 39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 40

3.1 Research design ... 40

3.2 Data collection ... 40

3.2.1 Data source ... 41

3.2.2 Participants ... 42

3.2.3 Data collection instruments ... 43

3.2.4 Data collection procedure ... 45

3.3 Data analysis ... 45

3.3.1 Identifying and classifying the utterances delivered by IS ... 45

3.3.2 Calculating the percentage of each politeness strategy ... 47

3.3.3 Exploring the factors influencing the use of politeness strategies by IS ... 47

3.3.4 Interpreting the data and representing the findings ... 48

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 49

4.1 Politeness strategies used by the Indonesian participant to friend .... 49

4.1.1 Bald on record: IS to friend ... 49

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vii Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013

4.1.3 Negative politeness: IS to friend ... 56

4.1.4 Off record: IS to friend ... 57

4.2 Politeness strategies used by the Indonesian participant to senior ... 61

4.2.1 Bald on record: IS to senior ... 61

4.2.2 Positive politeness: IS to senior ... 62

4.2.3 Negative politeness: IS to senior ... 66

4.2.4 Off record: IS to senior ... 69

4.3 Factors influencing the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant ... 74

4.3.1 Social distance and Relative power ... 75

4.3.2 Ranking of impositions ... 80

4.3.3 Other possible factors ... 84

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 88

5.1 Conclusions ... 88

5.2 Suggestions ... 90

REFERENCES ...

APPENDICES ... Appendix 1 The conversation transcript ... Appendix 2 The analytical table of politeness strategies used by the Indonesian native speaker towards friend ... Appendix 3 The analytical table of politeness strategies used by the Indonesian native speaker towards senior ... Appendix 4 The interview ...

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

The first chapter presents the brief elaboration of several elements covered

in the study. They are background of study, statement of problems, aims of study,

research methods, scope of study, significance of study, clarification of related

terms, and organization of paper.

1.1 Background of study

While doing social interaction, there is a particular self-image which a

person attempts to maintain for each other. This is what Goffman (1967, p. 222) called „face‟ which was defined as a self-image that people share “in terms of

approved social attributes…by making a good showing for himself”. Individuals

save each other‟s face due to the necessity of being polite. In sum, politeness can

be regarded as the expressions that are used to take care of individuals‟ faces in

order to preserve good relationship among them.

However, during communication, it is frequent that the speaker‟s desire might not be in line with the hearer‟s or vice versa. This condition leads to the

acts which are against “the face wants of the speaker and/ or the hearer” namely „Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)‟ (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 65). Dealing with

FTAs, people, whether consciously or not, will perform some strategies. Those strategies are known as „politeness strategies‟ and used for redressing messages in

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In terms of politeness strategies, Brown and Levinson (1987) listed four

major types of politeness strategies: 1) Bald on record; 2) Positive politeness; 3)

Negative politeness; and 4) Off-record. Furthermore, Brown and Levinson (1987)

also stated that the use of politeness strategies depends on three factors, which are

1) the social distance between participants; 2) the power relation of participants;

and 3) the rank of impositions (the threat of the FTAs). The detailed explanation

is discussed in Chapter II of the study.

Related to politeness strategies usage of Indonesians, several studies have

reported various findings. A study conducted by Nanda (2010) explored

politeness strategies of Indonesian presenters in a television show and found that

positive politeness became the strategy which was mostly used by the Indonesian

presenters. It is in line with the results of Vistiari‟s study (2002) which revealed

that Indonesian native speakers performed positive politeness most often among

the other strategies in the course meetings.

Nevertheless, different findings were obtained from Sa‟diyah‟s study

(2008). She investigated politeness strategies usage of Indonesian chatters in

Internet Relay Chat (IRC). The study evidenced that the most frequently used

strategy among them was bald on record. It was probably because the Indonesian

chatters thought it was the fastest and most effective way in internet chatting.

Moreover, since they did not meet in the real world so there might not be really

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The previous studies mentioned earlier have explored politeness strategies

usage of Indonesian speakers with various participants. Yet, none of them focused

on the factors which influence Indonesians in utilizing politeness strategies. In

fact, analyzing the factors may be useful for knowing the notion behind their

usage of politeness strategies. Furthermore, there are still a few studies concerning

politeness strategies in casual conversation whereas it is also worthwhile to be

examined because it actually happens in our daily life.

Regarding those phenomena, the present study attempted to investigate

politeness strategies applied by an Indonesian native speaker in a casual

conversation. It aimed at revealing types of politeness strategies which were

utilized by the Indonesian participant towards a friend and a senior. In addition, it

was intended to explore the factors which affected the use of politeness strategies

by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation.

1.2 Statement of problems

The present study began with phenomena which afterwards aroused

several enquiries. The questions covered in this study were as follows:

1. What types of politeness strategies are used by an Indonesian native speaker

to a friend in the casual conversation?

2. What types of politeness strategies are used by an Indonesian native speaker

to a senior in the casual conversation?

3. What are the factors that influence the use of politeness strategies by the

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1.3 Aims of study

Based on the research questions above, the present study aimed to reveal:

1. Types of politeness strategies which are applied by an Indonesian native

speaker to a friend in the casual conversation.

2. Types of politeness strategies which are applied by an Indonesian native

speaker to a senior in the casual conversation.

3. The factors which influence the use of politeness strategies by the

Indonesian paticipant in the casual conversation.

1.4 Research Methods

The design of this study is a qualitative study since the aims of the study

were in line with the basic purpose of qualitative study namely “to describe the characteristics of a particular group, event, or phenomena” (Alwasilah, 2000, p.

151). Particularly, it belongs to a case study which explored the use of politeness

strategies by an Indonesian native speaker. The data were collected by means of

video-recording and interview. Video-recording was employed to record the

conversation performed by the participants, while interview was used for

confirming the data obtained from the recording. There were three Indonesian

students involved in the conversation, but only the utterances delivered by an

Indonesian participant which were analyzed in this study.

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In order to reveal the types of politeness strategies utilized by the

Indonesian participant (henceforth, IS) to a friend and a senior, the utterances said

by IS in the recorded conversation were analyzed according to Brown &

Levinson‟s politeness strategies (1987). Afterwards, it was investigated whether

IS applied the same or different strategies towards the friend and senior to find out

the factors which influenced the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual

conversation. The data were obtained from the analyzed conversation as well as

the interview.

1.5 Scope of study

The present study focused on revealing politeness strategies which were

performed by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend and a senior in a casual

conversation. It also attempted to discover the factors which influenced the use of

politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation.

1.6 Significance of study

The present study is expected to give significance for some people in case

of theories, professions, and practices related to this area. The results of this study

is hoped to add more valuable data about the use of politeness strategies by

Indonesian speaker in casual conversation. Teachers and scholars may use it as an

example of language use realizations which can be shared to students or other

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1.7 Clarification of key terms

The main terms used in this paper would be clarified here in order to avoid

misunderstandings, they are as follows:

1. Politeness strategies are the strategies people perform in order to minimize

the FTAs (Brown & Levinson, 1987). Here, it refers to the politeness

strategies utilized by an Indonesian native speaker towards a friend and a

senior in a casual conversation.

2. Casual conversation in this study refers to a daily conversation between

three Indonesian native speakers who are regarded as the main participant,

the friend, and the senior.

1.8 Organization of paper

This research paper comprises five chapters including Introduction,

Theoretical Foundation, Research Methodology, Findings and Discussion, and

Conclusions and Suggestions. Chapter I, Introduction, consists of background,

statement of problems, aims of study, research methods, scope of study,

significance of study, clarification of key terms and organization of paper.

Chapter II, Theoretical Foundation, reviews the underlying theories and previous

related studies. Chapter III, Research Methodology, elaborates the research

design, data collection, and data analysis of the study. Chapter IV, Findings and

Discussion, presents results of the study along with the discussion. Chapter V,

Conclusions and Suggestions, covers some conclusions of the study and

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises several aspects of methodology involving research

design, data collection, and data analysis which were employed in this study to

examine types of politeness strategies used by an Indonesian native speaker to a

friend and to a senior in a casual conversation as well as the factors which

influenced the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the

casual conversation.

3.1 Research design

The present study is a descriptive qualitative study as well as a case study. As suggested by Alwasilah (2000, p. 151), the purpose of qualitative study is “to

describe the characteristics of a particular group, event, or phenomena.” It is in

line with the aims of the present study which attempted to explore the use of

politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend and a senior in a

casual conversation and the factors which influenced it.

3.2 Data collection

This sub-chapter presents the detailed explanation of data collection

including the data source, participants, data collection instruments, and data

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3.2.1 Data source

The analyzed recorded conversation was divided into two parts as figured

in the following scheme:

Figure 3.1 Indonesian conversation

The first part of the conversation (labeled as IC. 1) belongs to the

conversation between the main participant (initialed as IS) and the friend whose

relative power (henceforth, P) is equal to IS‟s P. It is considered as equal because

they are in the same age and they have the same education level. The social

distance (henceforth, D) between them is regarded as close since they have been

living together in the same boarding house for three years so they have shared

many things in common. Besides, the same age and education level make them

easier to build a closer relationship.

Meanwhile, the second part of the conversation (IC. 2) is the conversation

between IS and the senior whose P is higher than IS‟s P. It is regarded as higher

because the senior is older than IS and has higher education level than IS. The

social distance between them is not considered as close because the different age

and education level somehow create a gap between them. IS does not hang out

g

Senior IC. 1: IS & Friend

IS (P: higher, D: not close)

Friend IC. 2: IS & Senior

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with the senior as often as with the friend. Moreover, the senior lives in the

boarding house less longer than IS and the friend.

The duration of the conversation was approximately ninety minutes with

more than 200 utterances. Since the analyzed conversation held in a natural

setting, the topics emerged were various. Therefore, the ranking of impositions of

the cases evidenced in the conversation were identified in data analysis stage. The

number of utterances appeared in each part of the conversation might also differ

one to another because the utterances came out spontaneously.

3.2.2 Participants

In fact, there were three people who were involved in the recorded

conversation. They were three Indonesian native speakers. However, the

utterances analyzed were the ones which were performed by a participant. The

utterances delivered by the opposite partners were not examined because the

present study only focused on the usage of politeness strategies performed by an

Indonesian native speaker to a friend and a senior. Hence, the main participant

was an Indonesian native speaker (IS).

All participants were female students, including the researcher who

appeared to be the senior. Both the main participant and the friend were 19 years

old, while the senior was 24 years old. The reasons for selecting the participants

were based on characteristics and accessibility. Since they have been living

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natural and casual setting. It is very suitable for this study. Moreover, it is more

beneficial that the whole data were obtained in the same time and place.

3.2.3 Data collection instruments

Triangulation technique by means of video-recording and interview was

employed for collecting the data in this study. By combining the instruments

(triangulation), the risk of obtaining limited data will be minimized and the

validity of result will be increased (Alwasilah, 2000). In addition, using a variety

of research instruments instead of only a single instrument is useful to solve

problems on natural phenomena and the findings are likely to be more valid

(Furlong, Lovelace & Lovelace, 2000).

In this study, video-recording was used for recording the conversation held

by the participants. Later, the recorded conversation was transcribed. The purpose

of transcription is to manage the data which are obtained from various oral data

source, such as oral interviews and taped narratives (Furlong et al., 2000). It assists researchers to discover how participants build “the rules of talk using

linguistic means” (Mey, 2001, p. 138). By making transcripts of the recorded

conversations, any production of verbal information can be analyzed.

The second research instrument administered in this study was open-ended

interview. It was conducted to gain deeper information from the speaker who

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into their belief and experiences (Richards, 2009). The questions that were asked

for the interview are presented in Table 3.1 as follows:

Table 3.1 Interview Questions

NO. QUESTIONS

1 Do you use different way of speaking towards different people? (e.g. formal/ informal, direct/ indirect, joke/ hint, etc.)

2 Can you mention towards whom you differentiate your way of speaking? 3 What kind of different way of speaking that you use? (e.g. formal/

informal, direct/ indirect, joke/ hint, etc.)

4 Can you give some examples of sentences that show your different way of speaking towards different people?

5 In your point of view, what are the factors that influence the use of politeness?

6 Do you think the power relation [„the relative power‟] becomes one of the factors (e.g. towards the person whose status is higher than you, such as your teacher or senior)?

7 Do you think the seriousness level of topic talk [„the level of imposition‟] also becomes one of the factors (e.g. borrowing money versus inviting someone)?

8 Do you think the closeness [„the social distance‟] also becomes one of the factors (e.g. towards the person who has a close relationship with you versus the person you have just already met)?

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3.2.4 Data collection procedure

The study adapted data procedure of conversational analysis suggested by

Ten Have (1999, p.48, cited in Flick, 2009, p. 336) which is listed as follows:

1. Making recordings of natural interaction. The first stage of data collection in the present study is recording natural interaction, which is casual

conversation.

2. Conducting interview. Since this study also employs interview to collect

the data, so the second step is conducting interview.

3. Transcribing the tapes. The next sequence is transcribing the recorded conversation as well as the interview.

4. Analyzing selected episodes & reporting the research. These sections are elaborated in the following sub-chapter.

3.3 Data analysis

The data analysis procedures of the present study include identifying,

classifying, calculating, investigating, interpreting, and representing. They are

elaborated in the following sub-chapters, as follows:

3.3.1 Identifying and classifying the utterances delivered by IS

First, in order to reveal types of politeness strategies applied by IS towards

the friend and senior, the utterances in each part of conversation were identified according to Brown and Levinson‟s politeness strategies as illustrated in Figure

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Figure 3.2 Possible strategies for doing FTAs (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 69)

Each utterance was classified into a particular politeness strategy, as in:

1) IS: “Buat apa, Teh?” (translated: “What is it for, Sist?”)

The above utterance was classified as negative politeness strategy, in which the

speaker used an honorific or deference address term “Teh”- “Teteh” which is a Sundanese (one of tribes in Indonesia) term of calling an older female or senior

whose age difference is slight.

Another example can be seen in the following utterance:

2) IS: “Bangun!” (translated: “Wake up!”)

The utterance (2) belongs to bald on record strategy, since the speaker said the

demand directly in an imperative form.

1. without redressive action, baldly

on record 2. positive politeness

Do the FTA with redressive action

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3.3.2 Calculating the percentage of each politeness strategies

In order to know the percentage of each strategy in each part of

conversation, a simple calculation was done by employing the following formula:

F P = Percentage

P = ___ X 100%

F = Frequency of occurrences N

N = Total occurrences

For instance, if the number of bald on record strategy used by IS to friend is 20

times and the total number of politeness strategies used by IS to friend is 80 times,

so the percentage of bald on record strategies used by IS to friend is: 20 ÷ 80 =

0,25 x 100% = 25%. The highest percentage of certain strategy represents the

strategy which is mostly used by IS.

3.3.3 Exploring the factors influencing the use of politeness strategies by IS After knowing types of strategies used by IS to the friend and senior, the

next step was exploring the factors which influence the use of politeness strategies

by IS. It was conducted by investigating whether the three sociological variables

suggested by Brown and Levinson (1987) namely social distance (D), relative

power (P), and ranking of impositions (R) were evidenced in the analyzed conversation. The IS‟s answers from the interview were also included.

From the conversation analysis, it was explored whether IS applied the

same or different strategies to the friend and senior whose P and D are different

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politeness strategies in various impositions. The differences in the use of

politeness strategies which were found would indicate that P, R and D influence

the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual conversation.

Afterwards, IS‟s answers from the interview were also investigated. The

information concerning how IS used politeness strategies in her daily casual

conversation was confirmed with the data obtained from the conversation analysis. IS‟s opinions regarding the factors which influence politeness strategies

usage were also revealed.

3.3.4 Interpreting the data and representing the findings

The next step is interpreting the whole data to answer the three research

questions. First, the use of politeness strategies by IS towards the friend was

described. Second, the use of politeness strategies by IS towards the senior was

also explained. Third, the factors which influence the use of politeness strategies

by IS was elaborated as well. After all the research questions were answered, the

results were then associated with the prevailing theories and previous findings.

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88 Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This study was concerned with the use of politeness strategies by an

Indonesian native speaker towards a friend and a senior in a casual conversation.

It was intended to reveal types of politeness strategies which were applied by the

Indonesian participant (henceforth, IS) towards each of the interlocutors. The

other purpose was to discover the factors which influence the use of politeness

strategies by IS in the casual conversation.

The findings of this study revealed that IS utilized all the four Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies (1987), namely bald on record, positive

politeness, negative politeness, and off record both to the friend and senior.

Similarly, IS favored positive politeness strategy the most other than the other

strategies while talking to both of them. It can be seen from the frequent use of

in-group identity markers such as slang, jargon, dialect, and nicknames in the

conversation.

However, some differences were discovered in the use of other strategies

particularly bald on record and negative politeness. The results showed that to the

senior whose relative power (P) is regarded as ‘higher’ and whose social distance (D) value is regarded as ‘not close’, IS tended to use negative politeness strategy

and rarely used bald on record strategy. On the contrary, to the friend who has the

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strategy and often used bald on record strategy. These facts lead to the conclusion

that relative power and social distance has certain influence on politeness

strategies usage of IS in the casual conversation.

Furthermore, in terms of the ranking of impositions, it was evidenced that

IS applied different politeness strategies in various cases of impositions. When

expressing critic and disagreement which were regarded having high impositions,

IS tended to use more redressive strategies such as off record and negative

politeness. On the other hand, in having small talks like telling story or giving

information which have low impositions, IS performed less redressive strategy

namely positive politeness. From these findings, it is assumed that ranking of

impositions also has some influence on the use of politeness strategies by IS in the

casual conversation.

Concerning the other possible factors suggested by IS (e.g. age, gender,

and educational background), they cannot be firmly stated yet as the main factors

in the present study. It is because the present study did not include all those

variables in the focus of study. The age and education level in this study were

treated as one of assessments to determine the P and D value of the participants. It

is still required to conduct a further study proving that these variables could be

treated in separate way with the social distance and power relation factors.

Hopefully, these findings would add more useful data on the realization of

politeness strategies among Indonesian speakers and become a basis for further

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5.2 Suggestions

The present study has attempted to reveal the politeness strategies used by

an Indonesian native speaker (henceforth, IS) in a casual conversation on the

surface level. It also investigated the factors which influenced IS’s usage of

politeness strategies through comparing the politeness strategies used by IS

towards a friend and towards a senior in the casual conversation. Seemingly, these

issues has not been explored in previous studies. Therefore, the present study was

conducted to fill the gap.

For further studies, there are some suggestions which could be considered

in conducting research with relevant topic. While the present study only analyzed

the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker, it would be much

better if the further research can hire participants as many as possible to enrich the

data. Besides casual conversation in boarding house, there are also other settings

which can be considered such as at school, home, or public places. In addition,

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