LAPORAN AKHIR HASIL
PENELITIAN HIBAH BERSAING INSTITUSI BATCH I
TAHUN ANGGARAN 2012
Judul : Fitoremediasi Tanah Tercemar Merkuri Limbah Tambang Emas Rakyat untuk Perbaikan Produksi Jagung
Ketua : Prof. Ir. Eko Handayanto, MSc., PhD. Anggota : 1. Dr.Ir. Budi Prasetya, MP.
2. Ir.Nurul Muddarisna, MP
Dibiayai oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Melalui DIPA Universitas Brawijaya nomor :
0636/023-04.2.16/15/2012, tanggal 9 Desember 2011, dan berdasarkan SK Rektor Universitas Brawijaya Nomor : 366/SK/2012 tanggal 13 Agustus 2012
LEMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
2012
Bidang Unggulan: Ketahanan Pangan :………
ABSTRAK
Upaya konvensional untuk reklamasi (remediasi) tanah pertanian tercemar Hg limbah tambang emas tersebut belum banyak dilakukan karena kendala biaya yang tinggi. Salah satu teknologi mudah dan murah yang belum diterapkan di lahan tercemar Hg adalah fitoremediasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari dan mengetahui potensi fitoekstrasi tanaman Lindernia crustacean,
Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, Caladium bicolor dalam fitoremediasi tanah yang tercemar oleh limbang tambang
emas mengandung unsur Hg, serta pengaruh ikutannya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap, yaitu percobaan pot lapangan untuk mengetahui potensi 6 spesies (Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria
radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, Caladium bicolor) sebagai akumulator Hg. Tahap kedua adalah mempelajari
dampak fitoremediasi Hg terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus
kylingia, dan Lindernia crustacean merupakan tiga spesies tanaman liar yang
berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai fitoremediator Hg pada lahan pertanian yang tercemar Hg. Penambahan bahan ligand mengandung S, yaitu thiosulfat, pada tanah tercemar Hg meningkatkan pelarutan Hg dalam tanah dan peningkatan serapan Hg oleh tanaman fitoremediator. Pertrumbuhan dan produksi biomasa tanaman jagung meningkat 33%. Produksi biomasa kering tertinggi dijumpai pada perlakuan pascafitoremediasi dengan Paspalum conjugatum.
ABSTRACT
Conventional efforts for emediation of soils contaminated by gold mine waste containing Hg has not been conducted because of its high cost. An inexpensive technology that has not been applied in Hg contaminated soil is phytoremediation. The purpose of this research was to study and determine the potential of Lindernia
crustacean, Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, and Caladium bicolor in phytoremediation of Hg contaminated
soil, and the effect the phytoremediation on the growth of maize. The experiment was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a pot field trial to determine the potential Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium,
Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, and Caladium bicolor) as Hg
accumulator plants. The second phase was is to study the impact of Hg phytoremediation on the growth and production of maize. The results showed that
Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia and Lindernia crustacean were three
species of indigenous plants that have the potential to be used as Hg fitoremediator plants. The addition of ligand containing S, i.e. thiosulfate, to the Hg contaminated soil increased accumulation of Hg by fitoremediator plants. Growth andbiomass production of maize increased by 33%. Highest dry biomass production observed in treatment with Paspalum conjugatum.
RINGKASAN
Penambangan emas rakyat umumnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem tradisional dengan metode sederhana yaitu amalgamasi merkuri (Hg) dan membutuhkan investasi kecil. Pembuangan limbah proses pendulangan emas berupa lumpur yang mengandung Hg dan berbagai logam berat lainnya umumnya dilakukan di lahan sekitar lokasi proses amalgamasi sehingga mencemari lahan pertanian yang berada di sekitar lokasi tersebut. Sisa lumpur yang dibuang ke lahan pertanian berdampak negatif terhadap produksi tanaman pangan karena dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman, bahkan tanaman mati, akibat keracunan Hg. Upaya konvensional untuk reklamasi (remediasi) tanah pertanian tercemar Hg limbah tambang emas tersebut belum banyak dilakukan karena kendala biaya yang tinggi. Salah satu teknologi mudah dan murah yang belum diterapkan di lahan tercemar Hg adalah fitoremediasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mempelajari dan mengetahui potensi fitoekstrasi tanaman
Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, Caladium bicolor dalam fitoremediasi tanah yang
tercemar oleh limbang tambang emas mengandung unsur Hg, (2) Mempejalari dan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan bahan ligand mengandung S terhadap pelarutan Hg dalam tanah tercemar Hg dan perubahan serapan Hg oleh enam jenis tanaman di atas, dan (3) Mempelajari pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung pada tanah pascafitoremediasi di atas. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap yang akan berlangsung selama 6 bulan. Tahap pertama berupa percobaan pot lapangan di lokasi lahan tercemar Hg limbah tambang emas di Kecamatan Sekotong, Lombok Barat. Tujuan penelitian tahap pertama adalah untuk mengetahui potensi 6 spesies (Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber
purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, Caladium bicolor) sebagai
akumulator Hg, serta pengaruh penambahan thio sulfat (ammonium thiosulfat) sebagai pemacu serapan Hg oleh tanaman akumulator Hg. Setelah penelitian pertama berakhir (60 hari), sisa bahan tanah penelitian tahap pertama (pascafitoremediasi) digunakan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman jagung untuk mempelajari dampak fitoremdiasi Hg terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung. Penelitian tahap kedua akan dilaksanakan selama 70 hari.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tanaman Lindernia crustacean,
Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia
dan Caladium bicolor mampu mengakumulasi Hg 2,96; 1,65; 0,85; 8,82; 3,97; dan 0,14 mg/kg selama pertumbuhan 9 minggu. Berdasar kemampuan di atas, tanaman Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, dan Lindernia crustacean merupakan tiga spesies tanaman liar yang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai fitoremediator Hg pada lahan pertanian yang tercemar Hg. Penambahan bahan ligand mengandung S, yaitu thiosulfat, pada tanah tercemar Hg meningkatkan pelarutan Hg dalam tanah dan peningkatan serapan Hg oleh Lindernia crustacean,
Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia
dan Caladium bicolor. Secara rata-rata, penambahan thiosulfat meningkatkan 71% serapan Hg oleh enam spesies tanaman di atas, dengan pola jumlah serapan seperti pada perlakuan tanpa pemberian thiosulfat. Tinggi tanaman dan produksi biomasa tanaman jagung yang ditanam selama 8 minggu pada tanah
pascafitoremediasi Hg rata-rata meningkat 33% dibandingkan dengan tinggi tanaman yang ditanam pada tanah sebelum fitoremediasi. Penggunaan thiosulfat dalam proses fitoremediasi yang menyebabkan peningkatan serapan Hg oleh tanaman fitoremediator dapat meningkatkan tinggi tanaman sebesar 69%. Pertumbuhan terbaik dijumpai pada perlakuan pascafitoremediasi dengan
Paspalum conjugatum. Dibandingkan dengan produksi biomasa jagung yang
ditanam pada tanah tanpa fitoremediasi, produksi biomasa kering tajuk dan akar tanaman jagung yang ditanam pada tanah pascafitoremediasi meningkat 24% pada pada perlakuan tanpa thiosulfat dan 41% pada perlakuan penambahan thiosulfat dalam proses fitoremediasi. Produksi biomasa kering tertinggi dijumpai pada perlakuan pascafitoremediasi dengan Paspalum conjugatum.
SUMMARY
In Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), extraction of gold is generally done by using a traditional system with a simple method which is the amalgamation of mercury (Hg) and requires a small investment. Disposal of waste in the form of sludge containing Hg and various other heavy metals is generally done in the land around the site so that the amalgamation process contaminates agricultural land around the site. The remaining sludge discharged into farmland negatively impact crop production because it can inhibit plant growth. Conventional efforts for remediation of Hg contaminated soils has not been conducted because of its high cost. An inexpensive technology that has not been applied in Hg contaminated soil is phytoremediation. The purposes of this study were to (1) study and determine the potential of Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria
radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, Caladium bicolor in phytoremediation of Hg contaminated soils, (2) determine the
effect of the addition of ligands containing S toward dissolving Hg in Hg contaminated soil and changes in Hg accumulation by six plant species above, and (3) study the growth and biomass production of maize grown on post phytoremediation process.
The experiment was conducted in two phases for 6 months. The first phaese was a pot trial field at the field site contaminated with Hg at Sekotong gold mine area of West Lombok. The first phase of the research objective was to investigate the potential of Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber
purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia, and Caladium bicolor as Hg
accumulator plants, and the effect of the addition of thio sulphate (ammonium thiosulfate) on Hg accumulation by plants . After the end of the first phase (60 days), the remaining soil material was used for the growing maize to study the impact fitoremdiasi Hg on growth and biomass production of maize. The second phase of the study was conducted for 70 days.
The results showed that Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria radicosa,
Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia and Caladium bicolor were able to accumulate 2.96; 1.65; 0.85; 8.82; 3.97, and 0.14 mg Hg / kg
for 9 weeks of growth. Based on the above capabilities, Paspalum conjugatum,
Cyperus kylingia and Lindernia crustacean are three species of indigenous plants
that have the potential to be used as Hg fitoremediators for Hg contaminated soil. The addition of thiosulfate to the Hg contaminated soil increased accumulation of Hg by Lindernia crustacean, Digitaria radicosa, Zingiber purpurium, Paspalum
conjugatum, Cyperus kylingia and Caladium bicolor. On average, the addition of
thiosulfate increased 71% uptake of Hg by six plant species above, the pattern of uptake was similar to treatments with no addition of thiosulfate. Plant height and biomass production of maize grown for 8 weeks increased 33% compared to those of no phytoremediation soil. The use of thiosulfate in phytoremediation processes that lead to increased Hg accumulation by fitoremediator plants increased plant height by 69%. Best growth observed in treatment with Paspalum conjugatum pascafitoremediasi. Compared with biomass production of maize grown on soil without phytoremediation, dry biomass production and plant roots of maize grown on soil pascafitoremediasi increased 24% in the treatment without thiosulfate and
41% on the addition of thiosulfate in the treatment process of phytoremediation. Highest dry biomass production observed in treatment with Paspalum
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