THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY
MASTER THESIS
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master Study Program: Cultural Studies
Major: Art Studies
Written By: Nebojsa Djordjevic
S701208012
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
THESIS
THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY
Written By Nebojsa Djordjevic
S701208012
Committee Name Signature Date
Supervisor I Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari,
M. Hum, Ph.D.
NIP 196703231995122001
--- __-__-2014
Supervisor II Dr. Hartini, M. Hum.
NIP 1950030011978032004
--- __-__-2014
Certified the requirements on Date: ...2014.
Head of Cultural Studies Study Programme Postgraduate Programme UNS
THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY
THESIS
By
Nebojsa Djordjevic S701208012
Defended his thesis in front of examiners Acknowledge that he complies with requirements
On (date) ... 2014 Examination Committee:
Position Name Signature
Chairman Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M.
Hum
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLICATION
I truthfully declare that:
1. Thesis entitled THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN
DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY is my own research work and there are no scientific papers that have been asked by others to obtain academic degrees and there is no this work or opinion was never written
or published by another person, except those written with reference to the referent sources
mentioned in text and/or bibliography. If it proves that text of this have elements of
plagiarism, then I am willing to accept the sanctions required, both to my master 's degree
thesis along with cancelation of my title and procession according with the legislation in
force .
2. Publication of part or all of the contents of this thesis in scientific journals or other
forums must include the name of author, together with his advisor/mentorship team as well
as naming UNS as the institution where this writing was published. If there is a violation of
these provisions concerning publication, then I am willing to receive academic sanctions
that apply.
Surakarta , ...
Student
Nebojsa Djordjevic,
Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a (national) hero: Pangeran Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to examine the idea of heroism in Indonesia and how it was shown in painting as a relatively new art form in this country. Pangeran Diponegoro (1785-1855) was rebellious prince in Java who fought against the Dutch. He entered paintings in Indonesia as soon as his rebellion ended. His appearance is one of the constant motifs in Indonesian paintings. The idea for this research was to show how Diponegoro was painted within different concepts.
This research is a qualitative study which primarily used Pierce semiotics (which includes sign in three aspects icon sign, index signs, and symbol signs) to examine artworks and their meaning. Theoretical triangulation is achieved by using Postcolonial theory and its writing in analyses of these artworks. Cultural hybridity, identity, nationalism, nation-building, and other ideas are present in artwork and its signs.
With the end of the Java War, Javanese society experienced major changes in economical as well as in cultural aspects. Painting is an art form that was introduced to Javanese in this period. One of the first motifs in Indonesian painting was Pangeran Diponegoro. Briefly after Java War Dutch painter Nicolaas Pieneman painted a scene of submission of Diponegoro. The Javanese reply came few years after in painting of Raden Saleh, the first local artist who was trained in Europe. S. Sudjojono was one of the most prominent Indonesian painters and he painted Pangeran Diponegoro as national hero in 1979. In 1994 an emerging Indonesian artist paid homage to Diponegoro in his artwork and in 2007 Heri Dono painted his caricature painting of wrongful arrest of Diponegoro in twisted Indonesia.
The idea of heroism changed over time and it has also looked different in different historical periods. Dutch painting of Pangeran Diponegoro had sense of pride and dignity in it. Yet it is an expression of Dutch ignorance, arrogance, and dominance over the Javanese. Javanese response is also controversial some see it as proto-nationalistic painting, others dismiss it as servile. Indonesian paintings are full of nationalism and pride, but also with strong artistic messages of warning and critique toward society. While some signs have clear meanings which are shown in this research, the majority of them are fluid and open for discussion about ideas of nationalism, heroism, and identity in Indonesia.
Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a (national) hero: Pangeran Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
ABSTRAK
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji ide kepahlawanan di Indonesia dan bagaimana itu ditampilkan dalam lukisan sebagai bentuk karya seni yang relatif baru di negeri ini. Pangeran Diponegoro (1785-1855) adalah pangeran yang memberontak dan berperang melawan Belanda di Jawa. Sosoknya menjadi terkenal dalam lukisan di Indonesia sesaat setelah pemberontakannya berakhir. Penampilannya adalah salah satu motif konstan dalam lukisan Indonesia. Ide untuk penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana sosok Diponegoro dalam konsep yang berbeda.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang terutama digunakan dalam semiotika Pierce (tanda yang termasuk dalam tiga aspek - tanda icon, tanda indeks, dan tanda-tanda simbol) untuk memeriksa karya seni dan makna triangulasi teoretis mereka dicapai dengan menggunakan teori pascakolonial dan menulis dalam analisis karya seni ini . Hibriditas budaya, identitas, nasionalisme, pembangunan bangsa, dan ide-ide lain yang hadir dalam karya seni beserta tanda-tandanya.
Dengan berakhirnya Perang Jawa, masyarakat Jawa mengalami perubahan besar dalam ekonomi serta aspek budaya. Lukisan merupakan sebuah bentuk seni yang diperkenalkan ke Jawa pada periode ini. Salah satu motif pertama dalam seni lukis Indonesia adalah Pangeran Diponegoro. Sesaat setelah pelukis Java War Belanda Nicolaas Pieneman melukis adegan pengajuan Diponegoro. Balasan Jawa datang beberapa tahun setelah dalam lukisan Raden Saleh, seniman lokal pertama yang dilatih di Eropa. S. Sudjojono adalah salah satu pelukis paling menonjol Indonesia dan ia melukis Pangeran Diponegoro sebagai pahlawan nasional pada tahun 1979. Pada tahun 1994 muncul artis Indonesia memberi penghormatan kepada Diponegoro dalam karya seninya dan pada tahun 2007 Heri Dono melukis lukisan karikatur tentang penangkapan salah Diponegoro di dipelintir Indonesia.
Ide kepahlawanan berubah dalam waktu ke waktu dan itu juga tampak berbeda dari periode sejarah yang berbeda. Lukisan Belanda Pangeran Diponegoro memiliki rasa kebanggaan dan martabat di dalamnya. Namun itu tampak sebagai ekspresi ketidaktahuan Belanda, arogansi, dan dominasi atas Jawa. Respon Jawa juga kontroversial - yang melihatnya sebagai proto-nasionalis lukisan, sementara yang lainnya menolak itu sebagai sepotong budak seni. Lukisan Indonesia penuh dengan nasionalisme dan kebanggaan, tetapi juga dengan pesan peringatan artistik yang kuat dan kritik terhadap masyarakat. Sementara beberapa tanda-tanda memiliki makna yang jelas yang ditunjukkan dalam penelitian ini, mayoritas dari mereka adalah ibarat cairan yang terbuka untuk diskusi tentang ide-ide nasionalisme, heroisme, dan identitas di Indonesia.
MOTTO
~
There is no need to carry me to a nother prison. My life is a lrea dy ebbing a wa y.
I suggest tha t you nail me to a cross a nd burn me a live.
My fla ming body will be a torch to light my people on their path to freedom.
Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918)
~
Diponegoro is a combination of words
Which, when literally translated from Javanese to English, means:
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. The First Western Look at Pa ngera n Diponegoro 43
1.1. A. J. Bick, charcoal sketch, 1830 43
1.2. A. C. Anthony, lithography, 1830 43
1.3. Note of 100 Indonesian rupiah from 1952 43
2. Nicolaas Pienema n: Submission of Diponegoro (1830-1835) 45
3. Java nese Look at Pangera n Diponegoro 52
3.1. Batik Perang Diponegoro 52
3.2. Pangeran Diponegoro from Buku Kedung Kebo 52
3.3. Portrait of young Pangeran Diponegoro 52
3.4. (and 3.5.)Wayang Diponegoro 52
4. Raden Sa leh: The Arrest of Pa ngera n Diponegoro (1857) 55
5. Diponegoro as Na tiona l Symbol in years after Independence 66
5.1. Equestrian Statue of Diponegoro in Monas Monumen Nasional
5.2. National Monument, Jakarta. Work of Italian sculptor Cobertaldo 66
5.3. -1960) 66
6. Pangeran Diponegoro in New Order Era (1966 1998) 69
6.1. Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in main square in Magelang 69
6.2. Sasana Wiratama in Jogjakarta 69
6.3. Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in Semarang 69
7. S. Sudjojono: Diponegoro (1979) 74
8. S. Sudjojono. 1979. Pasukan Kita Yang Dipimpin Pangeran Diponegoro (Our Soldiers Led Under Prince Diponegoro).
10.1.Pangeran Diponegoro (detail) 88
10.2.Kesatria Baja Hitam (Kamen Rider Black) Japanese superhero 88
11.Heri Dono: Sa la h Ta ngkap Pangeran Diponegoro (2007) 91
12.Heri Dono. 2002. Raden Saleh Jadi Londo 96
13.Heri Dono. 2009. 96
14.Contemporary Look a t Pangeran Diponegoro 98
14.1.Opera Diponegoro 98
14.2.Dramatic reading about Pangeran Diponegoro 98
14.3.Indieguerillas. 2012. This Hegemony Life 99
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASRI Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia Indonesian Fine Art Academy
HIK Hollandsche Indische Kweekschool Dutch East Indian School for
Teachers
IKJ Institut Kesenian Jakarta Institute for Art Jakarta
ISI Institut Seni Indonesia Indonesian Institute for Art
ITB Institut Teknik Bandung Techincal Institute in Bandung
IVAA Indonesian Visual Art Archive
KBBI Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Great Dictionary of Indonesian LEKRA Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat
PERSAGI Persatoean Asal Gambar Indonesia Association of Indonesian Drawing Specialists
PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia Communist Party of Indonesia
POETRA Poesat Tenaga Rakjat
S. Sindudarsono First name of Sudjojono
SIM Seniman Indonesia Moeda Young Indonesian Artists
UGM Universitas Gadjah Mada Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNS Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta
VOC Vereeningde Oost-Indishe
Compagnie
EXTRAS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Framework of the research (Chapter 2, Subchapter D) 31
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Primary Data (Chapter 3, Subchapter C) 36
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 List of National Heroes in Indonesia (Table 1) 110 Appendix 2 Statistics from List of National Heroes 117 Appendix 3 Poster of National Heroes in Indonesia 124 Appendix 4 Web visibility of key terms from research (Table 2) 125
CONTENT
FRONT PAGE i.
APPROVAL PAGE ii.
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY iv.
ABSTRACT v.
APSTRAK vi.
MOTTO vii.
DEDICATION viii.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi.
EXTRAS
B. Problem Formulation 5
C. Objectives of the Research 6
D. Significance of the Research 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 7
A. Main Concepts 7
1. Heroism 7
1.1. Word for Hero 7
1.2. Heroes and National Heroes in Indonesia 9
1.3. Pangeran Diponegoro The National Symbol 13
2. Indonesia n Painting 15
B. Theoretical Basis 16
1. Postcolonial Theory 16
2. Visual Semiotics 20
C. Relevant Researches 24
1. Researches a bout Heroism 24
1.1. Researches about Pangeran Diponegoro 27
2. Researches a bout Indonesian painting 29
D. Framework of Research 31
E. Hypothesis 33
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 34
A. Location and Time of Research 34
B. Locus of Research 35
CHAPTER IV ANALYSES 40
A. The 19th century - Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain and Hero 40
1. The 19th century in Indonesia 40
2. Art history of the 19th century 41
3. 41
3.1. Biography of Nicolaas Pieneman 41
3.2. Submission of Diponegoro (1830-5) History and Signs 42
4. an Diponegoro 50
4.1. Biography of Raden Saleh 50
4.2. Arrest of Pa ngera n Diponegoro (1857) History and Signs 51
5. Pangeran Diponegoro: Villa in, Rebellion, or Hero 61
B. Indonesian art (1950-1990): Depicting a National Hero 64
1. The 20th century in Indonesia : History of Nation and Art 64
2. Pangeran Diponegoro: Na tiona l Hero in Art 65
3. Vision of Pangeran Diponegoro 70
3.1. Biography of S. Sudjojono 70
3.2. Diponegoro (1979) History and Signs 73
4. Pangeran Diponegoro: One Brick in Wall of Nation 81
C. Indonesian art (1990-today): Nation in need of (Super) Hero 84
1. Art and Life of Indonesia Today 84
2. Contemporary Indonesia n Eyes Look Towa rd Pangeran Diponegoro 86
2.1.1. Biography of Agung Kurniawan 86
2.1.2. Homa ge to Prince Diponegoro (1994): History and Signs 87
2.2.1. Biography of Heri Dono 90
2.2.2. Sa la h Ta ngkap Pa ngera n Diponegoro (2007): History and Signs 91
3. Who Are the Heroes Now a nd Do We Need Them? 97
D. Depiction of Pangeran Diponegoro from the 19th until today 100
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 103
A. Conclusion 103
