percobaan 89 kimdas

PERCOBAAN 8 PERCOBAAN 8

SENYAWA BIO-ORGANIK  SENYAWA BIO-ORGANIK 

LEMAK DAN PROTEIN LEMAK DAN PROTEIN I. Tujuan Percobaan

I. Tujuan Percobaan

. Ma!"u !enje#a$%an $&'a( u!u! )an

. Ma!"u !enje#a$%an $&'a( u!u! )an $&'a( %*u$u$ #e!a% )an "ro(e&n$&'a( %*u$u$ #e!a% )an "ro(e&n .+ Ma!"u !e#a%u%an ana#&$&$ %ua#&(a(&' #e!a% )an

.+ Ma!"u !e#a%u%an ana#&$&$ %ua#&(a(&' #e!a% )an "ro(e&n )a#a! $ua(u $a!"#e"ro(e&n )a#a! $ua(u $a!"#e II. DATA PENGAMATAN

II. DATA PENGAMATAN  No

 No Per#a%uanPer#a%uan ,a$&# Pena!a(an,a$&# Pena!a(an Ke(.Ke(. A

A LLEEMMAAK  K  

 KKee%%eenn((aa##aan n   bbaauu

aa MM&&nn//aa% % 00aa&&((uunn KKuunn&&nn  eenncceerr1 1 bbaau u ((eenn&&%%  b

 b M&n/a% &%anM&n/a% &%an Kun&n %en(a#1 bau a!&$Kun&n %en(a#1 bau a!&$ cc MM&&nn//aa% % oorreenn KKuunn&&nn  %%eenn((aa##1 1 ((&&))aa% % bbeerrbbaauu )) AA$$aa! ! $$((eeaarraa(( SSeerrbbuu% % ""uu((&&**

++ KKee##aarruu((aann

aa AA$$aa! ! $$((eeaarraa( ( 2 2 aa33uuaa))ee$$ TT&&))aa% % ##aarruu((  b

 b A$a! $(eara( 2e(erA$a! $(eara( 2e(er Laru(Laru( cc GGee##aa((&&n n 2 2 aa33uuaa))ee$$ TT&&))aa% % ##aarruu(( )) GGee##aa((&&n n 2 2 ee((eerr LLaarruu((

 No)a Le!a%  No)a Le!a%

aa MM&&nn//aa% % 00aa&&((uun n 2 2 ee((eerr LLaarruu( ( ((eerr))aa""aa( ( nnoo))aa 22  b

 b M&n/a% oren 2 e(erM&n/a% oren 2 e(er Laru( (er)a"a( no)aLaru( (er)a"a( no)a 22 cc MM&&nn//aa% % &&%%aan n 2 2 ee((eerr LLaarruu( ( ((eerr))aa""aa( ( nnoo))aa 22 )) AA$$aa! ! $$((eeaarraa( ( 2 2 ee((eerr LLaarruu( ( ))aan n ((&&))aa% % ((eerr))aa""aa( ( nnoo))aa --44 SSaa""oonn&&''&&%%aa$$&&

 !# !&n/a% 0a&(un 2  r  !# !&n/a% 0a&(un 2  r  NaO, 2 5 !# C

 NaO, 2 5 !# C++,,++O,1O,1

)&"ana$%an1 )&)&n&n%an1 *a$&# )&"ana$%an1 )&)&n&n%an1 *a$&# 2 a3ua)e$

2 a3ua)e$

TTer)a"a( bu&* $e(e#a* er)a"a( bu&* $e(e#a* )&%oco%)&%oco% )enan a3ua)e$

)enan a3ua)e$

22

66 77jj& & II%%aa((aan Rn Raann%%aa""

 MMee##uunn((uurr%%aan An A33uuaabbrroo!!aa((aa

aa MM&&nn//aa% % 00aa&&((uunn22aa33uuaabbrroo!!aa((aa WWaarrnna a aa33uuaabbrroo!!aa((a a ##uunn((uurr 22  b

 b M&n/a% &%an 2a3uabro!a(aM&n/a% &%an 2a3uabro!a(a WWarna a3uabro!a(a (&)a% #un(urarna a3uabro!a(a (&)a% #un(ur --cc MM&&nn//aa% % oorreenn22aa33uuaabbrroo!!aa((aa WWaarrnna a aa33uuaabbrroo!!aa((a a ((&&))aa% % ##uunn((uurr --)) AA$$aa! ! $$((eeaarraa((22aa33uuaabbrroo!!aa((aa WWaarrnna a aa33uuaabbrroo!!aa((a a ##uunn((uurr 22 ++ MMee##uunn((uurr%%aan n WWaarrnna a KKMMnnOO66

aa MM&&nn//aa% % 00aa&&((uunn22KKMMnnOO66 Warna KMnOWarna KMnO66 # #uunn((uurr 22

 b

 b M&n/a% &%an2KMnOM&n/a% &%an2KMnO66 Warna KMnOWarna KMnO66 # #uunn((uurr 22

cc MM&&nn//aa% % oorreenn22KKMMnnOO66 Warna KMnOWarna KMnO66 # #uunn((uurr 22

)) AA$$aa! ! SS((eeaarraa((22KKMMnnOO66 Warna KMnOWarna KMnO66 ( (&&))aa% % ##uunn((uurr

--B

 Laru(an a$a! a!&no"ro(e&n

a Pu(&* (e#ur2455 !# a3ua)e$ Pu(&* %e%un&nan %en(a#  b Ge#a(&n +5 !# Kun&n ben&n1 #eb&* %en(a#

+ 7j& B&ure(

a A#bu!&n (e#ur2NaO, 52 CuSO6

unu!u)a 2

 b Ge#a(&n 2 NaO, 5 2 CuSO6 Kun&n ben&n !enja)& ben&n

%eunuan

2 4 7j& N&n*&)r&n

a Pu(&* (e#or2n&n*&)r&n Te(a" 2

 b Su$u encer2n&n*&)r&n Te(a" 2

6 Rea%$& Pre$"&(a$&

a Denan a#%o#o&) reaen$&a

Pu(&* (e#ur 2 a$a! "&%ra( En)a"an %un&n 2 Pu(&* (e#ur 2 a$a!

(r&%#oroa$e(a(

En)a"an "u(&* 2

Pu(&* (e#ur 2 a$a! 'o$'o !o#&b)a(

Warna b&ru ba&an a(a$ 2 Pu(&* (e#ur 2 a$a! 'o$'o

9o#'ra!a(

Te(a"

-Su$u 2 a$a! "&%ra( Ter#aru( %un&n

-Su$u 2 a$a! (r&%#oroa$e(a( Laru(an (er"&$a* "&$a*

-Su$u 2 a$a! 'o$'o !o#&b)a( Ter#aru(

-Su$u 2 a$a! 'o$'o 9o#'ra!a( Menen(a#

- b Denan #aru(an ara! #oa!

 bera(

Pu(&* (e#ur 2 'err& %#or&)a Kun&n1 (&)a% a)a en)a"an Pu(&* (e#ur 2 cu"r& $u#'a( B&ru !u)a "uca(

Pu(&* (e#ur 2 !er%ur& %#or&)a Pu(&* "uca( Pu(&* (e#ur 2 "#u!bo a$e(a( Te(a"

Su$u 2 'err& %#or&)a Kun&n %eru* !e!ben(u% en)a"an 2 Su$u 2 cu"r& $u#'a( B&ru %eru* !e!ben(u% en)a"an 2 Su$u 2 !er%ur& %#or&)a Pu(&* "uca( (&)a% a)a en)a"an :   Su$u 2 "#u!bo a$e(a( Pu(&* "uca( )an a)a en)a"an 2 ; 7j& <an(*o"ro(e&n

a Su$u encer 2 a$a! n&(ra( "e%a( 2 "e!ana$an

En)a"an %un&n  b Pu(&* (e#ur 2 a$a! n&(ra( "e%a(

2 "e!ana$an

En)a"an "u(&* = 7j& Mo#&$*

a#%o*o#

 b Pu(&* (e#ur 2 >-na'(o# )a#a! a#%o*o#

Gu!"a#an unu 2

? 7j& ,o"%&n@$ Co#e

a Su$u encer 2 a$a! #&o%$&#a( 2 ,+SO6

Gu!"a#an "u(&* ba&an a(a$1 )an  ba9a* unu

2  b Pu(&* (e#ur 2 a$a! #&o%$&#a( 2

,+SO6

Warna %eru* )an 9arna unu )&  ba&an ba9a*

2 8 7j& $u#'&)a

Pu(&* (e#ur 2 $o)&u! *&)ro%$&)a 65 2 )&"ana$%an 2 "#u!bo a$e(a(

En)a"an *&(a! ba&an a(a$ co%#a( 2

III. PEMBA,ASAN

4.. S&'a( &$&% Le!a% Ke%en(a#an )an Bau

M&n/a% 0a&(un ber9arna %un&n "uca(1 ca&r1 !enan)un o#e&n )an "a#!&(&n $ebaa&  ba*an !a%anan1 un(u% "e!bua(an $abun.

Ba$r&1= S&'a( '&$&% #e!a% 

- T&)a% #aru( )a#a! a&r1 (e(a"& #aru( )a#a! $a(u a(au #eb&* )ar& $a(u "e#aru( oran&c !&$a#n/a e(er1 a$e(on1 %#oro'or!1 ben0ene /an $er&n jua )&$ebu( F"e#aru( #e!a%. - A)a *ubunan )enan a$a!-a$a! #e!a% a(au e$(ern/a.

- Me!"un/a& %e!un%&nan )&una%an o#e* !a%*#u% *&)u".

Poe)j&a)&16 Ke%en(a#an )an Bau

7j& %e%en(a#an )an bau ber(ujuan un(u% !ene(a*u& 9uju) $a!"e# )a#a! $u*u ruan )an bau /an a)a "a)a $a!"e#. Ber)a$ar%an "ercobaan /an (e#a* )&#a%u%an )&%e(a*u&  ba*9a #e!a% /an ber9uju) "a)a( "a)a $u*u ruan a)a#a* a$a! $(eara( )an #e!a% /an  ber9uju) ca&r a)a#a* !&n/a% &%an1 !&n/a% oren1 )an !&n/a% 0a&(un. Kee!"a( $a!"e#

(er$ebu( !e!&#&%& 9uju) )an bau /an %*a$. Le!a% /an ber9uju) ca&r b&a$an/a

)&(e!u%an "a)a (u!bu*an $e)an%an #e!a% /an berben(u% "a)a( b&a$an/a )&(e!u%an  "a)a *e9an. ,a# &n& !enunju%%an ba*9a #e!a% )a"a( berben(u% "a)a( !au"un ca&r. Bau

/an !uncu# "a)a $a!"e# )&"enaru*& o#e* rea%$& o%$&)a$& a(au rea%$& *&)ro#&$&$ /an (erja)&.

4.+. Ke#aru(an

7j& %e#aru(an ber(ujuan un(u% !e!ban)&n%an (&n%a( %e#aru(an #e!a% "a)a a3ua)e$ )an e(er. Pa)a uj& /an (e#a* )&#a%u%an )&)a"a(%an *a$&# ba*9a a3ua)e$ (&)a%

!e#aru(%an #e!a%. ,a# &n& (erja)& %arena a3ua)e$ ber$&'a( "o#ar1 $e)an%an #e!a% ber$&'a( non "o#ar. Se*&na #e!a% a%an #aru( )a#a! e(er /an ber$&'a( non "o#ar. ,a# &n& $e$ua& )enan "r&n$&" F)&$o#He #&%e )&$o#He /a&(u $en/a9a "o#ar a%an #aru( )a#a! "e#aru( "o#ar )an $en/a9a non "o#ar a%an #aru( )a#a! $en/a9a non "o#ar.

Pa)a "ercobaan /an (e#a* )&#a%u%an !e!ban)&n%an an(ara a$a! $(eara( )an e#a(&n $aa( )&#aru(%an )a#a! a3ua)e$ )an e(er. Ke)uan/a #aru( )a#a! e(er )an (&)a% #aru( )a#a!

a3ua)e$.

4.4 No)a Le!a%S"o( Te$

7j& no)a #e!a% ber(ujuan un(u% !ene(a*u& "a)a $a!"e# (er$ebu( !enan)un #e!a% a(au (&)a%. Pa)a "ercobaan /an (e#a* )&#a%u%an )ar& %ee!"a( $a!"e# *an/a a$a! $(eara( /an (&)a% !enunju%%an a)an/a no)a. ,a# &n& )a"a( (erja)& %arena a$a! $(eara( /an berben(u% $erbu% /an $ebe#u! )&uj& )& #aru(%an )a#a! a3ua)e$. A$a! $(eara( (&)a% #aru( )a#a! a&r )an &n& !en/ebab%an a$a! $(eara( /an )&una%an )a#a! uj& no)a #e!a% (&)a% a%ura(. Karena ju!#a* a$a! $(eara( #eb&* $e)&%&( )&ban)&n )enan a&r /an

!e#aru(%ann/a.

4.6. Sa"on&'&%a$& Le!a%  Pen/abunan

Percobaan &n& ber(ujuan un(u% !ene(a*u& $a"on&'&%a$& )ar& !&n/a% 0a&(un )an un(u% !ene(a*u& (erja)&n/a *&)ro#&$&$ "a)a !&n/a% o#e* a#%a#&. M&n/a% 0a&(un )&rea%$&%an )enan %r&$(a# NaO, )an e(ano#1 /an %e!u)&an !en*a$&#%an 9arna %un&n. Se(e#a* &(u )&"ana$%an /an ber(ujuan un(u% !e!"erce"a( rea%$&. La#u )&)&n&n%an %e!ba#& un(u% !en)a"a(%an 0a( "a)a( /an )&#aru(%an )enan a3ua)e$. Yan a%an !en*a$&#%an #&$ero# )an $abun. Rea%$&n/a  O J C,+ OC C,+6 C,4 C,+O,  

C,OC C,+6C,4  2 4 NaO,  C,O, 2 4 C,4 C,+6CO Na- 2

 

C,+  OCC,+6 C,4 C,+O,

J O

re$$en)en1  Bu$a $abun (erben(u% )ar& ran(a& %arbon /an "anjan )an uu$ a&%&# /an  ber$&'a( non "o#ar )an *&)ro'ob&% /an !eno#a% a&r $er(a ba&an #a&n /an ber$&'a( non  "o#ar )an *&)ro'&#&% /an $u%a a&r.

Dar& "ercobaan )&*a$&#%an bu$a $e(e#a* )&(a!ba* a&r )an )&%oco%. ,a# &n& !e!bu%(&%an ba*9a *a$&# )ar& rea%$& $a"on&'&%a$& a)a#a* $abun.

4.; 7j& I%a(an Ran%a" #e!a% (a% jenu*

a Me#un(ur%an 9arna a3ua bro!a(a

Percobaan &n& ber(ujuan un(u% !ene(a*u& a)a a(au (&)a%n/a &%a(an ran%a" "a)a #e!a% (a% jenu*1 )enan $a!"e# !&n/a% 0a&(un1 !&n/a% &%an1 !&n/a% oren1 )an a$a! $(eara(. Ke )a#a! !a$&n-!a$&n (abun )&(e(e$& )enan a3uabro!a(a ber9arna %un&n /an %e!u)&an )&ojo )an a"ab&#a 9arna a3uabro!a(a #un(ur1 *a# &n& !enan)a%an uj&  "o$&(&' /an (erja)& %arena a)an/a rea%$& a)&$&1 &%a(an ran%a" a(o! %arbon "a)a #e!a%

(e"u(u$1 $ebaa& an(&n/a a(o! %arbon "a)a #e!a% !en&%a( a(o! *&)roen "a)a

a3uabro!a(a. A"ab&#a #e!a% /an )&una%an (&)a% !e!"un/a& &%a(an ran%a" !a%a (&)a% a%an (erja)& "eruba*an 9arna. Da#a! "ercobaan &n& /an !en*a$&#%an uj& "o$&(&' a)a#a* !&n/a% 0a&(un )an a$a! $(eara(.

H₂C O C O (CH₂)₇ HC C H C,+; CH3 HC O C O (CH2)7 H C C H C,+; CH₃ H₂C O C O (CH2)7 H C C H C,+; CH3 2 Br ₊ H₂C O C O (CH₂)₇ C H C H C,+; CH3 HC O C O (CH2)7 C H C H C,+; CH3 H2C O C O (CH2)7 C H C H C,+; CH3 Br Br   Br  Br  Br  Br  Sa$(ro*a!&)jojo1+55;

Percobaan &n& ber(ujuan un(u% !ene(a*u& a)a a(au (&)a%n/a &%a(an ran%a" "a)a #e!a% (a% jenu*1 )enan $a!"e# !&n/a% 0a&(un1 !&n/a% &%an1 !&n/a% oren1 )an a$a! $(eara( /an %e!u)&an !a$&n-!a$&n )&(e(e$& )enan KMnO6 /an ber$&'a( o%$&)a(or %ua(  ber9arna unu 1 %e!u)&an )&ojo. &%a 9arna KMnO6 #un(ur1 *a# &n& !enan)a%an uj&

 "o$&(&'1 /an (erja)& %arena KMNO6 !ere)u%$& #e!a%1 )&!ana b&#anan o%$&)a$& "a)a #e!a% a%an !ena#a!& "enurunan. Penurunan b&#anan o%$&)a$& &n& !en/ebab%an (erja)&n/a "eruba*an 9arna. A"ab&#a #e!a% /an )&una%an (&)a% !e!"un/a& &%a(an ran%a" !a%a (&)a% (erja)& "eruba*an 9arna.

Pa)a "ercobaan %a#& &n& /an !en*a$&#%an uj& "o$&(&' a)a#a* !&n/a% 0a&(un1 !&n/a% &%an1 )an !&n/a% oren )&!ana 9arna KMnO6#un(ur. Rea%$& %&!&a /an (erja)& 

Su!ar)jo1? PROTEIN

4.; Laru(an A$a! A!&no )an Pro(e&n

Percobaan &n& !e!bu%(&%an a)an/a %an)unan a$a! a!&no )an "ro(e&n )a#a! $a!"e# )an jua un(u% !ene(a*u& (&n%a( %e%en(a#an )ar& %e)ua $a!"e#. Dan *a$&#  "ercobaan !e!bu%(&%an ba*9a e#a(&n #eb&* %en(a# )ar&"a)a "u(&* (e#ur encer.

4.= 7j& B&ure(

7j& &n& )&una%an un(u% !enuj& a)an/a &%a(an "e"(&)a. Laru(an B&ure( (er)&r& a(a$ NaC# )an  PbSO6. Laru(an

 "ro(e&n j&%a )&(a!ba*  "erea%$& B&ure( !a%a a%an (erben(u% 9arna !era* !u)a $a!"a&

H&o#e(. Rea%$& /an (erja)&  H2C O C BC,₊_? C H C H BC,+; CH3 O HC O C _BC, +? C H C H BC,+; CH3 O H2C O C BC,₊_? C H C H BC,+; CH3 O 2   KMnO6 H2C O C BC,₊_? C C BC,₊_; CH3 O HC O C _BC, +? C C BC,+; CH3 O H2C O C BC,₊_? C C _BC,+; CH3 O 2 KO, 2 MnO4 OH OH OH OH OH OH

Su!ar)jo18 4.? 7j& N&n*&)r&n

7j& n&n*&)r&n )&una%an un(u% !enunju%%an a)an/a a$a! a!&no )a#a! 0a( /an )& uj&. A$a! a!&no beba$ a)a#a* a$a! a!no )&!ana uu$ a!&non/a (&)a% (er&%a(. Pa)a  "ra%&%u! %a#& &n& %&(a ua%an "u(* (e#ur encer )an $u$u encer. Ma$&n !a$&n )&(a!ba*%an

#aru(an n&n*&)r&n1 %e!u)&an )&"ana$%an. un$& "e!ana$an "a)a "ercobaan &n& ber(ujuan un(u% !e!"erce"a( (erja)&n/a rea%$&. Denan "e!ana$a1 !a%a $u*u #aru(an a%an na&% $e*&na !ena%&ba(%an era%an-era%an !o#e%u# )#a! #aru(an $e!a%&n ce"a( )an (erja)& (u!bu%an an(ar !o#e%u# /an $e!a%&n be$ar.

Dar& "ecobaan &n&1 (&)a% (erja)& "eruba*an 9arna ba&% "u(&* (e#ur !au"un $u$u. ,a# &n& !enan)a%an ba*9a "u(&* (e#ur encer )an $u$u encer /an %a!& uj& &n& (&)a% !e!&#&%& a$a! a!&no beba$.

4.8 Rea%$& Pre$&"&(a$& )enan A#%a#o&) Reaen$&a

7j& Pre$&"&(a$& )&una%an un(u% !ene(a*u& "ro(e&n )a"a( )&en)a"%an o#e* a#%a#o&) reaen$&a. Pro(e&n )a"a( !ena#a!& "enen)a"an %arena !e!&#&%& $&'a( a!'o(er $e*&na )a"a( !en&%a( #oa! #a&n )an !enen)a".

Pa)a "ercobaan &n& %a!& !enuna%an $a!"e# "u(&* (e#ur encer )an $u$u encer /an )&(a!ba*%an a$a! "&%ra(1 a$a! (r&%#oroa$e(a(1 a$a! 'o$'o !o#&b)a(1 )an a$a! 'o$'o 9o#'ra!a( "a)a !a$&n !a$&n (abun.

Dan )ar& "ercobaan &n& )&)a"a(%an ba*9a $u$u encer /an )&(a!ba*%an a$a! "&%ra( )an a$a! 'o$'o !o#&b)a( !ena#a!& "eruba*an 9arna !enj)& %un&n1 )an "a)a $u$u encer /an )&(a!ba* a$a! (r&%#oroa$e(a( )an a$a! 'o$'o 9o#'ra!a( !ena#a!& "enen)a"an. Pa)a "u(&* (e#ur /an )&(a!ba*%an a$a! "&%ra( )an a$a! (r&%#oroa$e(a( !ena#a!&  "enen)a"an1 "u(&* (e#r /an )&(a!ba*%an a$a! 'o$'o !o#&b)a( (erben(u% ca&ran 9arna  b&ru )&a(a$ #aru(an. Dan "a)a "u(&* (e#ur /an )&(a!ba*%an a$a! 'o$'o 9o#'ra!a( (&)a%

(erja)& "eruba*an.

4. Percobaan "re$&"&(a$& )enan #aru(an ara!-ara! #oa! bera(

Tujuan "ercobaan &n& &a#a* !enunju%%an rea%$& "enen)a"an #aru(an "ro(e&n /an !enuna%an reaen 'err&%#or&)a1 cu"r&$u#'a(1 !ercur&%#or&)a1 )an "#u!bu a$e'a(. 7j&  "o$&(&' "ercobaan &n& %e(&%a "u(&* (e#ur !au"un $u$u encer )&ca!"ur )enan reaen

(er$ebu( !en*a$&#%an en)a"an. Warna en)a"an /an )& *a$&#%an $e$ua& )enan 9arna /an (er%an)un )a#a! reaen /an )&"a%a& un(u% !enen)a"%an "ro(e&n.

Ber)a$ar%an *a$&# "ra%(&%u!1 )a"a( )&%e(a*u& ba*9a Pu(&* Te#ur nea(&' )enan rea%$& "a)a $aa( )&(a!ba*%an )enan $e!ua reaen(. ,a$&# (er$ebu( /an )&"er#&*a(%an /a&(u (&)a% (erben(u%n/a en)a"an "u(&* a%&ba( "re$&"&(a$& )ar& #aru(an ara! #oa! bera(. In& berar(& rea%$& an(ara "u(&* (e#ur )enan #oa! bera( ra)&%a# beba$ ber)e%a(an )enan ra)&%a# a!&no beba$1 $e*&na en)a"an (&)a% (erben(u%. ,a# &n& $e$ua& )enan "en)a"a( Su!ar)jo  +55+  /an !en/a(a%an ba*9a rea%$& (erja)& $ecara *e(ero"o#ar )an a(au

e#e%(ro Ha#en /a&(u &%a(an an(ar &on  &on /an ber!ua(an ber#a9anan )enan $ua(u !o#e%u# )&$ebab%an o#e* a/a e#e%(ro$(a(&$(&%a. I%a(an &n& (erja)& an(ara ra)&%a# %arbon&#  beba$ ber)e%a(an )enan ra)&%a# a!&no beba$. Dar& 7j& "re$&"&(a$& &n& )a"a( )&%e(a*u&  ba*9a "ro(e&n a%an *ancur j&%a rea%$& an(ar "u(&* (e#ur )enan #oa! bera( ra)&%a# beba$  ber)e%a(an )enan ra)&%a# a!&no beba$n/a1 %arena a%an (erja)&n/a )ena(ura$& )an

(er%on(a!&na$&n/a "ro(e&n o#e* #oa! bera(. ,a# &n& $e$ua& )enan "en)a"a( ,ar)jono  +555  /an !en/a(a%an ba*9a #oa! bera( a%an !en)ena(ura$&%an "ro(e&n1 %arena  "ro(e&n a%an *ancur %arena (er%on(a!&na$ o#e* #oa! bera(.

Da#a! "er$&"&(a$& )enan #aru(an ara! #oa! bera(1 "ro(e&n $u$u !en*a$&#%an *a$&# "o$&(&' )enan 9arna %un&n )ar& rea%$& err& K#or&)a1 9arna b&ru )ar& rea%$& Cu"r&( Su#'a(1 9arna "u(&* un(u% rea%$& Mer%ur& K#or&)a )an P#u!bo A$e(a(. ,a# &n& $e$ua& )enan  "en)a"a( Su9ono  ;  /an !en/a(a%an ba*9a "ena!ba*an ara!  ara! #oa!  bera( "a)a #aru(an Su$u !en&!bu#%an rea%$& %o!"#e%$ )&!ana #oa!  #oa! &n& a%an

!e!ber& 9arna "a)a #aru(an Su$u )an !en&!bu#%an en)a"an. Ban/a% 0a( "en/ebab )ena(ura$& )an $e#a&n "ana$ /a%n& ara! #oa! bera(. ,a# &n& $e$ua& )enan

 "ern/a(aan ,ar(  +554  /an !en/a(a%an ba*9a "en/ebab (erja)&n/a )enar(ura$& "ro(e&n &a#a* "ana$ )an ra)&a$& u#(raH&o#e( )an ara!-ara! )ar& #oa! bera(.

6.5 7j& <an(o"ro(e&n

7j& an(o"ro(e&n !eru"a%an uj& %ua#&(a(&' "a)a "ro(e&n /an )&una%an un(u% !enunju%%an %ebera)aan uu$ ben0ene c&nc&n 'en&#. Pr&n$&" )ar& "ercobaan

an(*o"ro(e&n a)a#a* n&(ra$& "a)a &n(& ben0ena /an (er)a"a( "a)a !o#e%u# "ro(e&n. Pa)a "ercobaan &n&1 uj& an(*o"ro(e&n !enuna%an $a!"e# $u$u "u(&* )an "u(&* (e#ur encer. Dan *a$&# )ar& "ercobaan (er$ebu( ba*9a $u$u "u(&* (er$ebu( (&)a% beruba* 9arna )an !e!ben(u% en)a"an /an ber9arna %un&n )an "a)a "u(&* (e#ur 9arna )ar& "u(&* (e#ur  encer (&)a% beruba* )an rea%$& (er$ebu( !e!ben(u% en)a"an /an ber9arna "u(&*.

6. 7j& Mo##&$*

7j& &n& )&"a%a& un(u% !ene(a*u& a)a (&)a%n/a ra)&%a# "ro$(e(&% %arbo*&)ra( "a)a  "ro(e&n !aje!u% $e"er(& #&%o"ro(e&n. Laru(an &n& b&#a )&(a!ba* _{na"*(o# )a#a! a#%o*o#}

)an a$a! $u#'a( "e%a( a%an (erben(u% 9arna unu. Pa)a (abun  #aru(an $u$u encer )&(a!ba* a#'a na'o(# )a#a! a#%o*o#1 $e)a%an "a)a (abun + #aru(an "u(&* (e#ur )&(a!ba* a#'a na'(o# )a#a! a#%o*o#

Poe)j&a)&1 6

6.+ 7j& ,o"%&n@$ Co#e

7j& ,o"%&n$-Co#e )&una%an un(u% !enunju%an &n(& &n)o# a$a! a!&no(r&"(o'an /an )&(an)a & )enan (erben(u%n/a c&nc&n ber9arna unu "a)a $a!"e# "ercobaan. a)& rea%$& ,o"%&n$-Co#e !eru"a%an cara un(u% !enuj& %ebera)aan A$a! a!&no (r/"(o'an  "a)a ba*an !a%anan. Perea%$& ,o"%&n$ Co#e !enan)un a$a! #&o%$&#a(

,SO6. Pr&n$&" uj& ,o"%&n$-Co#e a)a#a* %on)en$a$& &n(& &n)o# )enan a#)e*&) )&!ana

 j&%a (er)a"a( a$a! %ua( /an !en/ebab%an (erben(u%n/a c&nc&n unu "a)a b&)an ba(a$. Rea%$& (er$ebu( *an/a a%an ber*a$&# j&%a a)a o%$&)a(or %ua(1 $e"er(& $en/a9a ,+SO6 /an

)&una%an "a)a "ercobaan &n&. un$& "ena!ba*an a$a! $u#'a( &n& a)a#a* $ebaa&

o%$&)a(or aar (erben(u% c&nc&n unu "a)a #aru(an $a!"e#. Pa)a (abun  #aru(an $u$u encer  2 a$.#&o%$&#a( 2 a$. $u#'a( "e%a(1 $e)an%an "a)a (abun + #aru(an "u(&* (e#ur 2 a$.#&o%$&#a( 2 a$. $u#'a( "e%a(.

Poe)j&a)&1 6



A$a! #&o%$&#a( A$a! O%$a#a( 6.4 7j& Su#'&)a

&%a "ro(e&n /an !enan)un uu$ a!&no un$ur S )&(a!ba*%an NaO, )an )&"ana$%an1 !a%a ,+SO6 )a"a( )&ura&%an )an )a#a! #aru(an a#%a#&$ !e!ben(u% Na+S. &%a

)&(a!ba* Pb Ace(a(1 !a%a a%an (erben(u% PbS /an !enen)a" $ebaa& %o#o&). &%a *a$&#  "o$&(&' !a%a #aru(an !u#a-!u#a ber9arna %un&n1 %e!u)&an co%#a( )an a%*&rn/a *&(a!

$er(a !enen)a". Poe)j&a)&1 6

DATAR P7STAKA

Ba$r&1Sarjon&1=1Ka!u$ K&!&a1R&ne%a C&"(a1a%ar(a.

e$$en)en )an e$$en)en. 86. K&!&a Oran&%.Er#ana1

a%ar(a ,a9ab1 ,.M. +556. Penan(ar B&o%&!&a E)&$& ReH&$&. Ba/u!e)&a Pub&$*&n. a#ar(a. Poe)j&a)&161Da$ar-)a$ar B&o%&!&a17n&Her$&(a$ In)one$&a1a%ar(a.

Sa$(ro*a!&)jojo1 ,. +555. K&!&a Da$ar. Ga)ja* Ma)a 7n&Her$&(/ Pre$$1 Yo/a%ar(a. Soe!ar)jo1Da!&n181K&!&a Ke)o%(eran 7n)&"1e)&$& %e 417n&Her$&(a$

LEMBAR PENGESA,AN Se!aran1 ? NoHe!ber +5= Mene(a*u&1 A$&$(en A!/ Su&a(& +65454+556+ Pra%(&%an S&(& Mu(&na(un +65454455=+